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STATISTICS FOREDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
TOPIC 4: HYPOTHESIS TESTING
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Learning Outcomes
Explain the difference between nulland alternative hypothesis
and theiruse in research.
Differentiate between Type 1 andType 2 errors.
Explain when the two-tailed andone-tailed test is used.
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What is a Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a tentative statementthat explains a
particularphenomenon which is testable.
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Example:
Children who go for tuition tend toperform better in
mathematics.
The discovery method of teaching
may enhance the creative thinkingskills of students.
Children who attend kindergartenare more likely to have
higher
reading scores.
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What is a Hypothesis
Two or > measurable variables.
An independent and dependentvariable
Relationship between 2 or morevariables.
A possible prediction
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What is a Hypothesis
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Types of hypotheses
Null Hypothesis
You do not expect the groups to bedifferent.
You do not expect the variables to berelated.
Alternative Hypothesis
Opposite the Ho
Terms => Different, higher, lower.
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Types of hypotheses
EXAMPLE:
Ha:
There is a significant difference in
critical thinking skills between maleand female
undergraduates.
Ho:
There is no significant difference in
critical thinking skills between maleand female
undergraduates.
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Type I and Type II Error
Hypotheses:
Hypothesis testing => use sample datato test a claim about a
population,
whether a populationproportion/population mean equals tosome
values.
Aim =>Make decision.
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Type I and Type II Error
Type 1 error =>
Reject a Ho when it is TRUE
When there is nothing happen but you
said there is something happen.
Type 2 error =>
Reject a Ho when it is FALSE
When there is something happen butyou said there is nothing
happen.
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Type I and Type II Error
Four Possible Situations in Testing a Hypothesis
The Fact
Your
DecisionFALSE TRUE
Do Not REJECTHo ( Say it isTRUE)
Correct decision(no problem)
Risk committing(type 2 error)
REJECT Ho
( Say it isFALSE)
Risk committing(type 1 error) Correct decision(no problem)
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Two-tailed and One-tailed Test
2 tailedHa : 1 = 2
1 tailedHa: 1 < 2
Left tailed test
Ha: 1 > 2
Right tailed test
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Two-tailed Test
In your study, you want to determine ifthere is a difference in
spatial thinkingbetween males and females; i.e.
null hypothesis
alternative hypothesis is
A hypothesis test whose alternativehypothesis has this form is
called a TWO-TAILED TEST.
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One-tailed Test
In your study, you want to determine iffemales are inferior in
spatial thinkingcompared to males; i.e.
null hypothesis is still
But, the alternative hypothesis is
A hypothesis test whose alternativehypothesis has this form is
called a LEFTTAILED TEST.
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One-tailed Test
In your study, you want to determine iffemales are better in
spatial thinkingcompared to males; i.e.
null hypothesis is still
Alternative hypothesis is
A hypothesis test whose alternativehypothesis has this form is
called a RIGHTTAILED TEST.
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ACTIVITY
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THANK YOU
