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STATES OF MATTERSTATES OF MATTER
•The Five States of MatterThe Five States of Matter•SolidSolid
•LiquidLiquid
•GasGas
•PlasmaPlasma
•Bose-Einstein CondensateBose-Einstein Condensate
STATES OF MATTERSTATES OF MATTER
Based upon particle arrangementBased upon energy of particlesBased upon distance between particles
STATES OF MATTERSOLIDS
•Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position.
•Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume. Heat
STATES OF MATTERLIQUID
Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another.
Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume. Heat
STATES OF MATTERGAS
Particles of gases are very far apart and move freely.
Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. Heat
Phase Properties
Phase
Particle Properties
Proximity Energy Attraction Volume Shape
Solid
Liquid
Gas
close little strong definite definite
close moderate moderate definite indefinite
far apart a lot weak indefinite indefinite
But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels…
between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?
Will everything just be a gas?
STATES OF MATTERPLASMA
A plasma is an ionized gas.
A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields.
Plasmas, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.
STATES OF MATTER
SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA
Tightly packed, in a regular pattern
Vibrate, but do not move from place
to place
Close together with no regular arrangement.Vibrate, move
about, and slide past each other
Well separated with no regular arrangement.
Vibrate and move freely at high
speeds
Has no definite volume or shape and is composed
of electrical charged particles
Some places where plasmas are found…
1. Flames
2. Lightning
3. Aurora (Northern Lights)
The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state
But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, way, down to
100 nano degrees above
“Absolute Zero” (-273°C)
Will everything just be a
frozen solid?
Not Necessarily!In 1924 (82 years ago), two scientists, Albert
Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5th state of matter which would occur at very very low temperatures.
Einstein Bose
+
The 5th state of matter:
Bose-Einstein Condensate
Finally, in 1995 (only 11 years ago!), Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students discovered the 5th state of matter for the first time.
Ketterle and his students
In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no longer bounce around as
individuals.
Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you can no longer tell
them apart!
A computer image of a Bose-Einstein Condensate
In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists received the highest award in science for
discovering Bose-Einstein condensate:
The Nobel Prize
The five states of matter:
LIQUIDSSOLIDS GASES
Higher Temperature
Lower Temperature
PLASMAS
(only for low density ionized gases)
BOSE-EINSTEIN
CONDENSATE
States of Matter
The Kinetic Theory of Gases
1. All matter is composed of small particles (atoms, molecules, or ions).
2.They are in constant, random motion.
3.They constantly collide with each other and with the walls of their container.