Standard 11.4.5

Students analyze the political, economic and social ramifications of World War I

on the home front.

WORLD WAR I BEGAN 1914JUNE 28 ARCHDUKE FERDINAND ASSASSINATED

JULY 28 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY DECLARED WAR ON SERBIA

AUGUST 1 GERMANY DECLARED WAR ON RUSSIA

AUGUST 3 GERMANY DECLARED WAR ON FRANCE

AUGUST 4 GERMANY INVADED NEUTRAL BELGIUM WHICH PROMPTED BRITAIN TO DECLARE WAR THE SAME DAY

AUGUST 4 PRESIDENT WILSON DECLARED POLICY OF NEUTRALITY FOR THE UNITED STATES

AUGUST 6 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY DECLARED WAR ON RUSSIA

AUGUST 23 JAPAN DECLARED WAR ON GERMANY

OCTOBER 29 OTTOMAN EMPIRE JOINED THE WAR ON THE SIDE OF THE CENTRAL POWERS

THE WAR BEGAN WITH THE

ALLIES VERSUS THE CENTRAL POWERS AND SIX NEUTRAL

NATIONS

CENTRAL POWERSAUSTRIA-HUNGARY

GERMANY

BULGARIA

TURKEY

ALLIESFRANCE

UNITED KINGDOM (AND ALL OF HER COLONIES)

ITALY RUSSIA

JAPAN ROMANIA

SERBIA GREECE

PORTUGAL

NEUTRAL NATIONS SPAIN SWITZERLAND

NORWAY SWEDEN BELGIUM DENMARK

DEBATE OVER JOINING THE WAR

REASONS FOR JOINING THE WAR

LUSITANIA

ZIMMERMAN NOTE

DECLARATION OF WAR

Slide 3

WHAT GROUPS WANTED THE U.S. TO JOIN THE WAR ON THE SIDE OF THE

CENTRAL POWERS AND WHY?

• VERY LARGE POPULATION OF GERMAN-AMERICANS LIVING IN THE U.S. DID NOT WANT TO FIGHT AGAINST GERMANY

• IRISH-AMERICANS DID NOT WANT TO HELP THE BRITISH BECAUSE OF THEIR HISTORICAL OPPRESSION OF THE IRISH AND BRITISH SUPPRESSION OF THE INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT IN IRELAND IN 1916

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

8000000

9000000 GERMAN

AUSTRIAN-HUNGARIANBRITISH

IRISH

RUSSIAN

ITALIAN

POPULATION BY ETHNIC GROUP

IN MILLIONS

TOTAL U.S. POPULATION 1910: 91,972,266

U.S. POPULATION BY ETHNIC GROUP FROM BOTH SIDES OF THE WAR: 32,243,282

WHAT EXPLAINS THE ANTI-GERMAN SENTIMENT IN THE U.S. GIVEN THAT GERMANS COMPRISED THE SINGLE LARGEST FOREIGN-BORN GROUP?

• CLASHING WITH THE GERMANS IN SAMOA AND AT MANILA BAY OVER EXPANSION OF U.S. TERRITORIES IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY

• COMPETITION OVER TRADING IN CHINA, EAST INDIES, THE PACIFIC, AND AFRICA

• GERMAN DOMINANCE OF NAVAL AND ARMY POWER OVER THE U.S.

• GERMANY INVADED NEUTRAL BELGIUM

• BRITISH PROPAGANDA DEMONIZING THE GERMANS

I. Most people wanted to remain neutral because:

A. they felt that it was not our fight

B. Europe was too far away

C. war was expensive

D. divided loyalties since US traded with both Germany and Great Britain and did not want to sever ties with either side by fighting against them

NOTICE! Travellers intending to embark on the Atlantic voyage are reminded that a

state of war exists between Germany and her allies and Great Britain and

her allies; that the zone of war includes the waters adjacent to the

British Isles; that, in accordance with formal notice given by the Imperial German Government, vessels flying

the flag of Great Britain, or any of her allies, are liable to destruction in those waters and that travellers

sailing in the war zone on ships of Great Britain or her allies do so at

their own risk. IMPERIAL GERMAN EMBASSY

WASHINGTON, D.C., APRIL 22, 1915.

AD PLACED IN THE NEW YORK TIMES BY THE GERMAN GOVERNMENT, 1915

LUSITANIA SUNK, 1915

BRITISH PASSENGER SHIP SUNK BY A GERMAN U-BOAT IN 1915. MORE THAN 1,000 PEOPLE KILLED INCLUDING

128 AMERICANS.

ALTHOUGH THIS EVENT ANGERED MANY AMERICANS, THE U.S. DID NOT JOIN THE WAR

FOR 2 MORE YEARS

AFTER THE GERMANS SANK THE UNARMED FRENCH SUSSEX IN MARCH 1916 (THE

AMERICANS ON BOARD WERE INJURED BUT NONE WERE KILLED), PRESIDENT WILSON

DEMANDED THAT THE GERMANS STOP SINKING MERCHANT SHIPS WITHOUT WARNING OR THE

U.S. WOULD SEVER DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH GERMANY.

GERMANY AGREED AND THAT LASTED UNTIL JANUARY OF 1917 WHEN THE GERMAN

GOVERNMENT, DUE TO CIVILIAN STARVATION FROM THE BRITISH BLOCKADE AND HOPING FOR A QUICK END TO THE WAR, ANNOUNCED

UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE.

THE SUSSEX PLEDGE

GERMANY ANNOUNCED THEY WOULD RESUME THEIR U-BOAT CAMPAIGN AND SINK ALL

(INCLUDING AMERICAN) SHIPS IN THE WAR ZONE. MANY GERMANS WERE STARVING FROM THE BRITISH BLOCKADE AND THE

GERMAN MILITARY BELIEVED THEY COULD FORCE THE BRITISH TO SURRENDER IN A FEW

MONTHS, BEFORE THE U.S. WOULD ENTER, AND WIN THE WAR.

WILSON CLUNG TO THE HOPE THAT GERMANY WOULD NOT ACTUALLY ATTACK U.S. SHIPS,

HOWEVER IN MARCH FOUR UNARMED MERCHANT SHIPS WERE SUNK, WITH 36 LIVES

LOST.

FEBRUARY 1, 1917

ZIMMERMANN NOTE (1917)

On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of this, it is our

intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America.

If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace.

We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The

details are left to you for settlement. . . . You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate

with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany

and Japan. Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a

few months.

Alfred Zimmermann, German Foreign Minister 1916

POLITICAL CARTOON ON

THE ZIMMERMAN

NOTE

WILSON ASKED CONGRESS TO DECLARE WAR APRIL 2, 1917

“THE WORLD MUST BE MADE SAFE FOR

DEMOCRACY. ITS PEACE MUST BE PLANTED UPON

THE TESTED FOUNDATIONS OF

POLITICAL LIBERTY. WE HAVE NO SELFISH ENDS

TO SERVE. WE DESIRE NO

CONQUEST, NO DOMINION. WE

SEEK NO INDEMNITIES FOR OURSELVES, NO

MATERIAL COMPENSATION

FOR THE SACRIFICES WE SHALL FREELY

MAKE.”

CONGRESS DECLARED WAR APRIL 6, 1917“Whereas the Imperial German

Government has committed repeated acts of war against

the Government and the people of the United States of

America; Therefore be it Resolved by the Senate and

the House of Representatives of the United States of America

in Congress Assembled, that the state of war between the

United States and the Imperial German Government which has

thus been thrust upon the United States is hereby

formally declared; and that the President be, and he is hereby,

authorized and directed to employ the entire naval and military forces of the United

States and the resources of the Government to carry on war against the Imperial German Government; and to bring the

conflict to a successful termination all of the

resources of the country are hereby pledged by the Congress of the United

States.”

EXCERPT FROM THE WAR DECLARATION

II. The US joins the war on the side of the Allies

A. the US had more money invested in England than in Germany

B. France was a friend since the US war forindependence

C. Wilson’s moral diplomacy policy

D. British propaganda

E. German unrestricted submarine warfare results in sinking of Lusitania

F. Zimmerman note

• MOBILIZATION

• AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE

Slide 3

• FROM 200,000 TO 4,791,172 IN ARMED FORCES • 32 NEW CANTONMENTS AND CAMPS BUILT FOR

40,000 SOLDIERS EACH AT A COST OF $262M. (PANAMA CANAL COST $375M.)

• 2,800,000 DRAFTED - SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT MAY 19

• 42 DIVISIONS SENT TO FRANCE - 2,084,000 MEN

CAMP KEARNEY FREMONT, CA

MAY 1, 1917 - ARMY EXPANSION ACT

III. THE U.S. PREPARED FOR WAR - 1916A. increase in the number of army and national guardsmen and build up of the navyB. Council of National Defense created to coordinate industry and defenseC. $50 million allocated to update merchant marine fleet

REQUIRED ALL MALES BETWEEN THE AGES OF 21-30 (LATER CHANGED TO 18-45) TO REGISTER FOR THE

DRAFT

ABOUT 24 MILLION MEN REGISTERED, 23% OF TOTAL POPULATION

ABOUT 11,000 WOMEN VOLUNTEERED AS NURSES, CLERICAL WORKERS AND TELEPHONE OPERATORS

SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT MAY 18, 1917

SECRETARY OF WAR BAKER PULLED DRAFT NUMBERS IN THE LOTTERY

DRAFTED MEN REPORTED FOR SERVICE IN SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS

GENERAL JOHN J. PERSHING, COMMANDER OF THE AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE IN WWI

"ALL A SOLDIER

NEEDS TO KNOW IS HOW TO SHOOT

AND SALUTE."

SOLDIERS LEFT FOR FRANCE

A. Committee for Public Information – US gov’t “sells” the war

1. propaganda posters & war bonds

B. climate of suspicion

1. Espionage Act made it illegal give aid to the enemy

2. Sedition Act made illegal any public expression of opposition to the war

3. anti-German sentiment

Slide 3

IV. Effects of the war on the home front

COMMITTEE FOR PUBLIC INFORMATION: CREATED BY PRESIDENT WILSON TO SPREAD

PRO-WAR PROPAGANDA

LED BY JOURNALIST

GEORGE CREEL

WAR PROPAGANDA POSTERS

EXAMPLES OF ANTI-GERMAN SENTIMENT DURING WWI

• MANY AMERICAN SCHOOLS STOPPED OFFERING INSTRUCTION IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE. 

• CALIFORNIA'S STATE EDUCATION BOARD CALLED GERMAN A LANGUAGE OF "AUTOCRACY, BRUTALITY, AND HATRED”.

• SAUERKRAUT BECAME "LIBERTY CABBAGE" • SALOONKEEPERS REMOVED PRETZELS FROM THE

BAR • ORCHESTRAL WORKS BY BACH, BEETHOVEN, AND

BRAHMS VANISHED FROM MUSIC PROGRAMS, INCLUDING THAT OF THE NEW YORK PHILHARMONIC

• MANY GERMAN AMERICANS WERE BADGERED, BEATEN, AND SOMETIMES KILLED.

A. Civil liberties are fundamental individual rights that are protected in the Bill of Rights (freedom of

speech & religion)

B. in times of crisis they have been restricted by the gov’t in order to achieve larger goals

C. WWI – laws passed severely restricting people’s rights who spoke out against the war effort

V. Civil liberties restricted during the war

LED TO 6,000 ARRESTS AND OVER 1,900 PROSECUTIONS UNDER THE LAWS

THE ESPIONAGE ACT OF 1917, LATER AMENDED AND CALLED THE SEDITION ACT OF 1918

SECTION 3. Whoever, when the United States is at war, shall willfully make or convey false reports or false statements with

intent to interfere with the operation or success of the military or naval forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies and whoever when the United States is

at war, shall willfully cause or attempt to cause insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, refusal of duty, in the

military or naval forces of the United States, or shall willfully obstruct the recruiting or enlistment service of the United States, to the injury of the service or of the United States,

shall be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000 or imprisonment for not more than twenty years, or both.

HAYWOODDEBSRANDOLPH EASTMAN BERGERREED

SOME OF THE PEOPLE ARRESTED UNDER THESE LAWS. PLEASE SEE THE SPEAKER NOTES FOR DETAILS.

The Presidential Proclamation of April 19, 1918 defined persons as "alien enemies" men and

women (whether naturalized citizens or not) born in Germany, Austria or the

Turkish Empire; and women (regardless of birthplace) married to alien enemies.

Papers are from an American citizen married to a German.

County of Residence: Miami

City of Residence: Paola

Gender: Female

Country of Origin: United States

City of Origin: Kansas

Maiden Name: Windler Date of Birth: 03/23/1873

ROSE PASTOR STOKES

SHE SENT A LETTER TO THE KANSAS CITY STAR THAT CLAIMED “NO

GOVERNMENT WHICH IS FOR THE PROFITEERS CAN ALSO BE FOR THE PEOPLE, AND I AM FOR THE PEOPLE, WHILE THE GOVERNMENT IS FOR THE

PROFITEERS.”

SHE WAS ARRESTED AND SENTENCED TO TEN YEARS IN JAIL UNDER THESE

LAWS.

A HIGHER COURT LATER OVERTURNED THE CONVICTION.

A. Income tax created in 1913Amendment XVIThe Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several states, and without regard to any census or enumeration.

B Bonds: The gov’t borrowed money from the public

C. War savings stamps: cost between 25¢ and $5, when people filled a booklet they could be turned in for bonds

VI. How did the US government pay for the war?

THERE WERE FOUR MAJOR LIBERTY LOAN DRIVES WHICH AMASSED GREAT AMOUNTS OF MONEY

FOR THE WAR EFFORT. PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS, LIKE THE RED CROSS AND THE Y.M.C.A. ALSO

HELD FUND RAISING EVENTS.

NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA

BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA

THE LIBERTY LOAN DRIVES USUALLY

INVOLVED A LARGE PARADE THAT WOULD

INCLUDE SOLDIERS AND COMMUNITY

MEMBERS

CELEBRITIES MOTIVATED PEOPLE TO GET INVOLVED IN THE LOAN DRIVES

THE HUMAN SQUIRREL FATTIE ARBUCKLE

KIDS WERE ENCOURAGED TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE LOAN DRIVES AS WELL

VII. War Industries Board

A. Gov’t took over all factories and ran them like one big factory

B. The board instructed factories on what and how much to produce and the cost of the items

WOMEN'S BLOUSE FACTORIES MADE SIGNAL FLAGS

RADIATOR MANUFACTURERS MADE GUNSAUTOMOBILE FACTORIES MADE AIRPLANE

ENGINES PIANO COMPANIES MADE AIRPLANE WINGS

MANUFACTURING HELMETS AND

HATS FOR SOLDIERS

WOOL SOCKS FOR SOLDIERS

POSTERS DESIGNED TO CONVINCE WORKERS IT WAS THEIR DUTY TO PRODUCE (AND THEREFORE NOT STRIKE)

VIII. National war labor board

A. formed to unify labor and settle labor disputes

B. hoped to prevent strikes that would stop production of war goods

C. also worked to improve working conditions

1. 8 hour work day 2. standards for employing women and children

Food Administration

Didn’t start rationing, relied upon voluntary participation

Slogan: “FOOD WILL WIN THE WAR – DON’T WASTE IT”

The US had to provide food for its own citizens a well as the allied countries

FUEL ADMINISTRATION

• HEADED BY HARRY A. GARFIELD, SON OF THE MURDERED PRESIDENT

• DESIGNED TO CONTROL AMERICA’S USE OF FUEL SINCE IT WAS NEEDED OVERSEAS

• AS WITH THE FOOD ADMINISTRATION, AMERICANS WERE ASKED TO VOLUNTARILY CONSERVE THEIR USE OF FUEL 

• LIGHTLESS NIGHTS AND GASLESS DAYS WERE OBSERVED 

• DAYLIGHT SAVINGS TIME WAS OBSERVED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN U.S. HISTORY IN ORDER TO CUT BACK ON THE USE OF FUEL AND ELECTRICITY.

IX. Americans in the War

A. African Americans served in segregated units

B. Influenza outbreak, 1918

1. killed more Americans than died in the war

C. Prohibition, Amendment 18

1. illegal to manufacture, sell, or transport alcohol in the US

2. enforced by the Volstead Act

WOMEN TOOK THE JOBS LEFT BEHIND BY THE MEN

NURSES CONTRIBUTED TO THE WAR

EFFORT

AFRICAN AMERICAN SOLDIERS SERVED IN SEGREGATED UNITS

HENRY JOHNSON, LEFT, AND NEADHAM

ROBERTS, RIGHT RECEIVED THE FRENCH CROIX DE GUERRE, AN AWARD CREATED TO RECOGNIZE BRAVERY IN THE FACE OF AN

ENEMY

ALTHOUGH AFRICAN AMERICAN SOLDIERS WERE USED MOSTLY FOR LABOR, THE FRENCH HIRED SOME

INFANTRY THAT FOUGHT ALONGSIDE FRENCH WHITE SOLDIERS. THESE EXPERIENCES CONTRIBUTED TO THE SENSE OF EMPOWERMENT EXPRESSED BY THE BLACK

COMMUNITY IN THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE IN THE 1920s.

BUILDING RAILROADS IN FRANCE

CUTTING DOWN TREES

EACH STAR REPRESENTED A SON FIGHTING IN THE WAR

INFLUENZA, 1918• SOLDIERS NEAR BOSTON

SUDDENLY STARTED DYING

• THE CAUSE OF DEATH WAS IDENTIFIED AS INFLUENZA, BUT IT WAS UNLIKE ANY STRAIN EVER SEEN

• AS THE KILLER VIRUS SPREAD ACROSS THE COUNTRY, HOSPITALS OVERFILLED, DEATH CARTS ROAMED THE STREETS AND HELPLESS CITY OFFICIALS DUG MASS GRAVES

• IT WAS THE WORST EPIDEMIC IN AMERICAN HISTORY, KILLING OVER 600,000, FIVE TIMES THE DEATHS OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS IN THE WAR. IT DISAPPEARED AS MYSTERIOUSLY AS IT HAD BEGUN.

PARADES QUICKLY SPREAD THE DISEASE

THE RED CROSS DELIVERED

FOOD TO FLU VICTIMS IN

CHARLOTTE, NORTH

CAROLINA. THE MOTHER HAD

JUST DIED FROM THE DISEASE.

Amendment XVIII

Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.

Section 2. The Congress and the several states shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several states, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the states by the Congress.

PROHIBITION DECEMBER 18, 1917 PASSED BY CONGRESS, RATIFIED BY THE

STATES IN 1919, TOOK EFFECT IN 1920

BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION 1917

• CZAR NICHOLAS II FORCED ABOUT 11 MILLION PEASANTS TO FIGHT EVEN THOUGH THEY SUFFERED HIGH INJURY AND DEATH RATES

• GROWING DISCONTENT WITH THE WAR, FOOD SHORTAGES, AND MASS DEMONSTRATIONS STARTED THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

• CZAR NICHOLAS ABDICATED THE THRONE

• LENIN HEADED THE BOLSHEVIK PARTY AND INTENDED TO TURN THE COUNTRY SOCIALIST

• ONCE IN POWER, LENIN REMOVED THE RUSSIANS FROM THE WAR MARCH 1918

THE FINAL MONTHS OF

WWI: COORDINATED

ALLIED ATTACKS

AMERICANS ENTERED THE FIGHTING JUST IN TIME TO STOP A MASSIVE GERMAN

OFFENSIVE IN 1918

BATTLE FOR ARGONNE

ARMISTICE SIGNED:

“AT THE 11TH HOUR, OF THE 11TH MONTH, ON THE 11TH DAY”

NOVEMBER 11, 1918 WWI ENDS

THE UNITED STATES CELEBRATED

Country Dead Wounded POW/MIA Total Mobilized

Austria-Hungary 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,020,000 7,800,000

Belgium 13,716 44,686 34,659 93,061 267,000

British Empire 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 8,904,467

Bulgaria 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919 1,200,000

France 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 8,410,000

Germany 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 7,142,558 11,000,000

Greece 5,000 21,000 1,000 27,000 230,000

Italy 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 5,615,000

Japan 300 907 3 1,210 800,000

Montenegro 3,000 10,000 7,000 20,000 50,000

Portugal 7,222 13,751 12,318 33,291 100,000

Romania 335,706 120,000 80,000 535,706 750,000

Russia 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 12,000,000

Serbia 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106 707,343

Turkey 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 2,850,000

US 116,516 204,002 0 320,518 4,734,991

TOTALS 8,528,831 21,189,154 7,746,419 37,464,404 65,418,801

Allied Powers Cost in Dollars in 1914-18

United States 22,625,253,000

Great Britain 35,334,012,000

France 24,265,583,000

Russia 22,293,950,000

Italy 12,413,998,000

Belgium 1,154,468,000

Romania 1,600,000,000

Japan 40,000,000

Serbia 399,400,000

Greece 270,000,000

Canada 1,665,576,000

Australia 1,423,208,000

New Zealand 378,750,000

India 601,279,000

South Africa 300,000,000

British Colonies 125,000,000

Others 500,000,000

Total of all Costs 125,690,477,000

Central Powers

Cost in Dollars in 1914-18

Germany 37,775,000,000

Austria-Hungary

20,622,960,000

Turkey 1,430,000,000

Bulgaria 815,200,000

Total of all Costs

60,643,160,000

THE FINANCIAL COSTS OF THE WAR

X. Paris Peace ConferenceA. Wilson’s Fourteen Points

1. idealistic effort to solve problems that had caused the war

2. League of Nations – international organization to prevent war

B. Treaty of Versailles1. revenge on Germany for

starting the wara. reparationsb. lost landc. armaments restrictedd. forced to admit war guilt

PRESIDENT WILSON’S 14 POINTS1. AN END TO ALL SECRET DIPLOMACY

2. FREEDOM OF THE SEAS IN PEACE AND WAR

3. REMOVAL OF TRADE BARRIERS AMONG NATIONS

4. GENERAL REDUCTION OF ARMAMENTS

5. THE ADJUSTMENT OF COLONIAL CLAIMS IN THE INTEREST OF THE INHABITANTS AS WELL AS OF THE COLONIAL POWER

6. THE EVACUATION OF RUSSIAN TERRITORY AND THE INDEPENDENT DETERMINATION BY RUSSIA OF ITS OWN NATIONAL POLICIES

7. THE RESTORATION OF BELGIUM

8. THE EVACUATION OF ALL FRENCH TERRITORY AND RETURN OF ALSACE-LORRAINE

9. THE READJUSTMENT OF ITALIAN BOUNDARIES AMONG CLEARLY RECOGNIZABLE LINES OF NATIONALITY

10.INDEPENDENCE FOR VARIOUS NATIONAL GROUPS IN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

11.THE RESTORATION OF THE BALKAN NATIONS AND FREE ACCESS TO THE SEA FOR SERBIA

12.PROTECTION FOR MINORITIES IN TURKEY AND THE FREE PASSAGE OF ALL SHIPS THROUGH THE DARDANELLES

13.INDEPENDENCE FOR POLAND, INCLUDING ACCESS TO THE SEA

14.A GENERAL ASSOCIATION OF NATIONS TO PROTECT “MUTUAL GUARANTEES OF POLITICAL INDEPENDENCE AND TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY TO GREAT AND SMALL NATIONS ALIKE”

SOME BELIEVED THE LEAGUE WAS NECESSARY

OTHERS BELIEVED THE LEAGUE WOULD NOT WORK

PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE “BIG FOUR”

GEORGE ORLANDO CLEMENCEAU WILSON

WANTED TO MAINTAIN TRADE RELATIONS WITH GERMANY BUT

WANTED COLONIES

WANTED LAND

PROMISED DURING

WWI

WANTED TO PUNISH

GERMANY AND PREVENT

FUTURE INVASION

WANTED 14 POINTS AND FAIR PEACE

FOR ALL

TREATY OF VERSAILLES,

EUROPE

1914 1919

TREATY OF VERSAILLES,

GERMAN ARMAMENT LIMITATIONS

TYPE AMOUNT ALLOWED

PLANES 0

WARSHIPS 6

SOLDIERS 100,000

CONSCRIPTION BANNED

GERMAN WAR GUILT

CLAUSE

The Allied and Associated Governments confirm and

Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to

which the Allied and Associated Governments and their national have

been subjected as a consequence of the war

imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and

her allies.

THE BLACK AREAS WERE CONTROLLED BY GERMANY PRIOR

TO WWI, THE TREATY MADE THEM

MANDATES OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS.

ONLY FOUR COUNTRIES WERE

INDEPENDENT: ETHIOPIA, LIBERIA,

EGYPT, AND MOROCCO.

ALL OTHER TERRITORY WAS DIVIDED

BETWEEN BRITAIN, FRANCE, SPAIN,

PORTUGAL, BELGIUM, AND ITALY

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE WAS

BROKEN APART AND SEVERAL

NEW INDEPENDENT

COUNTRIES EMERGED:

SYRIA, JORDAN, SAUDI

ARABIA AND IRAQ

TREATY OF VERSAILLES SIGNED JUNE 28, 1919

THE SENATE REFUSED TO RATIFY THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES

SENATOR HENRY CABOT

LODGE LED THE FIGHT

AGAINST THE TREATY

WILSON NEGOTIATED THE

TREATY OF VERSAILLES

WITHOUT ANY INPUT FROM THE

SENATE WHICH LED TO BITTERNESS.

CABOT AND OTHERS ARGUED AGAINST

JOINING AN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION

THAT MIGHT HAVE VETO POWER OVER

U.S. ACTIONS.

CARTOON SHOWS WILSON TRYING TO

PROTECT THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS FROM THE SENATE.

Cabot speech against joining League

LEAGUE OF NATIONS

SINCE THE U.S. DID NOT JOIN, THE LEAGUE BECAME INEFFECTIVE IN PREVENTING FUTURE WARS

XI. Effects of WWI in America

A. US became a world superpower

B. US refuses to join League of Nations

C. US economy grew during the war

D. US culture beginning to spread abroad

E. birth of black empowerment movement

F. women worked outside the home in huge numbers

G. Russian Revolution sparks fears of communism at home

Other titles available in the United States history series:

Colonization to Reconstruction: Early U.S. Review

Slavery

Causes of the Civil War

Civil War

Reconstruction

Westward Movement

Immigration and Urbanization

America becomes a world power: Imperialism

The Progressive Era

The U.S. and World War One

1920’s

Great Depression and New Deal: 1930’s

Causes of World War Two

World War Two

1950’s

Civil Rights Movement

Cold War: Truman to Kennedy

Cold War: Johnson to the fall of the Berlin Wall

Vietnam

Late History Overview: 1970s, 1980s, 1990s

World History titles:The Conquest of Mexico

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Revolutionary Era

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