Standard 5 Christopher Columbus Treaty of Tordesillas Capitalism Mercantilism Ferdinand Magellan Middle Passage Ibn Battuta Columbian Exchange Limited Monarchy English Bill of Rights Versailles Louis XIV Miguel de Cervantes Divine Right Absolute Monarch 3 Gs God- Convert nonbelievers, spread Christianity Glory- Gain power and fame (immortality) Gold- Earn money from expeditions and trading New Technology Compass- Becomes a mainstream instrument in the 1400s Caravels- Lighter, faster ships can travel farther Search for Spices European nations were seeking an advantage in trading (spices, silk, etc.) and sought faster ways to get to Asia and other areas Prince Henry the Navigator (Portugal)- Sponsor expeditions Bartholomeu Dias (Portugal)- Discovered the Cape of Good Hope (Southern tip of Africa) Vasco da Gama (Portugal)- Became wealthy on trading expeditions to India Christopher Columbus (Spain)- Sought a western route to India, but instead landed in the Bahamas (North America) Columbus was born in Portugal, but they would not sponsor his journey, so he got sponsorship from Spain Amerigo Vespucci (Italy)- Namesake of the Americas; Journeyed to Brazil Ferdinand Magellan (Portugal)- Tried to reach the Pacific Ocean (which he named); journeyed to the Philippines where he was killed Some of his crew made it home after 3 years, becoming the first men to circumnavigate the world Columbian Exchange- Network of interaction between the Americas and Europe Included food crops, people, cultures, and disease Wealth for People and Countries Vasco da Gama Spains Siglo de Oro (Century of Gold) Violence against indigenous people Rivalries Among Nations Portugal and Spain fought bitterly until a settlement was reached by Pope Alexander VI in the Treaty of Tordesillas, which divided up the New World between them in 1494 Role of Investment in Exploration Throughout the period of exploration, men invested their own money and borrowed money in expeditions, trading companies, etc. and many became rich. This idea of investing private money for private profit is known as capitalism. People invested their own money to start these ventures were called entrepreneurs. Companies such as the Dutch East India Company used enormous profits from capitalistic ventures in the Americas and worldwide to dominate the regions politically The money that could be made in trade led nations to use trade to grow their empires. Most European nations began to practice mercantilism (Export more than you import) by restricting who their colonies could trade with Governments also promoted tariffs (taxes on imports) to protect local industries as trade grew worldwide Collective term for the Spanish men who followed Columbus path to the Americas Did not interact kindly with the natives as Columbus had Destroyed native populations relatively easy due to vastly superior weapons and the aid of disease (unintended) Landed in Mexico and met with Aztec Aztec ruler Montezuma saw Cortes as a god and let him into Tenochtitlan Cortes & his men began to take gold, & war broke out when they interrupted an Aztec sacrifice, leading to La Noche Triste (the Sad Night) where Spanish & Aztecs fought The Aztec fought bravely against Cortes, but his men were too well-armed and Spanish diseases transmitted to Aztecs decimated the population Cortes and a combined army of Aztec enemies (rallied with the help of Cortes guide & lover, Malinche) destroyed Tenochtitlan (Present day Mexico City) in 1521 Conquered the Inca in South America Inca leader Athaualpa refused to give in to the Spanish and was captured as thousands of his subjects were killed He was held for ransom, but Pizarro killed him after the money was paid anyway Anger among native populations in America Cultural interactions Colonization of the Americas Well-organized colonial empire with its own governing body (Council of the Indies) and appointed leaders (viceroys) Encomienda System System of forced labor against the Native Americans Used in plantation farms and mines Killed untold thousands of natives Was protested by Bartolomew de Las Casas which led to weak regulations being passed De Las Casas advised the importing of Africans, which jump- started the slave trade Spain controlled all Central America (Mexico), Florida, SW United States, into South America, & Peru Jamestown, VA (1607)- First Permanent Settlement Originally meant for profit, the colony saw a great deal of death from starvation and disease until a few were helped by Native Americans Jamestown later becomes very profitable selling tobacco Plymouth, MA (1620) Mostly Pilgrims (English Protestants who rejected the Anglican Church) Signed the Mayflower Compact (agreement among people for self-government) before coming onto land Eventually the English spread out into the original 13 colonies as we know them Settled New France (modern-day eastern Canada) and eventually stretched its colonies down the Mississippi River and into the Gulf of Mexico Built a thriving fur trade with the Native Americans Interracial relationships and marriage- New cultures form as people from different continents interact Spanish colonial society had a stratified hierarchy dominated by peninsulares (people born in Spain) Lower class were mixed populations- mestizos (European & Native American), mulattoes (European & African) French & Indian War ( ) Between the British and the French/Native Americans over territory This was spilled over into Europe where it was called the Seven Years War. It ended when the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1763 Triangular Trade Three pronged trading network that linked the Americas, Europe, and Africa. It was self-sustaining: Goods from Europe to Africa- Traded for Slaves Slaves from Africa to the Americas (Middle Passage)- Slaves bought and made to work Raw Materials Farmed from Americas to Europe- Turned into goods and sold to Africa for more slaves Middle Passage was a cruel journey for slaves Many were kept chained up below deck for months (Little food) Unknown numbers of Africans were killed on the journey and in slavery in the Americas. Estimated as high as 2 million+ It was very profitable for African ports, European merchants and American plantation owners, and was more about financial gain than prejudice or racism This period of history sees the rise of absolute monarchs, rulers who claim total power in their states territory. They use the money gained from exploration and colonization to dominate their local regions and wage conflicts with each other. They also claim divine right (Gods Mandate) to rule. Inherited the throne from his uncle (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) Ruled Spain during a very rich period resulting from exploration; this period is called Spains Golden Age Devout Catholic who gave Spanish money & armies to fight the Muslims at Lepanto (1571) and fought a rebellion in Netherlands Married several different women to form alliances with other European Nations Raised Spanish Armada to fight Protestant England Failed miserably & were decimated by storms Exercised complete control over the govt; he saw himself as a guardian of Catholicism & thus tied his power to his religion Miguel de Cervantes was a huge playwright & novelist of the time. He wrote the book Don Quixote. Became king of France at 5 y-o; his chief minister (Cardinal Mazarin) controlled the govt until he was 23 Known as the Sun King because of his belief that govt in France revolved around him Kept nobles of France under his thumb through elaborate rituals such as the levee & expanded royal power through the use of intendants or royal officials who collected taxes Built a lavish palace at Versailles with over 2,000 rooms that cost over $2 billion (that periods money) Ended his life waging costly wars with Spain & persecuting Hugenots (Protestants in France) Catholicism v. Protestantism had raged in France in late 1500s St. Bartholomews Day Massacre- Murdered 3,000+ Hugenots Henry IV ended religious persecution of Protestants with the Edict of Nantes Was not supported in taking over the throne from her father, Charles VI Neighboring Prussia seized an Austrian province (Silesia), setting off the War of the Austrian Succession. She preserved her power, imposed a better tax system, and forced nobles to pay taxes to ease economic burdens Became king at 10 y-o in 1682, took over power at 17 Was curious about western methods and technology; spent a year in Western Europe living undercover and learning about western methods Attempted to westernize Russia with knowledge he brought back Had to assert absolute authority when the nobles of Russia were uncooperative Unintentionally strengthened serfdom by giving nobles expanded control over their land & people in them Won territory from Sweden in the Great Northern War and built a capital city (St. Petersburg) Philip II Louis XIV Peter the Great While some nations of Europe bowed to absolutists and exerted their own power, England resisted absolute control and ended up setting a precedent for future nations Tudors worked with Parliament Stuarts imposed Absolute Power James I agrees to rule with Parliaments influence, but then refuses Clashes with dissenters from the Anglican Church and Puritans At one point, James dissolved Parliament to act on his own James Is son, Charles I, behaves the same way; dissolved Parliament in 1629 He did this despite signing a major English document called the Petition of Right, which required him to call Parliament into session before raising taxes and forbade him to imprison anyone without cause Parliament opposes Charles I with the Long Parliament ( ) They execute several of Charles ministers Charles I fights back, English Civil War breaks out Cavaliers (Supporters of Charles) vs. Roundheads (Supporters of Parliament) Roundheads led by Oliver Cromwell win the war, execute Charles I, and begin their own period of rule Charles IOliver Cromwell Period of English history when it is ruled by Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector Puritans encourage social reforms and strict control, but other Protestant groups gain religious freedoms they didnt have under Charles I Charles II (son of Charles I) welcomed back to England to rule & doesnt make his fathers mistake Charles brother James II takes the throne in 1685 & is determined to restore absolute power and bring England back to Catholicism Concerned leaders invited James daughter, Mary & her husband William III of Orange, to come from the Netherlands and rule England William and Mary land with an army (1688) but James flees without a fight (Glorious Revolution) William and Mary accept an English Bill of Rights Precursor to our own Bill of Rights Limited monarchy is imposed (legislative body limits the monarchs power) Constitutional govt emerges with 3 new institutions Political Parties, Cabinet, & Prime Minister