Standard 11: Describe the growth of technological innovations
& big business after Reconstruction Describe the inventions of
Thomas Edison.
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So you like to jam to your tunes? From to.. Say thank you
Thomas Edison!!
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So you want to chill & kick with a movie? Fromto Say thank
you Thomas Edison!!
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So you like light? Just say thank you to Thomas Edison!!
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I. New Inventions (late 1800s, early 1900s) A.Light Bulb
B.Phonograph (record player) C. Kinetoscope (Motion Picture)
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II. Railroads Impact on the Nation A.Encouraged new innovation
1.Refrigerated railcars (ice cream on a train!!) 2.Telegraph system
(like texting old school train style) 3.Airbrakes (stops better,
smoother, saves your life) B.Established time zones (We are ESTyou
are halfway through your dayyour cali peeps are in homeroom saying
the pledge!) C.Made travel between towns easier D.Transports large
amounts of goods quickly & efficiently (means cheaper prices
for you!! Also, Lincolns secret weapon for this reason).
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II. Railroads Impact on the Nation continued E.Businesses could
obtain raw materials & sell to large numbers of people F.Led to
mass production (industrialization) G.Helped settle the west
Railroad companies sold the fertile land cheaply Cattle ranchers
and farmers used the plains to graze their herds and grow their
crops, then used railroad to ship their products.
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III. Transcontinental Railroad Central PacificUnion Pacific
Owned by Jay GouldOwned by Cornelius Vanderbilt Chinese
ImmigrantIrish Immigrants Sacramento, CAOmaha, NE Promontory Point,
UT May 10, 1869
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RESULTS of the Transcontinental Railroad What do you
think?
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RESULTS of the Transcontinental Railroad Transporting goods was
easier Linked new markets Unified the nation
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Also led to Big Business & Americas Monopolies Gould &
Vanderbilt were among a group of wealthy businessmen called ROBBER
BARONS Goals of Robber Barons 1.Eliminate Competition 2.Create a
monopoly ( just like the gametotal control of an industry)
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The Triumph of Industry
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Life in 1865
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Life in 1900
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The Growth of Big Business
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Business Leaders of the Late 1800s Robber Barons? Drained the
country of its natural resources Persuaded officials to interpret
laws in their favor Paid their workers meager wages Workers forced
to work in dangerous and unhealthy conditions Swindled the poor
Charged unfair prices Used Trusts & Monopolies to destroy other
competitors Captains of Industry? Increased the supply of goods by
building factories Provided jobs that allowed Americans to buy
their goods Founded and funded museums, libraries, and universities
Innovations & businesses allowed the US economy to grow
Philanthropy (giving $ to charity)
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Andrew Carnegie Emigrated to the U.S. in 1848; used money
earned as superintendent of PA railroad to invest in steel mills
Established Carnegie Steel Company, drove competitors out of
business, and soon controlled the entire steel industry Bought the
iron ore mines, mills, shipping and rail lines to transport his
steel products to market Philanthropist: gave away $350 million
Gospel of wealth: free to make money and should give it away
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JP Morgan Born to life of leisure Worked to get European
investors for business growth Loaned money to US Government Kept it
all Least amount of $$ of robber barons
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Cornelius Vanderbilt Converted shipping empire to the new and
upcoming railroad system When he died at 84 yrs worth 100 Million
Left One million to Vanderbilt University Remnants of railroad
system now part of AMTRAK Biltmore estate was his familys summer
home
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BILTMORESUMMER GET AWAY!
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The Standard Oil Trust I would rather earn 1% off a 100
people's efforts than 100% of my own efforts. John D. Rockefeller
John D. Rockefeller John D. Rockefeller Edwin L. Drake struck oil
in Titusville, PA in 1858. John D. Rockefeller set up a refinery in
Ohio in 1863. He undersold his competitors and bought them out. In
1882 the owners of Standard Oil and other companies combined their
operations, appointing nine trustees. Rockefeller controlled the
trust Forty companies joined the trust and controlled the nations
oil, limiting competition 1890 Congress passed the Sherman
Antitrust Act, outlawing any combination of companies that
restrained commerce; proved ineffective for 15 years.
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V. Labor Force
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The Growing Work Force 14 million immigrants between 1860 and
1900 Contract Labor Act, 1864 8 to 9 million moved to the cities
Every family member worked; little relief for the poor
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Factory Work Boring, repetitive work in dangerous working
conditions (low light, no ventilation, crowded) for low pay &
long hours Piecework: fixed amount for each finished piece produced
Frederick Winslow Taylor increased efficiency, The Principles of
Scientific Management Division of Labor: workers performed one
small task, over and over Remember: Carnegie gave how many days off
a year? How many hours a day?
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Families Working in the Factories.Working Women and Children
Women operated simple machines and had no chance to advance
Children made up more than 5 % of the labor force Both Parents
worked as well as children (stunted in body and mind) Jacob Riis
attacked child labor in Children of the Poor
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The Great Strikes
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Gulf Between Rich and Poor Collective Bargaining: negotiating
as a group for higher wages & better working conditions
Socialism: economic and political philosophy that favors public or
social control of property and income, not private control
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Rise of Labor Unions National Trades Union, 1834; ended with
Panic of 1837 National Labor Union, 1866; failed during a
depression Knights of Labor, 1869; men, women, skilled and
unskilled; Terence Powderly wanted equal pay, 8 hour day, end to
child labor; disappeared by 1890s American Federation of Labor,
1886; Samuel Gompers wanted skilled workers only; supported
collective bargaining, negotiation between labor and employers,
wanted shorter hours & better paywomen & afams not
included. The Wobblies (Industrial Workers of the World), many
Socialists, radical union of unskilled workers such as miners,
lumbermen, migrant farm workers, textile workers
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Reaction of Employers Feared unions Tactics to stop unions 1.
Forbade union meetings 2. Fired union organizers 3. Yellow dog
contracts promised never to join a union 4. Refused collective
bargaining 5. Refused to recognize unions as workers
representatives
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Strikes Rock the Nation Haymarket Riot, 1886, at Chicagos
McCormick reaper factory; bomb killed seven policemen, gunfire
killed dozens. Eight anarchists, radicals who oppose all
government, were tried for conspiracy to commit murder. Pullman,
1894, Eugene V. Debs called for a boycott of Pullman cars.
Disrupted western railroad traffic. Federal troops sent to see that
mail got through. Set pattern for the employers to get court orders
against unions. EFFECT: Government opposition limited union gains
for more than 30 years