Staringlezing 2015 Hans De Ruiter - KNGMGkngmg.nl/genootschap/Staring_lezing_2015.pdf · Staringlezing 2015 Hans De Ruiter. Challenge the future 1 KNGMG, ... • From middle ages

Staringlezing 2015

Hans De Ruiter

1Challenge the future

KNGMG, 14-10-2015Hans de Ruiter

STARINGLEZING 2015(De opleiding) ‘Mijnbouw’ - Niet “altijd zoo geweescht”

A.C.W. Staring, dichter en landman W.C.H. Staring, geoloog en bodemkundige

Source: www.mijngelderland.nl


The Netherlands as mining country??

•Before 1842• flint stone;•marl;• iron;•coal;•salt;•glass;•gas;


Flintstone mining• Many places in the world flintstone

mining• Late 1800’s Pre-historical flintstone

mining discovered in Limburg (Rijkholt);• Pieces of tooled flintstone;• A 1200 meter long working area,

“atelier” was discovered• Later shafts were found;

• 50 years research prof. Nandrin (Liege);• 1964-1972 extensive excavations took

place, workgroup of volunteers.• 14C dating shows activity goes back to

4300 BC.Source: www.vuursteenmijnen.nl


Flintstone mining

Source: www.vuursteenmijnen.nl


Flintstone mining

Source: www.vuursteenmijnen.nl


Marl mining• Name from Roman “marga” (building material);• Used for churches, monasteries and houses;• Since 1924 also used for cement production by ENCI;• Caves used for:

• Emergency shelter;• Smuggling route to Belgium;• Housing a counterfeiting business;• House of a Mosasaurus.

Source: www.mergel.nu


Marl

Source: www.mergel.nuwww.bouwmachines.nl


• Raw material:• Swamp iron ore “IJzeroer”, iron from humus layers concentrates

along waterstreams and in peat;• Chattering stones “klapperstenen” ,iron concentrates in balls,

size of pea or marble in toplayers of sand deposits.

• Processing• Since Roman times ijzeroer excavated from creek valleys;• Melted in oven pits (50 cm diam.) by wood and charcoal;• The iron components melted to get poreus pig iron (“wolf”); • The blacksmith then made tools out of it.

Iron

Source: wikipedia


• From middle ages until 1930’s export from NL to Finland and UK;• 1 kg iron needs 13 kilo ore + 130 kilo charcoal (2-3 oaktrees);• Staring estimates annual iron production of 3 million kilos,• Cause of deforestation, erosion and floods.

Iron making

DRU Ulft


• From 1100 A.C. surface mining in Worm valley;• From 14th century U/G through horizontal tunnels;• > 1500 small shafts to 40 meter deep;• Maria Theresia granted monastery Rolduc the right to exploit the

mines, 400 workers, 300 meter deep. Closed after 1794.

• 1814 the mines went to the State, later privatized (Domanialemijn), 1902 State Mines were established.

Coal

Source: www.nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mijnbouw

State Mine Maurits, 1931 J. Gabrielse


Coal

Sources: www.piek.internationalwww.nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mijnbouw


• In Roman times salt was produced from salt water.• In the middle ages salt was extracted from peat, which had

been flooded by the sea. Also frequent fires.• The peat was excavated (“moerneren”) and burnt, the ash

contained salt. “Zel as” was dissolved and boiled in small huts (“zoutzieden”), fires occurred frequently.

• Joost Van de Vondel: “Gelukkig is het land Waar het kind zijn Moer verbrand”.

Salt

Moernering by Darinck Delven, ~ 1540 www.nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoutwinning


• 1300 B.C. glass produced in Egypt;• Middle ages “glashuts” appeared in Europe;• First glass fabrication in 1581 in Middelburg;• Sand + potash + wood, later soda + coal and cokes;• 17th – 18th century ~ 50 glashutten in NL;• Mostly bottles (for genever).

Glass

Sources: www.nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glashut www.archiefeemland.nl


• 1000 A.C. flames in marshes of Gaasterland;• 1729 a gas explosion occurred in a well which being dug; • 1800’s in Amsterdam + Delft gas found while digging water wells; • 1875 gas for household use in the Beemster.

Gas

Source: www.brongas.nl


• Effect of mining salt, iron, glass:• Deforestation, fires, flooding

Environmental impactNow

• Gaswinning, coalmining:• Earthquakes, reversed subsidence

www.eenvandaag.nlwww.demijnen.nl

www.geheugenvannederland.nlwww.vvvderijp.nl

Then


Big changes mid 19th century

Landschap met trein’, geschilderd door A. Schelfhout in 1846


• Couldn’t wait until 1842;

• Went in 1771 to Bergakademie Freiberg (established in 1765);

• Graduated in1777;

First Dutch mining student


“Koninklijke Akademie”

• Established 1842 by King William II;• Oude Delft 95 (Artillerie and Genie school);• Little gouvernment support;• First half 19th century no priority in technical education. Government

advice was to go abroad: Paris 1794, Berlin 1821, etc;• NL patchwork of education options:

• Millitary academy Delft (shipbuilding, and water);• Architecture at schools of fine art, Amsterdam;• Chemical at universities.

• Continuous struggle to survive, Akademie was the problem-child of the gouvernment;

• The existence hung on a thread, almost Delft would not have had a TU

Sources for this and the following slides are from:Webpages TU Delft and Yearbooks MV


“Koninklijke Akademie”

• Neither industry nor government showed interest;• Antoine Lipkens , studied in Paris and took initiative; • Government gave 10,000 guilders + left over

material from closed University of Franeker;• Tuition fee was 200 guilders (same as in 1960’s);• Lipkens became the first director;• Education in mining, geology and metallurgy

together with chemical engineering; • Government employed graduates in NL and

Indonesia;• Akademie had a strong Militaristic character

Illustration from: Levensberichten KNAW-leden


• Until 1864 number of graduates was: 207 of which 185 civil 15 mining (went to Indonesia);

• First professor: Salomon Bleekrode, pediatrician and gynaecologist turned into mineralogy, geology and metallurgy.

• Program:• Four year, 10 months/year uninterrupted

school type theory teaching;• One year mining science taught in Freiberg,

a/o van Waterschoot van der Gracht;• One year international studytrip.

Period 1842 -1864


• Additional staff:• Petrus Kipp, pharmacist, was asked for

professor, but turned it down. Kipp owned pharmacy in Delft;

• Carl Donnadieu 2de professor from 1846-1858, medical degree, teaching chemistry. Went before his classes started to Kipp to get advise what to teach;

• This resulted in a cartoon.

Period 1842 -1864


Riots 1861• Akademie had no support from government,

they advised military model;

• “Toen studeren exerceren was”, when studying was being drilled;

• Lipken’s successor gave more freedom, even permission to start DSC in 1848;

• In 1859 Keurenaers, retired major, restored military approach;

• Government wanted to abolish the Akademie;

• Students were unhappy and a riot in 1861 made the government decide to close the Akademie for two months, prior to definite closure;

• 1864 Polytechnical school established


• Koninklijke Akademie became Polytechnic School:

• By law all subjects had to be taught in Delft;• Study abroad was illegal;• Mining ignored the rule.

• Until late 1800’s average enrolment still 1 per year!

• By 1900 enrolment went quickly up due to coal mining activities in the Netherlands.

Period 1864 -1905


Aquasi Boachi• 50 students in 50 years

• Second student was Aquasi Boachi, prince of Ashanti, who was sent toHolland, together with his cousin, toget a good education.

• He studied 1 year in Freiberg, graduated in 1849, went to Indonesia for the Dutch government. Died in 1904.

• Arthur Japin: de Zwarte met het witte hart


• Son of banker in Dordrecht, interest in nature and technique;• 1873-1878 Delft + Clausthal, graduated with prof. Behrens.• Starts working in Indonesia for government:

• Made an arthesic well, found traces of oil, is convinced of more;• Collects fl. 150,000 from brother Freek and friends in Dordrecht;• “Dordtsche Petroleum Maatschappij” was established;• 1888 oil production, 1896 dividend 200%!

• 1890 August Kessler established “Koninklijke Maatschappij tot opsporing van Petroleumbronnen in N.I.”;

• Koninklijke acquired “Shell Transportand Trading” and also DPM;

• DPM became holding company of “Koninklijke Olie”

Adriaan Stoop (1856-1935)


• H. Vogelsang, professor in Delft 1864-1874:• Studied mining subjects in Bonn and visited many mines;• Taught mineralogy, geology, mining and palaeontology;• Started the mineralogical collection in Delft.

• G.A.F. Molengraaff, professor in Delft 1906-1930:• First professor GU Amsterdam, lack of means for his students;• Then moved to Transvaal, mapped the Bushveld complex;• 1906 professor in Delft, expedition to Timor, geological

collection. Supporter of continental drift theory,

1864 -1905 scientific staff


• In 1899 second chair in mining and metallurgical subjects was rejected by the government rejected. Geology should be sufficient;

• Ir. C.J. Van Loon first appointed as teacher, later became professor:

• Instrumental to split mining and chemical engineering into two separate groups, no more need to study a year in Germany;

• A new building for mining, as a separate faculty, was approved;

• Van Loon would be the first manager of the building.

1864 -1905 scientific staff


• First between Oude Delft 95 and Westvest together with other disciplines.One building for 265 staff and students;

• Around 1900 Geology was taught ina shack behind a café in the Phoenixstraat;

• New buildings to be constructed in town and in the Wippolder. The sequence depended on the strength of the professor

Housing around 1900


• Kanaalweg: surveying and electrical• 1912 Mining building

• Construction took from 1908-1912;• Needed 2.5 meter mound;• Surrounded by ditches, water and cows;• First years no access road;• Settling resulted in subsidence;

and sewer damage;• Basement floor 5 layers of bricks

to avoid floating;• 3000 piles carrying the walls

1000 piles pulling the floors down.

Housing from 1912


Mijnbouwstraat 20


• Twenties:• Mining, processing and metallurgy has grown

to full size;• Geology (from an engineering point) had

established itself.

• Period of stability in which petroleum and geophysics were added as small specializations;

• Curriculum:• Narrow;• No thesis.

• Staff: 8 professors, 12 scientists, 19 support.

1920-1940Subjects subtotalMathematicsMechanicsMechanical engineeringElectrical engineeringTechnical hygieneArchitectureBuilding materials

Subtotal 24%PhysicsAnorganic chemistryAnalytical chemistryMicro chemistry

Subtotal 16%Mineralogy and geologyMiningMining and metallurgyHand drawingSurveying

Subtotal 50%Political economyAdministrative lawMining lawBusinessBookkeeping

Subtotal 10%

Curriculum 1926‐1927


• J.A. Grutterink:

• Studied mining in Delft and Freiberg;• 1906 -1949 professor in Delft (from age 28);• 1915-1949 “Beheerder” Mijnbouwstraat 20;• 1932 – 1933 Rector Magnificus;• Very strong personality;• Succeeded by H.J. de Wijs.

• H.F. Grondijs

• Pioneer of Dutch mining engineers in South America (period of 20 year);

• Helped many students to start their career;• Promoted international contacts.

Staff

Painting by Jan Tiele, 1931


1925-1940

• Expansion (mainly in geological subjects) followed by stability;• 1929 J.A.A. Mekel started as professor, geophysics was added

to his teaching areas. Research was carried out by a torsion balance in a “bakfiets”, 1 measutrement 15 minutes.

• Controversy between specialist-generalist;• Late 20’s introduction of specialization in year 5;• 1932 specialization abandoned;• Students little influence on study matters.


Statistics 1926-1928

Painting by Jan Tiele, 1931

• Yearbook MV 1926-1927;• MV contents 1,7% 2014 this was 44,5 %, • 78 students of which 72% were member “Geologisch

Mijnbouwkundig Genootschap”;• Graduates:

• 327 graduated between 1842 to 1928, 40 passed away;• 53% were MV member, now 63% (1787 living graduates)

• One page from alumni list shows employment with:• Dutch coal mines: 2• BPM (Shell): 7• High school: 2• T.H. Delft: 2• Mining abroad: 9• The Netherlands: 22 (Retired or mining related)


Excursions and practical work


• Mining department high solidarity feeling;• November 1940 T.H. shuts down many students

worked in the Dutch coalmines;• April 1941 T.H. opened again:

• Prof. Mekel and his resistance group members had been captured by the Germans. Executed in 1943;

• Classes continued, no excursions or company visits.

• March 1943 T.H. closed until May 1945;• Not many went to the coalmines (coal went to Germany);• High percentage mining students went to “ondergrondse”;• Jan Garos (Het Noorden) played an important role in the

resistance;• Limited study opportunity, exams at professor’s home.

WW II


• May – Sep. ‘45 catching up of exams;• Students through the MV wondering the relevancy of learning plan of 1911;• Proposals were a/o:

• Adding a graduation design for the mining option. Until then only theory was required.

• Change to specializations in:• a. Coal mining• b. Ore mining• c. Metallurgy• d. Petroleum mining• e. Geology

• Realization was:• Basis study 4 year (to/incl I1), incl. mandatory practical work in coal, oil and geology• Before I2: 1 month in an ore mine + additional coal mining practice + 1 year specialisation .

• Result was a mining engineer with large quantity theoretical knowledge and above all perseverance, adventurer spirit. The recipe for success.

• Renewal and expansion of the staff after 50’s

1945-1965


• 1960 first upgrading• Velzeboer and Roorda:

• All rounder is of the past;• Basis (4 yr.) with science, followed by specialisation and applications;• High level mathematics and more applied mechanics.

• From 1965:• Less all roundness of graduates:

• 2 year Propaedeutic;• 1,5 year Bachelor;• 1,5 year specialisation.

• Coal and ore mining out of basis program;• Increased interest in Petroleum and geophysics.

Curricula changes


• 7 enrolment lowest since the war;• Velzeboer starts “Nuldejaarsexcursion”

• 2 cars to Limburg, hotel in Heerlen;• Morning: U/G coal mines;• Afternoon: processing, etc.• Evening: lectures.

• Organization moved to MV in 2013.

39

1963


KNGMG


Barbara drink


Barbara drink


• Change in 1975 from 5 to 4 year study programs;• Difficult for students to develop both all round with depth;• Two sub-departments (vakgroepen):

• EVI: Ore -mining, -processing and Engineering Geology;• PTG: Petroleum Technology and Geophysics.

• No consensus between staff about assumptions and targets for the program to educate mining engineers, no clear vision for the future, no personnel plan for education and research;

• TH board appointed the Commission Toxopeus to give recommendations for the future;

• 1981:• Strong increase enrolment of students;• Two phase structure: 4 year doctoral plus possibly 2 year

research program.

The seventies



• Large influx of students for PT• Need for structured research was recognized by Holtrop (1982-1986), who

renewed staff and set up research programs. Left after difference of opinion with the Board;

• 1984 Duyvesteyn succeeds Roorda. He leaves suddenly 4 years later after collision with the Board;

• 1986 TH becomes TU, 1989 Van Leeuwen (mining engineering) retires;• Difficult to find successors for mining and processing/metallurgy;• 1989/1990:

• Dalmijn reorganizes mining, processing, metallurgy to one section: Resource Engineering;

• no successor found for mining engineering, deal with RSM to send mining students to take the final year at RSM;

• 1990 Van Weert agreed for 5 year professorship processing/metallurgy.

• 1994 Five year program returns.

1980-1995


• Various name changes

1970-2000

Years Department name Program name1912-1986 Department of mining engineering Mining engineering

1986-1988 Faculty of mining engineering Mining engineering

1988-1996 Faculty of mining & petroleum engineering Mining and petroleum engineering

1996-1998 Department of mining & petroleum engineering Mining and petroleum engineering

1998-1999 Subfaculty of Applied Earth Sciences Applied earth Sciences

1999-2012 Department of Geotechnology Applied earth Sciences

2012- Department of Geoscience and Engineering Applied earth Sciences


• Student enrolment drops from 50 to as low as 18, worries about future;• Resource engineering starts joint education programs for mining (1996),

processing (1998) and geotechnical and environmental engineering (2003) with a/o RSM / Exeter, RWTH, Helsinki (Aalto), Wroclaw, Miskolc;• Educating over 750 students with 61 nationalities;• Alumni employed by 240 companies, 50 countries;• Network: 35 companies in 12 countries on 3 continents, contributing > 2 million

Euros since 2001.

• Start implementation BaMa structure;• Resource Engineering splits according to research to 3ME (materials),

Building materials (recycling). Mining + all students stay with Applied earth Science;

• Reuter, prof. RE, leaves with arguments, initially no staff, except De Ruiter is left, Voncken joins in a later stage;

• Thanks to the international programs students had the opportunity to start and complete an MSc in Resource Engineering.

1995-2005


• 2006 -2007 building movesto Stevinweg 1

On the move


• Many changes:• Stricter rules;• BSA;• Hard Cut before MSc;• BSc in English.

• Enrolment about 50/year, increasing to > 100 after 2010;• After 5 years search Buxton accepts position head of

Resource Engineering section and acquires various research projects. Total of 7 PhD students;

• Thanks to Duco’s efforts:• Chair in geothermal energy;• Mijnbouwkundig Geologisch Museum;• Mijnbouwkundige Kring.

2005-2015


Applied Sciences

Technology, Policy & Management

Aerospace Engineering

Industrial Design Engineering

Electrical Eng., Math. & Comp. Sci.

Civil Engineering & Geosciences (CEG)

Architecture

Mech., Maritime and Materials Eng.

Transport & Planning

Water management

Hydraulic Engineering

Geoscience &Remote Sensing

Geoscience & Engineering (GSE)

Structural Engineering Geo-Engineering

Petroleum Engineering

Applied Geophysics and Petrophysics

Applied Geology

Resource Engineering

GSE Sections

CEG Departments

TU Delft Faculties

Current situation, 173 years after 1842


Work as an engineer for a while and then…… get the ultimate job…..

Source: Menno Verschuur


Work as an engineer for 10 years and then…… get the ultimate job…..

Source: Menno Verschuur

Diving instructor

Documents

Staringlezing 2015 Hans De Ruiter - KNGMGkngmg.nl/genootschap/Staring_lezing_2015.pdf · Staringlezing 2015 Hans De Ruiter. Challenge the future 1 KNGMG, ... • From middle ages