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Means of State Territorial Change• Military conquest• Cession: A formal ceding of a portion of State

territory, typically involving a treaty• Annexation: A formal attaching of an entire State’s

territory, possibly without a treaty.• Accretion: addition of land by a natural process.

A l i dd i ff f l d b fl d• Avulsion: a sudden cutting off of land by flood, currents, or change in the course of a river.

• Leases: Territory is “rented” (military bases, Hong Kong, Macao)

• Purchase: Louisiana, Alaska, Gadsden, Virgin Islands

• Servitude: An obligation that permits use of a State’s territory by a foreign State.

Sphere of Influence• Lands peripheral to a relatively powerful

State, and over which (for reasons related to its security) it periodically exerts political or economic control.

• A territorial area within which the political• A territorial area within which the political influence or interests of a powerful foreign State are held to be more or less paramount.

• A region more or less under the control of a foreign State but not constituting a formal recognized protectorate.

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Guantanamo Bay

• Largest harbor on south coast of Cuba

• 1903 Cuban-American Treaty gives the U.S. a perpetual lease

• U.S. regards it as part of its sovereign territory and uses it as a military base.

• Cuba regards continued U.S. presence as illegal and the result of coercion.

Treaty of 1818• Resolved boundary issues between the

United States and the United Kingdom• Helped cement Lat. 49° North as a

major portion of the future boundary with Canada.

• U.S. acquired lands that would become part of ND, SD and MN.

• U.S. also ceded land to what is now Canada.

The Spanish Cession, 1819• Concerns U.S. acquisition of all of present-day

Florida, plus parts of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Colorado.

• Followed un-authorized invasion of Florida by Gen. Andrew Jackson on the pretext that Spain could not control its colony, thus allowing Seminoles andcontrol its colony, thus allowing Seminoles and runaway slaves to harass the U.S. borderlands.

• U.S. agreed to pay Spain up to $5 million to cover the claims of American citizens against Spain for damages related to the incursions.

• Made official by the Adams-Onis Treaty, which re-drew the border between the United States and New Spain.

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The British Cession of 1842

• The result of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842

• Used to resolve boundary issues between the United States and the United Kingdomthe United States and the United Kingdom related to map inaccuracies at the time of the Treaty of Paris, 1763

• A major focus was on lands now in Maine and Minnesota

Mitchell Map, ca. 1755Used to help draft the Treaty of Paris, 1763 Mexican Cession, 1848

• Large area formally transferred from Mexico to the U.S. by the Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo, following the Mexican WWar.

• Technically purchased for $15 million (more than $300 million in today’s money, but written off to settle pre-existing Mexican debts.

Annexation of Texas, 1845• Annexation of the

Republic of Texas as the 28th State.

• Led to war with Mexico (1846-1848) and further(1846 1848) and further U.S. expansion.

• The culmination of years of negotiation between the U.S. and Texans, most of whom were Americans by birth.

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Hawaiian Annexation, 1898(formal ceremony shown in photo)

• Formerly the Republic of Hawaii

• Overthrown with the help of the U.S. to prevent restoration of therestoration of the monarchy and any possibility of Hawaii’s acquisition by a European power

• 1993 U.S. Apology Resolution for overthrowing the government of a sovereign state.

Cession vs. Annexation

• In the case of cession, land is given or sold through treaty.

• In the case of annexation, land is i d d h ld b f i St t dseized and held by a foreign State and

made legitimate by the approval or recognition of an appropriate agency of that State and/or a recognized foreign body.

Annexations since 1948Ogaden (by Ethiopia)

Rockall (by U.K.)Tibet (by PRC)

Goa, Diu and Damao (by India)South Vietnam (by North Vietnam)South Vietnam (by North Vietnam)

East Timor (by Indonesia)Western Sahara (by Morocco)

Jerusalem, West Bank, Golan (by Israel)Kuwait (by Iraq)

Rockall

Location of Rockall Acquisition of territory by purchase:a form of cession important to the

expansion of the United States- - - - - - - - - -

• The Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (France), ( )• The Gadsden Purchase, 1853 (Mexico)• The Alaska Purchase, 1867 (Russia)• The Virgin Islands, 1917 (Denmark)

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Gadsden Purchase, 1853• An area of Arizona and

southwest New Mexico purchased from Mexico in 1853 for $10 million.

• The brainchild of James Gadsden a South CaroGadsden, a South Caro-linian railroad magnate who dreamed of a southern transcontinental railroad to make the West dependent on the South.

• Appointed Minister to Mexico by Pres. Pierce.

The U.S. Virgin Islands

• Purchased from Denmark in 1916.• An organized, unincorporated U.S. territory.• Has an internal political structure and relation to the U.S. similar to those of Puerto Rico.

A Meandering River

A meandering river over time

Top frame is the oldest

Bottom frame is the most recent

A Portion of the Mississippi River

Boundary between the

states ofstates of Mississippi (right)

and Arkansas and

Louisiana

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The Meander History of a portion of the Mississippi River

Matters of shape and size

CompactProruptedProruptedElongatedFramented

Thailand

An example of a prorupted State

Namibia: A Prorupted State(Note The Caprivi Strip at top right of Namibia)

Indonesia and Its ProvincesAnd Example of a Fragmented State

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Norway: An Elongated State Chile: An Elongated State

The Philippines: A Fragmented State Enclave vs. Exclave• Enclave: A sovereign State or a portion

of its territory that is enclosed within the lands of another State.

• Exclave: A portion of a sovereign State p gseparated from the main part, possibly constituting an enclave within a foreign State.

• [Embassies and Consulates may be considered as either of the above.]

Spainand its

exclaves

Ceutaand Melilla