start with…• audience who’s the data display for? who will

be looking at, reading, and interpreting it?

• purpose what does your audience want? what do you want from them? what’s the most crucial point you need to convey with the particular data display you’re working on?

• context in what sort of larger document will your audience experience your data display?

• physical context will they use the document onscreen (e.g., computer, PDA, cell phone)? in print (e.g., hard-bound document, spiral-bound document, fold-out, pamphlet)?

• attitudinal context will they be frustrated? pissed off? desperate? inquisitive?

• use context will they be using this document at work? in their home? for leisure? to achieve a specific task

always keep in mind…• arrangement

• emphasis

• contrast

• repetition

• alignment

• proximity

anatomy of a chart4.0

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Axes

axis x(value axis)

axis y (category axis)

Data Points

Trend Lines or Plots

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Title

Weather Data for Cambridge, MA (source: Weather.com)

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font size in axis labels is too small for a

presentation

crossing ticks in

corners are distracting

(“chartjunk”)

overlap of label with

lines causes an info jumble

Clutter

represent complex data in columns and rowsor as an underlying grid to arrange information

tables

show pieces of a whole; represent percentages

Figure 2: Leading Causes of Death for Youth and Adults (2003)

pie charts

used to represent one data groupsimple bar charts

used to represent more than one data group complex bar charts

used to plot interval dataline graphs

used to plot data pointsscatter plots

organizational chartsused to reflect/show hierarchy

follow spatial contours; used to geographically/spatially represent data

data maps

data represented by picturespictograms or pictographs

bad, bad data displays

• labels are almost impossible to read

• arrangement of information makes no sense

• just because you can does not mean you should…

• 3D effects and arrangement completely obscure information

• flattened text is difficult to read and associate with the data

• pie charts are used to show percentages, but there are no percentages here

• size of pies makes it difficult to interpret data

• what’s the point? what is this telling us?

• if this chart is supposed to reveal trends in overall consumption, a pie chart should be used to reveal percentages

• if this chart is supposed to compare consumption across the week, a bar chart would work best

• if this chart is supposed to reveal trends in overall consumption, a pie chart should be used to reveal percentages

• if this chart is supposed to compare consumption across the week, a bar chart would work best

• different types of plot lines (i.e., black line and red line) not explained

• equations clutter the chart

• is “Surveyor vs. RIPE” the title of the chart? if so, it should be in a different font face and size from the axis labels > there’s no contrast here to cue us in

• bar chart is absolutely unnecessary

• scale is too large for data displayed

• too much data!

how to lie with data displays

large scales hide changes

drastic scalingemphases changes

level of detail can obscureor reveal important information

good, descriptive labels are crucialto reveal meaning and purpose

certain formatting options canvisually overemphasize information

1. launch Microsoft Word

2. in a new document, select Insert Picture Chart

3. create displays for the following data:– the number of men and the number of

women in this class– Available chairs and tables– Some way of combining the data to

represent something (up to you)

creating data displays

a few considerations for module 5…• the tasks in this module are tricky—be sure to give yourself the

time you’ll need to work on them

• refer back to this PowerPoint to make sure you’re using the correct display for your data

• make sure to title and label your data displays appropriately (Word, Excel, and whatever other applications you use might provide some template/help with this, but you might have to access deeper features to add labels not default-offered by the application)

• all five files are due uploaded to your wikispace page by class time on Tuesday March 15