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Standards in authorship
COPE Webinar29 June 2017
Guest speakers:Deborah Poff, Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Academic EthicsKelly Cobey, Senior Clinical Research Associate, Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteLiz Allen, Director of Strategic Initiatives, F1000
Moderator:Trevor Lane, Education Director and Senior Publishing Consultant, Edanz Group
publicationethics.org
publicationethics.org
COPE Webinar: Standards in authorship
Trevor LaneEducation Director and Senior Publishing Consultant, Edanz Group
COPE Council Member
Deborah PoffEditor-in-Chief, Journal of Academic Ethics,Advances in Business Ethics Research (book series)
COPE Vice-Chair and Chair-Elect
Kelly CobeySenior Clinical Research Associate, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
Liz AllenDirector of Strategic Initiatives, F1000Co-Chair of Project CRediT (Contributor Roles Taxonomy)
publicationethics.org
COPE Webinar: Standards in authorship
Webinar overview
• Introduction: authorship issues & COPE resources
• Presentations by guest speakers
• Discussion (Q/A): please type your questions in the Question Box (not the Chat Box)
Recording & summary report will be uploaded to COPE website
publicationethics.org
COPE Webinar: Standards in authorship
Importance of authorship
• Record of attribution
• Moral and legal rights
• Accountability in investigations
• Key in shaping research/academic careers
publicationethics.org
COPE Webinar: Standards in authorship
Authorship practices
• Larger groups (100s-1000s of authors); multiple
institutions, countries, disciplines; new disciplines
• Depends on culture, research group, department,
institution, discipline, journal, country…
Who did
what?
publicationethics.org
COPE Webinar: Standards in authorship
COPE resources on authorship publicationethics.org/resources
• 122 / 566 COPE Forum cases related to authorship, mostly author disputes
• How to handle authorship disputes: a guide for new researchers
• COPE flowcharts: o What to do if you suspect ghost/guest/gift authorshipo How to spot authorship problemso Adding/removing authors before publicationo Adding/removing authors after publication
publicationethics.org
COPE Webinar: Standards in authorship
COPE resources on authorship publicationethics.org/resources
• eLearning module on authorship• Discussion document: What constitutes
authorship? publicationethics.org/files/u7141/Authorship_DiscussionDocument_0_0.pdf
publicationethics.org
COPE Webinar: Standards in authorship
ORCID
Open Researcher and Contributor ID• Persistent digital identifier for
researchers
CRediT
Consortia Advancing Standards in Research Administration Information (CASRAI) Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT)• Standardised contributorship
rolesICMJE
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors• Declaration, 4 authorship criteria
orcid.org www.casrai.org/credit icmje.org
publicationethics.org
COPE Webinar: Standards in authorship
QCan we or should we standardise authorship across disciplines?
Authorship Issues in the Humanities and Social Sciences
DeborahPoff,CM,PhD
TheProblemofTalkingabouttheHumanitiesandSocialSciences
together
HumanitiesDistinctionImportantpointnotsaidfrequentlyenoughAuthorshipissues
• Mostarticlesandmonographssingleauthored.
• Thesissupervisionoftenresultsinstudentpublicationsbutmostlywithnoexpectationofauthorshiponthepartofthesupervisorormembersofthesupervisorycommittee.
• Frequently,ethicalissuesarenotsomuchaboutauthorshipastheyareabout:excessiveself-citation;plagiarism,redundantpublicationsandtheproblemofcitationin‘receivedwisdom.’
publicationethics.org
SocialSciences• Moresimilaritieswithsciencesgenerally.• Considerableworkdoneonresearchintegrity,publication
ethicsandauthorship,amongprofessionalorganizations,suchas,theAPA,ASA,CSA,CPA,etc.
• ThereissomefamilyresemblancewithintheSocialSciencesintermsofauthorshipnormswithexceptions(e.g.,unlessotherwisestated,authorsarelistedalphabeticallyandwhenthatpracticeisnotfollowed,theorderindicatesthelevelofauthorialleadershipandresponsibilityforthepublication).
• Withinsomedisciplines,forexample,Psychology,theassumptionisthatwithrespecttojournalarticlesbasedonathesisordissertation,thestudentisfirstauthor.
publicationethics.org
• SocialSciencesgenerallyhaveasmallernumberofauthorsperresearchprojectalthoughthiscanvarywithlargelabsandmultidisciplinaryteams.
• WithrespecttotheSocialSciencesoverall,frommyexperienceasanEICandfromresearchinthefield,mostauthorshipdisputesarisefromnotclearlystipulatingauthorshiprolespriortoengagingintheresearchorbecauseofinterpersonalconflictthatarisesbetweentheco-investigatorsormembersoftheteam.
publicationethics.org
• Withrespecttoclarityandtransparencyaboutauthorialroles,guidelinesliketheICMJEortheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationarehelpfulinidentifyingthesubstantiverolesthatmustbepresentforascribingauthorshipwithintheSocialSciences.
• Particularlywithrespecttostudents,butalsoforthesakeofallresearchersinaproject,thebestpracticeofidentifyingrolesandresponsibilitiesinwriting(withagreement)iscrucialtoavoidingdisputeslater.
publicationethics.org
SomeUniqueIssuesforSocialScientists
• GiventheuniqueculturalfactorsinsomeSocialScienceresearch,uniquecommonunderstandingamongresearchersandtheparticipantsofresearchneedstobeidentifiedupfront.
• E.g.,manyAboriginalcommunitiesrequirethatmembersofthecommunityareauthorsinallresearchthattakesplaceinthosecommunitiesandalsoassertthattheycanvetopublicationsiftheybelievethefindingstobeharmfultothecommunities.
publicationethics.org
RelationshipbetweenJournalsandInstitutionsduringInvestigations
• Reasonablyandforlegalandlabourrelationsfactors,universitiesconductinvestigationswithrespecttomisconductinpublications.
• Thiscanbeanunusuallylongandprotractedprocesswhichleavesthejournaleithermakinginterimprocessannouncementsormakingdecisionsindependentofuniversityinvestigations.
publicationethics.org
COPE’sPilotProjectwithUniversities
WhileCOPErespectstheautonomyofuniversitygovernance,weareinatestpilotmodewithrespecttocreatingacategoryofuniversitymembershipinCOPE.Wehopethatamongotherthingsthiswillleadto:1. Enhancedcommoneducationalpracticesonpublication
ethicsissues,includingappreciationofdistinctissuesfordifferentdisciplines,and
2. Commonunderstandingoftheroleandimportanceofjournalsinknowledgedisseminationandtheprotectionofresearchintegritywiththemutualunderstandingofhowthismatterstouniversities.
publicationethics.org
Thanksverymuch
DeborahPoff,CM,PhDVice-ChairandChair-Elect,COPE
Email:[email protected]
publicationethics.org
Standards in authorship
COPEWebinar29 June2017
LightningPoll1
publicationethics.org
publicationethics.org
Engaging Research Institutions in Authorship OutreachCOPEWebinar29June2017
KellyCobeySeniorClinicalResearchAssociate,[email protected]@kdcobeyhttp://www.ohri.ca/journalology/
Why do institutions care
about authorship?
MarcyLeigh,Flickr
Authorship as a metric:• Authorship confers credit (Rennie & Glanagin, 1994; JAMA)
• Research institutions use publications as ametric to highlight academic productivityand the achievement of impact
Trextron♥,Flickr
Why do institutions care
about authorship?
Desiretoavoidauthorshipconflict:• Researchers• JournalsSolution:Internalauthorshippolicies
OlgaBerrlos,Flickr
Needfortrainingandsupport• Howtodraftusefulpolicieswhicharebroadlyapplicableandinline
withinternationalbestpractice
• Howtostayuptodatewithchangesinauthorshipbestpractice
• Whenandhowtoincorporatenoveltools/practicesaspolicy• Riskaverse:don’twanttoaskmoreofbusyresearchers
• Howtocreateanddisseminatetrainingtoresearchers• Potentialforsharedresources,policytemplates
OlgaBerrlos,Flickr
Researchintegrityofficers(RIO)• Oftenreactiveratherthanproactiveduetoresourceconstraints
• Couldstandardtrainingbedevelopedtosupportthoseactingintheseroles?
• Arenetworksestablishedwithin/betweencountriesforRIO’stogetthesupporttheyneed?
PublicationsOfficers• Dedicatedstaffwhocouldberesponsibleforteachingwhatisand
isn’tethicalinregardstoauthorship
Institutionsneedtotakeaseatatthetable• Typicallyonlyinteractwithjournalswhendealingwithalleged
misconduct• Thereneedstobemonitoringofchangestoauthorshippoliciesand
researcherneedsassessments• Contributetoimplementationofnewtools
• CRediT
• Alongwithauthorshipcomesimportantresponsibilities;researchinstitutionshaveanobligationtosupporttheiremployeesinpublicationsbestpractice.
MarkHakansson,Flickr
publicationethics.org
Engaging Research Institutions in Authorship Outreach
ThankYouKellyCobeySeniorClinicalResearchAssociate,OttawaHospitalResearchInstitute
[email protected]@kdcobeyhttp://www.ohri.ca/journalology/
Standards in authorship
COPEWebinar29 June2017
LightningPoll2
publicationethics.org
EXPLAININGTHECONTRIBUTORROLES TAXONOMY(CRediT)
Liz AllenDirector, Strategic Initiatives, F1000
29 June 2017
publicationethics.org
PROBLEMSWITHAUTHORSHIPWELLESTABLISHED
CHANGINGCURRENCY:AUTHORSHIP
32
DEMISEOFTHELONEAUTHOR
Publishers• Increasetransparency
• Reduceauthordisputes• Simplifyprocessofchasingauthors
• Identifyingpeerreviewers
Researchfunders• Supportinggrantapplications
• Understandingimpact• Awardingcredit
• Identifyingpeerreviewers• Identifyingnewfundingopportunities
Researchers• Creditfortruecontribution
• Creditfor‘new’/specificroles• Identifycollaborators
• Benefitjuniorreviewers• Reduceauthorshippolitics?
• Accountability
Researchinstitutions• Supporttenure&appointment• Newesteemindicatorsforstaff
• Understandingimpact
RATIONALEFORMOREABOUTCONTRIBUTION…
1. Wellcome-Harvardworkshop2011
2. Initialcollaborationwithmedicaleditors(ICMJE)
3. Developeddrafttaxonomy(2012/13)
4. Pilotwithcorrespondingauthors(2013)
5. Refinetaxonomy&consultationphase2(2014- )
6. ‘custodian’ofCRediT(2014- )(http://casrai.org/CRediT )
7. Implementations2015onwards….
CONTRIBUTORROLESTAXONOMY:ORIGINS…
Term DefinitionConceptualization Ideas;formulationorevolutionofoverarchingresearchgoalsandaims.
Methodology Developmentordesignofmethodology;creationofmodels.
Software Programming,softwaredevelopment;designingcomputerprograms;implementationofthecomputercodeandsupportingalgorithms;testingofexistingcodecomponents.
Validation Verification,whetherasapartoftheactivityorseparate,oftheoverallreplication/reproducibilityofresults/experimentsandotherresearchoutputs.
FormalAnalysis Applicationofstatistical,mathematical,computational,orotherformaltechniquestoanalyseorsynthesizestudydata.
Investigation Conductingaresearchandinvestigationprocess,specificallyperformingtheexperiments,ordata/evidencecollection.
Resources Provisionofstudymaterials,reagents,materials,patients,laboratorysamples,animals,instrumentation,computingresources,orotheranalysistools.
DataCuration Managementactivitiestoannotate(producemetadata),scrubdataandmaintainresearchdata(includingsoftwarecode,whereitisnecessaryforinterpretingthedataitself)forinitialuseandlaterre-use.
Writing– OriginalDraft
Preparation,creationand/orpresentationofthepublishedwork,specificallywritingtheinitialdraft(includingsubstantivetranslation).
Writing– Review&Editing
Preparation,creationand/orpresentationofthepublishedworkbythosefromtheoriginalresearchgroup,specificallycriticalreview,commentaryorrevision– includingpre- orpost-publicationstages.
Visualization Preparation,creationand/orpresentationofthepublishedwork,specificallyvisualization/datapresentation.
Supervision Oversightandleadershipresponsibilityfortheresearchactivityplanningandexecution,includingmentorshipexternaltothecoreteam.
ProjectAdministration
Managementandcoordinationresponsibilityfortheresearchactivityplanningandexecution.
FundingAcquisition Acquisitionofthefinancialsupportfortheprojectleadingtothispublication.
http://www.ariessys.com/views-and-press/resources/video-library/credit-integration/
http://credit.casrai.org/#
Standards in authorship
COPEWebinar29 June2017
LightningPoll3
publicationethics.org
Standards in authorship
COPE Webinar29 June 2017
Guest speakers:Deborah Poff, Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Academic EthicsKelly Cobey, Senior Clinical Research Associate, Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteLiz Allen, Director of Strategic Initiatives, F1000
Moderator:Trevor Lane, Education Director and Senior Publishing Consultant, Edanz Group
publicationethics.org
publicationethics.org
COPE Webinar: Standards in authorship
QCan we or should we standardise authorship across disciplines?
publicationethics.org
COPE Webinar: Standards in authorship
Trevor LaneEducation Director and Senior Publishing Consultant, Edanz Group
COPE Council Member
Deborah PoffEditor-in-Chief, Journal of Academic Ethics,Advances in Business Ethics Research (book series)
COPE Vice-Chair and Chair-Elect
Kelly CobeySenior Clinical Research Associate, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
Liz AllenDirector of Strategic Initiatives, F1000Co-Chair of Project CRediT (Contributor Roles Taxonomy)
Elizabeth MoylanSenior Editor (Research Integrity), BioMed Central
COPE Council MemberChair, COPE Education Subcommittee
publicationethics.org
COPE Webinar: Standards in authorship
Next steps• Please comment on COPE Discussion Document:
What Constitutes Authorship? publicationethics.org/files/u7141/Authorship_DiscussionDocument_0_0.pdf
• Please give us your feedback by responding to the email we will send you after this webinar
Standards in authorship
COPE Webinar29 June 2017
Thank you!Special thanks to:
Linda Gough, Sarah Gilmore, Elizabeth Moylan, Natalie Ridgeway, Heather Tierney
publicationethics.org