Startup Slide BorneoDream.com Billy Hammond #10407

BorneoDream.comBorneoDream.com

Billy Hammond #10407

Billy Hammond #10407

Nitrox ReviewNitrox Review

Equipment RequirementsEquipment Requirements

Advanced Nitrox???Advanced Nitrox???

•Extension of Time•Extension of Time

Welcome toAdvanced Nitrox Diving

Welcome toAdvanced Nitrox Diving

•Decompression Gas•Decompression Gas

Pressure & Pressure Effects!Pressure & Pressure Effects!

• Equalizing • Buoyancy • Dive Time• No Deco Limits• MOD

• Equalizing • Buoyancy • Dive Time• No Deco Limits• MOD

Depth + Pressure =Depth + Pressure =

Physical PrincipalsOf Diving

Physical PrincipalsOf Diving

STRESSSTRESS

1 ATA =

760 mmHg = 14.696 psi = 1.0132 bar etc

1 ATA =

760 mmHg = 14.696 psi = 1.0132 bar etc

33 fsw approximately = 10 metres = 1 BAR

33 fsw approximately = 10 metres = 1 BAR

Units Of AtmosphereUnits Of Atmosphere

Atmosphere vs. Atmosphere Absolute Atmosphere vs. Atmosphere Absolute

Depth Vs. PressureDepth Vs. Pressure

Depth(fsw)

Depth(metres)

Pressure(BAR)

Surface 1 BAR

33 10 2 BAR

66 20 3 BAR

99 30 4 BAR

132 40 5 BAR

165 50 6 BAR

Pressure (ATA) = (Depth ÷ 33 fsw) +1Pressure (ATA) = (Depth ÷ 33 fsw) +1

Pressure (BAR) = (Depth ÷ 10 metres) +1Pressure (BAR) = (Depth ÷ 10 metres) +1

Pressure Vs. VolumePressure Vs. Volume

DepthPressur

eVolume

(fsw) (metres) (BAR) (size)

Surface 1 1

33 10 2 1/2

66 20 3 1/3

99 30 4 1/4

132 40 5 1/5

165 50 6 1/6Simply Stated:

“Volume is inversely related to pressure”Simply Stated:

“Volume is inversely related to pressure”

Formula: P1 × V1 = P2 × V2Formula: P1 × V1 = P2 × V2

Boyle’s LawBoyle’s Law

Problem: A Flexible container has 57 litres of air at 15 metres. How much will the volume change if it is taken to 28 metres?

Problem: A Flexible container has 57 litres of air at 15 metres. How much will the volume change if it is taken to 28 metres?

Solution:Step 1: Change depths to BAR:Solution:Step 1: Change depths to BAR:

15 metres = 2.5 BAR28 metres = 3.8 BAR15 metres = 2.5 BAR28 metres = 3.8 BAR

Step 2: Re-work formula to solve for V2:Step 2: Re-work formula to solve for V2:

P1 × V1 ÷ P2 = V2P1 × V1 ÷ P2 = V2

Step 3: Solve:Step 3: Solve:

2.5 BAR × 57 litres ÷ 3.8 BAR = 37.5 litres2.5 BAR × 57 litres ÷ 3.8 BAR = 37.5 litres

Dalton’s LawDalton’s Law

“The whole is equal to the sumof all the parts”

“The whole is equal to the sumof all the parts”

Ptotal = Pgas1 + Pgas2 +Pgas3 … Pgas(n)Ptotal = Pgas1 + Pgas2 +Pgas3 … Pgas(n)

Air =21% Oxygen78% Nitrogen1% Other Stuff (mostly argon)

Air =21% Oxygen78% Nitrogen1% Other Stuff (mostly argon)

oror

Pressure of a gas = Total pressure × fraction of gas

Pressure of a gas = Total pressure × fraction of gas Pg = Pt × fgPg = Pt × fg


Table 4 ~ Depth, Pressure and Gas Pressures Air and Nitrox Table 4 ~ Depth, Pressure and Gas Pressures Air and Nitrox

Depth Total Air EAN32 EAN40

fswmetre

s

Pressure

(BAR)

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Oxygen

NitrogenOxyge

n

Surface 1 0.79 0.21 0.68 0.32 0.60 0.40

33 10 2 1.58 0.42 1.36 0.64 1.20 0.80

66 20 3 2.37 0.63 2.04 0.96 1.80 1.20

99 30 4 3.15 0.84 2.72 1.28 2.40 1.60

132 40 5 3.95 1.05 3.40 1.60 -- --

165 50 6 4.74 1.26 -- -- -- --

Depth Total EAN40 EAN60 EAN80

fswmetre

s

Pressure

(BAR)

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Oxygen

NitrogenOxyge

n

Surface 1.0 .60 .40 .40 .60 .20 .80

10 3 1.3 0.78 0.52 0.52 0.78 0.26 1.04

20 6 1.6 0.96 0.64 0.64 0.96 0.32 1.28

33 10 2.0 1.20 0.80 0.80 1.20 0.40 1.60

55 16.6 2.67 1.60 1.07 1.07 1.60 -- --

66 20 3.0 1.80 1.20 1.20 (1.80) -- --

99 30 4.0 2.40 1.60 -- -- -- --

Table 5 ~ Depth, Pressure and Gas Pressures ~ EAN40, EAN60 and EAN80Table 5 ~ Depth, Pressure and Gas Pressures ~ EAN40, EAN60 and EAN80


Table 4 ~ Depth, Pressure and Gas Pressures Air and Nitrox Table 4 ~ Depth, Pressure and Gas Pressures Air and Nitrox

Depth Total Air EAN32 EAN40

fsw metres

Pressure

(BAR)

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Oxygen

NitrogenOxyge

n

Surface 1 0.79 0.21 0.68 0.32 0.60 0.40

33 10 2 1.58 0.42 1.36 0.64 1.20 0.80

66 20 3 2.37 0.63 2.04 0.96 1.80 1.20

99 30 4 3.15 0.84 2.72 1.28 2.40 1.60

132 40 5 3.95 1.05 3.40 1.60 -- --

165 50 6 4.74 1.26 -- -- -- --

Depth Total EAN40 EAN60 EAN80

fswmetr

es

Pressure

(ATA)

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Oxygen

NitrogenOxyge

n

Surface 1.0 .60 .40 .40 .60 .20 .80

10 3 1.3 0.78 0.52 0.52 0.78 0.26 1.04

20 6 1.6 0.96 0.64 0.64 0.96 0.32 1.28

33 10 2.0 1.20 0.80 0.80 1.20 0.40 1.60

55 16.6 2.67 1.60 1.07 1.07 1.60 -- --

66 20 3.0 1.80 1.20 1.20 (1.80) -- --

99 30 4.0 2.40 1.60 -- -- -- --


Example: EAN 60 at 10 metres has corresponding gas pressures of:Example: EAN 60 at 10 metres has corresponding gas pressures of:

Oxygen: 2 BAR × .60 = 1.20 BAROxygen: 2 BAR × .60 = 1.20 BAR

Nitrogen: 2 BAR × .40 = .80 BARNitrogen: 2 BAR × .40 = .80 BAR

Table 5 ~ Depth, Pressure and Gas Pressures ~ EAN40, EAN60 and EAN80Table 5 ~ Depth, Pressure and Gas Pressures ~ EAN40, EAN60 and EAN80


Best MixBest MixFraction of the gas

= Fraction of the gas

=

Pressure of the gas

Pressure Total

Pressure of the gas

Pressure Totalfg = fg = Pg

PtPgPt

Maximum Operating Depth(MOD)

Maximum Operating Depth(MOD)

Depth is the same as Pressure so…Pressure (Total) can be converted to Depth

Depth is the same as Pressure so…Pressure (Total) can be converted to Depth

Pressure Total =

Pressure Total =

Pressure of the gasFraction of the gas

Pressure of the gasFraction of the gas

Pt = Pt = PgfgPgfg

PgPg

fgfg PtPt

PgPg

fgfg PtPt


PgPg

fgfg PtPt

== ××==

What Dose?What Dose?Best Mix?Best Mix?How Deep?How Deep?

Equivalent Air DepthEquivalent Air Depth

Step 1: How Much Nitrogen? Step 1: How Much Nitrogen? fN2 = 1 – fO2fN2 = 1 – fO2

Step 2: How much N2 compared to air? Step 2: How much N2 compared to air? Ratio = (1 – fO2) ÷ 0.79Ratio = (1 – fO2) ÷ 0.79

Step 3: Convert to absolute depth! Step 3: Convert to absolute depth!

Absolute Depth = Actual Depth + 10 metresAbsolute Depth = Actual Depth + 10 metres

Step 4: EAD “absolute”: Step 4: EAD “absolute”: EAD “absolute” = Absolute Depth × RatioEAD “absolute” = Absolute Depth × Ratio

Step 5: Calculate the “EAD”: Step 5: Calculate the “EAD”:

EAD = EAD “absolute” - 10 metresEAD = EAD “absolute” - 10 metres

EAD FormulaEAD Formula

EAD Formula:EAD Formula:

EAD =EAD =FN2

.79FN2

.79×(D+33) -33×(D+33) -33

EAD =EAD =FN2

.79FN2

.79×(D+10) -10×(D+10) -10

Physical PrincipalsReview


1. What is the absolute pressure at 28 metres?1. What is the absolute pressure at 28 metres?

2. What is the depth at an absolute pressure of 3.1 BAR?2. What is the depth at an absolute pressure of 3.1 BAR?

3. What is the pressure of oxygen of EAN45 at 19 metres?3. What is the pressure of oxygen of EAN45 at 19 metres?

(28 ÷ 10) + 1 = 3.8 BAR

(3.1 - 1) × 10 = 21 metres

((19 ÷ 10) + 1) × .45 = 1.3 BAR PO2



5. At what depth does the pressure of oxygen of normal air reach 1.6 BAR?5. At what depth does the pressure of oxygen of normal air reach 1.6 BAR?

((1.6 ÷ .21) – 1) × 10 = 66.19 metres

4. What is the pressure of nitrogen of EAN28 at 43 metres?4. What is the pressure of nitrogen of EAN28 at 43 metres?

((43 ÷ 10) + 1) × (1 - .28) = 3.8 BAR



6. What is the MOD of:6. What is the MOD of:EAN28EAN28

EAN40EAN40

EAN50EAN50

((1.6 ÷ .28) - 1) × 10 = 47.1 metres

((1.6 ÷ .4) - 1) × 10 = 30 metres

((1.6 ÷ .5) - 1) × 10 = 22 metres

EAN60EAN60((1.6 ÷ .6) - 1) × 10 = 16.6 metres

7. What is the EAD of EAN50 at 21 metres?7. What is the EAD of EAN50 at 21 metres?

((1 - .5) ÷ .79) × (21 + 10) - 10 = 9.6 metres

Physiology is exceptionally complexPhysiology is exceptionally complex

2 problems with diving:DCS and CNS O2 Toxicity2 problems with diving:DCS and CNS O2 Toxicity

Time and Dose relationshipTime and Dose relationship

Physiological Principlesof Diving

Physiological Principlesof Diving

Body responds to nitrogen andoxygen as if they are DRUGS

Body responds to nitrogen andoxygen as if they are DRUGS

Properties of NitrogenProperties of Nitrogen

Decompression Illness:Type I – Pain Only Bends

Type II – Central Nervous System

Decompression Illness:Type I – Pain Only Bends

Type II – Central Nervous System

NitrogenNitrogen

If anything seems wrong…IT IS WRONG!!!Surface NOW!

If anything seems wrong…IT IS WRONG!!!Surface NOW!

Dehydration is the leading cause of DCS Dehydration is the leading cause of DCS

Properties of OxygenProperties of Oxygen

ConVENTIDConVENTID

OxygenOxygen

NOAA O2 Exposure ChartNOAA O2 Exposure Chart

HypoxiaHyperoxia

Pulmonary Toxicity

HypoxiaHyperoxia

Pulmonary Toxicity

OTUsCNS Toxicity

‘Free Radicals’

OTUsCNS Toxicity

‘Free Radicals’

CO2 ConvulsionsCO2 Convulsions

Deleterious EffectDeleterious Effect

Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide

Worsens NarcosisWorsens Narcosis

CO2 SourcesCO2 Sources

Compressor IntakesCompressor Intakes

Improper Blending TechniquesImproper Blending Techniques

CO2 SourcesCO2 Sources

Problems:Problems:

Poor Compressor MaintenancePoor Compressor Maintenance

Colorless, Odorless, Tasteless:Colorless, Odorless, Tasteless:

Hemoglobin BondingHemoglobin Bonding

Unconsciousness > DeathUnconsciousness > Death

Physiological PrincipalsReview


1. What are the two pressure effects of nitrogen on the human body?1. What are the two pressure effects of nitrogen on the human body?

2. What should the diver do if “nitrogen narcosis” is suspected?2. What should the diver do if “nitrogen narcosis” is suspected?

3. Does Nitrox eliminate the need to plan dives and the “bends”?3. Does Nitrox eliminate the need to plan dives and the “bends”?

Nitrogen Narcosis and Decompression Sickness

Ascend or abort the dive

Absolutely NOT

4. Is using Nitrox “safer” than using “air”?4. Is using Nitrox “safer” than using “air”?

No, not necessarily, oxygen toxicity is a concern

5. Can the diver predict the onset of an oxygen convulsion?5. Can the diver predict the onset of an oxygen convulsion?

No, the diver can only plan to avoid



6. Is diving at a pressure of oxygen of 1.3 BAR “safer” than 1.4 BAR?6. Is diving at a pressure of oxygen of 1.3 BAR “safer” than 1.4 BAR?

7. What are the two types of oxygen toxicity?7. What are the two types of oxygen toxicity?

8. Which type of oxygen toxicity is of primary concern to the Nitrox diver?8. Which type of oxygen toxicity is of primary concern to the Nitrox diver?

Only in the sense it may take longer to convulse, otherwise no, it is not “safer”

Pulmonary and Central Nervous System

Central Nervous System – convulsions

9. List three conditions that carbon dioxide can cause or make worse:9. List three conditions that carbon dioxide can cause or make worse:

a. Headacheb. Increased narcosis c. Increased oxygen toxicity

10.Why is carbon monoxide considered a major hazard?10.Why is carbon monoxide considered a major hazard?

It binds with the hemoglobin of the blood and prevents oxygen from getting to the tissues

Physiological Principals ~ Review ~ 6-10

Accident AnalysisAccident Analysis

Computer LossComputer Loss

Gas LossGas Loss

Dive PlanningDive Planning

What If….?What If….?

Reduced nitrogen absorptionReduced nitrogen absorption

Planning Considerations:Planning Considerations:

Tables / ComputersTables / Computers

Advanced Nitrox UsesAdvanced Nitrox Uses

Shortens deco timeIncreases N2 elimination

Shortens deco timeIncreases N2 elimination

Pony BottlesPony Bottles

Different gases and reasoning Different gases and reasoning

Computer generated dive tablesComputer generated dive tables

Multimix dive computersMultimix dive computers

SAC RateSAC Rate

Determining SAC Rate:Determining SAC Rate:

1. Determine bar used1. Determine bar used

Gas RequirementsGas Requirements

Surface Air Consumption Rate(also SCR, Surface Consumption Rate)Surface Air Consumption Rate(also SCR, Surface Consumption Rate)

2. Determine litres used2. Determine litres used

3. Determine time3. Determine time

4. Determine litres used per minute4. Determine litres used per minute

5. Convert litres used per minute at depth (BAR) to SAC (SCR)

5. Convert litres used per minute at depth (BAR) to SAC (SCR)

Use the table of choice:USN, Sport, DCEIM, Buhlmann …

Use the table of choice:USN, Sport, DCEIM, Buhlmann …

3 Sections3 Sections

1. No Deco Table 1. No Deco Table

Dive TablesDive Tables

2. Surface Interval Table 2. Surface Interval Table

3. Residual Nitrogen Table3. Residual Nitrogen Table

DO NOT MIX TABLES!DO NOT MIX TABLES!

STARTSTART SITSIT

AD:AD:

EAD:EAD:

TBT:TBT:

AD:AD:

EAD:EAD:

ABT:+RBT:=TBT:

ABT:+RBT:=TBT:

Dive TablesDive Tables

RECORD START TIMERECORD START TIMEDETERMINE ACTUAL DEPTHDETERMINE ACTUAL DEPTHRECORD EAD (AND NOTE GAS USED)RECORD EAD (AND NOTE GAS USED)TOTAL BOTTOM TIMETOTAL BOTTOM TIMESAFETY AND/OR DECO STOP(S)SAFETY AND/OR DECO STOP(S)GROUP LETTERS & SURFACE INTERVAL TIMEGROUP LETTERS & SURFACE INTERVAL TIMESECOND DIVE DEPTH & EAD (NOTE GAS USED)SECOND DIVE DEPTH & EAD (NOTE GAS USED)TOTAL BOTTOM TIME FOR 2ND DIVETOTAL BOTTOM TIME FOR 2ND DIVEFINAL STOP(S) AND DIVE LETTERFINAL STOP(S) AND DIVE LETTER

Major Pitfall?… The Diver!!!Major Pitfall?

… The Diver!!!

No Multi-Level TrackingNo Multi-Level Tracking

Pitfalls of TablesPitfalls of Tables

Inaccurate Time TrackingInaccurate Time Tracking

Inaccurate Depth TrackingInaccurate Depth Tracking

Based on Standard Tables & Mixes(Typically EAN32 & EAN36)

Based on Standard Tables & Mixes(Typically EAN32 & EAN36)

Ease Of UseEase Of Use

Nitrox TablesNitrox Tables

No Calculation ErrorsNo Calculation Errors

EAD Tables More CommonEAD Tables More Common

EAD Table(Imperial) EAD Table(Imperial)

Air Table

.21 .22 .23 .24 .25 .26 .27 .28 .29

30 30 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

40 40 40 41 42 43 44 46 47 48

50 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 58 59

60 60 61 62 63 64 66 67 69 70

70 70 71 72 74 75 76 78 80 81

80 80 81 82 84 86 87 89 90 92

90 90 91 93 94 96 98 100 101 103

100 100 101 103 105 107 108 110 112 114

110 110 111 113 115 117 119 121 123 126

EAD Table(Metric)

EAD Table(Metric)

Air Table

.21 .22 .23 .24 .25 .26 .27 .28 .29

9 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11

12 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 14

15 15 15 16 16 16 17 17 17 18

18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 21 21

21 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 24

24 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 28

27 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 31 31

30 30 31 31 32 32 33 33 34 34

33 33 34 34 35 35 36 37 37 38

MOD Tables(Imperial)

MOD Tables(Imperial)

Air Table

.21 .22 .23 .24 .25 .26 .27 .28 .29

30 30 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

40 40 40 41 42 43 44 46 47 48

140 140 142 144 146 149 151 154 156 159

MOD

1.4 187 177 167 159 151 144 138 132 126

1.6 218 207 196 187 178 170 162 155 149

MOD Tables(Metric)

MOD Tables(Metric)

Air Table

.21 .22 .23 .24 .25 .26 .27 .28 .29

9 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11

12 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 14

42 42 43 43 44 45 45 46 47 48

MOD

1.4 57 54 51 48 46 44 42 40 38

1.6 66 63 60 57 54 52 49 47 45

PO2 Table(Imperial)

PO2 Table(Imperial)

PO2

O2 Time

.21 .22 .23 .24 .25 .26 .27

1.0 300 124 117 110 104 99 93 89

1.1 240 139 132 124 118 112 106 101

1.2 210 155 147 139 132 125 119 113

1.3 180 171 162 153 145 138 132 125

1.4 150 187 177 167 159 151 144 138

1.5 120 202 192 182 173 165 157 150

1.6 45 218 207 196 187 178 170 162

PO2 Table(Metric)

PO2 Table(Metric)

PO2

O2 Time

.21 .22 .23 .24 .25 .26 .27

1.0 300 38 36 33 32 30 28 27

1.1 240 42 40 38 36 34 32 31

1.2 210 47 45 42 40 38 36 34

1.3 180 52 49 47 44 42 40 38

1.4 150 57 54 51 48 46 44 42

1.5 120 61 58 55 53 50 48 46

1.6 45 66 63 60 57 54 52 49

Dive PlanningReview

Dive PlanningReview

1. What is the Surface Air Consumption rate of a diver that has the following data:

Depth: 12 metres Cylinder: 2830 L@227 bar Start PRESSURE: 145 bar End PRESSURE: 117 bar Time: 4 minutes

1. What is the Surface Air Consumption rate of a diver that has the following data:

Depth: 12 metres Cylinder: 2830 L@227 bar Start PRESSURE: 145 bar End PRESSURE: 117 bar Time: 4 minutes

Aluminum 227 bar = 12.467 litres per bar (12.5 litre cylinder)

Used 28 bar in 4 minutes = 7 bar / minute

7 bar/min. × 12.467 litres/bar = 87 litres per minute

12 metres = 2.2 BAR

87 ÷ 2.2 = 40 litres of gas per minute (rounded for safety)

AIRAIR 3:213:21

AD: 23.5metresAD: 23.5metres

EAD: 23.5metresEAD: 23.5metres

TBT :34TBT :34

AD:16metresAD:16metres

EAD:16metresEAD:16metres

ABT: :36+RBT: :17=TBT: :53

ABT: :36+RBT: :17=TBT: :53

Dive PlanningReview

Dive PlanningReview

HH CC JJ

2. Show the Dive Plan and profile for an Air dive to 23.5 metres for 34 minutes, 3:21 Surface Interval, and a second dive to 16 metres for 36 minutes. Show all residual nitrogen categories.

2. Show the Dive Plan and profile for an Air dive to 23.5 metres for 34 minutes, 3:21 Surface Interval, and a second dive to 16 metres for 36 minutes. Show all residual nitrogen categories.

Dive PlanningReview

Dive PlanningReview

3. What is the best mix for a dive to 20 metres and not exceed an oxygen pressure of 1.4 BAR.

3. What is the best mix for a dive to 20 metres and not exceed an oxygen pressure of 1.4 BAR.

1.4 ÷ (20 ÷ 10 + 1) = .47 or EAN 47 1.4 ÷ (20 ÷ 10 + 1) = .47 or EAN 47

Depth, Mix and PO2 Table (Metric)

PO2

O2 Time

.44 .45 .46. .47 .48 .49 .50

1.3 180 20 19 18 18 17 17 16

1.4 150 22 21 20 20 19 19 18

1.5 120 24 23 23 22 21 21 20

Dive PlanningReview

Dive PlanningReview

4. Show the Dive Plan and profile for a Nitrox dive to 25 metres for 38 minutes, 2:18 Surface Interval, and a second dive to 19.5 metres for 48 minutes. Choose the Best Mix with an oxygen pressure of 1.4 BAR at the maximum depth. Use the same mix for both dives. Show all residual nitrogen categories.

4. Show the Dive Plan and profile for a Nitrox dive to 25 metres for 38 minutes, 2:18 Surface Interval, and a second dive to 19.5 metres for 48 minutes. Choose the Best Mix with an oxygen pressure of 1.4 BAR at the maximum depth. Use the same mix for both dives. Show all residual nitrogen categories.

a. Using the EAD Tables, the best mix for 25 metres at 1.4 BAR oxygen exposure is EAN 40.

b. Using the EAD Tables, the EAD of EAN 40 at 25 metres is 18 metres. (note there may be a “rounding” difference in depths between imperial and metric EAD tables)

EAN 43EAN 43 2:182:18

AD: 81 fsw25 metresAD: 81 fsw25 metres

EAD: 50 fsw18 metres


TBT :38TBT :38

AD: 64 fsw19.5 metres




ABT: :48 :48+RBT: :37 :49=TBT: :85 :97

ABT: :48 :48+RBT: :37 :49=TBT: :85 :97

Dive PlanningReview

Dive PlanningReview

F (G)F (G) D (E)D (E) II

4c. USN Tables & USN Modified Tables (in this case using either of these tables results in the same answer, but note the difference using the metric tables.)

4c. USN Tables & USN Modified Tables (in this case using either of these tables results in the same answer, but note the difference using the metric tables.)

EAN 43EAN 43 2:182:18




TBT :38TBT :38





ABT: :48 :48 × modifier: × 1.3 × 1.4

=TBT: :62.4 :67.2

ABT: :48 :48 × modifier: × 1.3 × 1.4

=TBT: :62.4 :67.2

Dive PlanningReview

Dive PlanningReview

F (E)F (E) × 1.3 (1.4)× 1.3 (1.4) E (E)E (E)

4c. DCIEM Tables4c. DCIEM Tables

EAN 43EAN 43 2:182:18




TBT :38TBT :38





ABT: :48 + RBT: :19

=TBT: :67

ABT: :48 + RBT: :19

=TBT: :67

Dive PlanningReview

Dive PlanningReview

E (E)E (E) E (E)E (E)

4c. Buhlmann Tables4c. Buhlmann Tables

Dive PlanningReview

Dive PlanningReview

5. How much gas would the diver in Question 4 require for the second dive assuming an average SAC rate of 25.5litres/min ?

5. How much gas would the diver in Question 4 require for the second dive assuming an average SAC rate of 25.5litres/min ?

a. Convert 19.5 - to BAR:

(19.5 + 10) ÷ 10 = 2.95 BAR

b. Determine gas used:

2.94 BAR × 25.5 l / min × 48 minutes = 3611 litres.

< EAN40 vs. > EAN40(cleaning, lubricants, materials) < EAN40 vs. > EAN40(cleaning, lubricants, materials)

Oxygen doesn’t burn, FUEL burns(oxygen just promotes combustion)

Oxygen doesn’t burn, FUEL burns(oxygen just promotes combustion)

Equipment ConsiderationsEquipment Considerations

Adiabatic compression(production of toxic gasses)Adiabatic compression(production of toxic gasses)

High-pressure vs. Low-pressure(system components)

High-pressure vs. Low-pressure(system components)

Regulator IdentificationRegulator Identification

Cylinder Markings(Oxygen, Nitrox, Argon, Contents)

Cylinder Markings(Oxygen, Nitrox, Argon, Contents)

Equipment MarkingsEquipment Markings

Cylinder Certifications(Eddy, VIP/CIP, Hydro, Oxygen Clean)

Cylinder Certifications(Eddy, VIP/CIP, Hydro, Oxygen Clean)

Components Of AnalysisComponents Of AnalysisFuel CellFuel Cell

Oxygen AnalysisOxygen Analysis

Analysis UnitAnalysis UnitFlow Containment SystemFlow Containment System

Analyzer Setup (Demonstration)Analyzer Setup (Demonstration)

Partial PressurePartial Pressure

Nitrox ProductionNitrox Production

Membrane SeparationMembrane Separation

Continuous BlendingContinuous Blending

Equipment ConsiderationsReview


1. Oxygen cleaning means to remove what material? 1. Oxygen cleaning means to remove what material?

2. Oxygen cleaning is required for mixes above what percentage? 2. Oxygen cleaning is required for mixes above what percentage?

3. Opening a valve slowly, reduces what problem?3. Opening a valve slowly, reduces what problem?

Hydrocarbon (oil/grease) contaminations

Above 40 percent for all equipment - Any percentage for cylinders

Adiabatic compression – high temperatures due to sudden pressure increases – may cause fire or worse, produce carbon monoxide

4. What three markings are required of a Nitrox cylinder? 4. What three markings are required of a Nitrox cylinder?

Cylinder Identification, Inspection Label and Contents Label



5. Who is responsible to ensure the analysis of a Nitrox cylinder? 5. Who is responsible to ensure the analysis of a Nitrox cylinder?

6. Does an oxygen analyzer measure the “fraction” of oxygen or the “pressure” of oxygen?

6. Does an oxygen analyzer measure the “fraction” of oxygen or the “pressure” of oxygen?

7. Name at least two methods of producing Nitrox.7. Name at least two methods of producing Nitrox.

The DIVER!

It measures PARTIAL PRESSURE (unless of course you have access to mass spectrometers!)

Partial Pressure Blending and it various forms, Membrane separation techniques, Continuous Blending



9. To analyze a cylinder of EAN80, what gas should be used to calibrate the oxygen analyzer

9. To analyze a cylinder of EAN80, what gas should be used to calibrate the oxygen analyzer

Oxygen

10. Does a cylinder need to be oxygen cleaned to be used with EAN36? 10. Does a cylinder need to be oxygen cleaned to be used with EAN36?

Of course, cylinders are the exception for the 40 Percent Rule … since they may be blended by the partial pressure technique

8. What color is commonly used for regulator covers used with high values of Nitrox or oxygen?

8. What color is commonly used for regulator covers used with high values of Nitrox or oxygen?

Nitrox second stage regulator covers tend to be yellow and Oxygen (or mixes above 40% in some cases) tend to be green

Congratulations!!!

Let’s Go Diving!!!

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Startup Slide BorneoDream.com Billy Hammond #10407