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WHEEL ORDERS
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Module 5: Standard Maritime Orders
Reference: English for Maritime Students-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson the students will be able to:a. State at least five standard wheel ordersb. State at least five standard engine ordersc. State and correctly pronounce the standard marine phrases for selected wheel and engine orders
A. Standard Wheel Orders
The art of steering a ship can be gained by practice. The ship’s head, rudder and steering wheel all turn the same way, that is, to turn the ship to starboard one must turn the wheel to starboard. The angle of turn given to the rudder is shown in degrees on the helm indicator situated forward of the wheel.
All orders received by the helmsman are to be repeated twice; once when the order is received and again when the order has been carried out. This is to ensure that the helmsman has both understood and carried out the orders correctly.
Here are some standard wheel orders taken from the Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP) list:
Order MeaningMidships Rudder to be held in the fore and aft
positionPort five 5° of port rudder to be held.Port ten 10° of port rudder to be held.Port fifteen 15° of port rudder to be held.Port twenty 20° of port rudder to be held.Port twenty-five 25° of port rudder to be held.Hard-a-port Rudder to be held fully over to port.Starboard five 5° of starboard rudder to be held.Starboard ten 10° of starboard rudder to be held.Starboard fifteen 15° of starboard rudder to be held.Starboard twenty 20° of starboard rudder to be held.Starboard twenty-five 25° of starboard rudder to be held.
Hard-a-starboard Rudder to be held fully over to starboard.Ease to five Reduce amount of rudder to 5° and hold.Ease to ten Reduce amount of rudder to 10° and hold.Ease to fifteen Reduce amount of rudder to 15° and hold.Ease to twenty Reduce Amount of rudder to 20° and
hold.Steady Reduce swing as rapidly as possible.Steady as she goes Steer a steady course on the compass
heading indicated at the time of the order. The helmsman is to repeat the order and call out the compass heading on receiving the order. When the ship is stead on that heading, the helmsman is to call out: “Stead…”
Examples:
a. When the officer of the watch requires a course to be steered by compass, the direction in which he wants the wheel turned should be stated followed by each numeral being said separately, including zero.
Order Course to be steered
“Port, steer one eight two”
182°
“Starboard, steer zero eight two”
082°
“Port, steer three zero five”
305°
b. On receipt of the order to steer, for example, 182°, the helmsman should repeat it and bring the ship round steadily to the course ordered. When the ship is steady on the course ordered, the helmsman is to call out:
“Steady on one eight two”
The person giving the order should acknowledge the helmsman’s call out.
If it is desired to steer on a selected mark the helmsman should be ordered to:
“Steer on…buoy…(mark)…(beacon)”
The helmsman should repeat the order and when steady on the mark call out:
“Steady on…buoy…(mark)…(beacon)”
The person giving the order should acknowledge the helmsman’s call out.
B. Standard Engine Orders
Any engine order given should be repeated by the person operating the bridge telegraph/s and the officers of the watch should ensure that the order is carried out correctly and right away.
Listed below are some standard engine orders from the SCMP manual.
Order MeaningFull ahead Maximum manoeuvring engine revolutions for
ahead propulsion.Half ahead Revolutions as indicated in ship’s orders.Slow ahead Revolution as indicated in ship’s orders.Dead slow ahead
Revolutions as indicated in ship’s orders.
Stop engine/s No engine revolutions.Dead slow astern Revolutions as indicated in ship’s orders.Slow astern Revolutions as indicated in ship’s orders.Half astern Revolutions as indicated in ship’s orders.Full astern Revolutions as indicated in ship’s orders.Emergency full ahead/astern
Revolutions as indicated in ship’s orders.
Stand by engine Engine-room personnel fully ready to manoeuvre and bridge manned with personnel to relay engine orders.
Finished with engines Movement of engineer/s no longer required.
Examples:Order Meaning
Bow thrust full/half to port Ship’s head to move to port with power as specified.
Bow thrust full/half to starboard
Ship’s head to move to starboard with power as specified.
Stern thrust full/half to port Ship’s stern to move to port with power as specified.
Stern thrust full/half to starboard
Ship’s stern to move to starboard with power as specified.
Bow/stern thrust stop No bow/stern thrust revolutions.
For vessels with variable pitch propellers, the meaning of the order would include the combination of pitch and revolutions as indicated in ship’s orders.
Exercise:State the standard marine phrases for the following wheel and engine
orders. Write your answer on the blank below each number.
1. Rudder to be held fully over the port.
____________________________________________________________
2. 15° of port rudder to be held.
____________________________________________________________
3. Rudder to be held in the fore and aft position.
____________________________________________________________
4. 10° of starboard rudder to be held.
____________________________________________________________
5. Rudder to be held fully over to the starboard.
____________________________________________________________
6. Reduce amount of rudder to 5° and hold.
____________________________________________________________
7. Reduce swing as rapidly as possible.
____________________________________________________________
8. 25° of starboard rudder to be held.
____________________________________________________________
9. No engine revolution.
____________________________________________________________
10. Engine-room personnel fully ready to manoeuvre and bridge manned with personnel to relay engine orders.
____________________________________________________________
11. Movement of engine/s no longer required.
____________________________________________________________
12. Ship’s head to move to port with power as specified.
____________________________________________________________
13. No bow/stern thrust revolutions.
____________________________________________________________
14. Ship’s head to move to starboard with power as specified.
____________________________________________________________
15. Ship’s stern to move to starboard with power as specified.
____________________________________________________________
Module 6: Proper Phrases and the Phonetic Numbers and Alphabet
Reference: English for Maritime Students-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson the students will be able to: a. correctly pronounce words and phrases from the SMCP b. correctly use phrases from the SMCP (Standard Marine Communication Phrases) c. correctly pronounce the phonetic alphabet and the phonetic numbers
Radiotelephone or radiophone communication take place from ship to ship, ship to shore, land station to land station, mobile station to mobile station, aircraft station to land station, aircraft station to aircraft station, etc.
Generally, communication via radiotelephone encounters a lot of difficulties in reception because varied factors such as static, fading and interference due to noises picked up inside the receiving room or by the transmitter.
To improve intelligibility and accuracy of the message in the receiving end, phonetic alphabet and phonetic numbers are used in transmitting messages.
A. The International Phonetic Alphabet
Letter Code Word
Letter Code Word Letter Code Word
A Alpha J Juliet S Sierra
B Bravo K Kilo T Tango
C Charlie L Lima U Uniform
D Delta M Mike V Victory
E Echo N November W Whisky
F Foxtrot O Oscar X X-ray
G Golf P Papa Y Yankee
H Hotel Q Quebec Z Zulu
I India R Romeo
B. The Phonetic Numbers
Figure Code Word0 Nadazero1 Unaone2 Bissotwo3 Terrathree4 Kartefour5 Pentafive6 Soxisix7 Setteseven8 Oktoeight9 Novenine
Full Stop StopDecimal
PointDecimal
C. Selected Phrases from the SMCP
In radiotelephone communication messages can sometimes be misconstrued when proper phrases are not used. In the advent of modern communication, a new generation of radio slang has been produced and is becoming common. Although they are easily understood by a native speaker, these words and phrases can be easily misunderstood by a non-native speaker.
A. Responses 1. When the response to a question is in the affirmative, say ‘Yes’.
2. When the response to a question is in the negative, say ‘No’. 3. When the information is not immediate available but soon will be, say ‘Stand by’. 4. When the required information cannot be obtained, say ‘No information’. 5. When a message has not been properly heard, say ‘Say again’. 6. When a message is not understood, say ‘Message not understood’.
Sometimes, incorrect terms are used in radio communication. Here are some examples:1. ‘Affirmative’, ‘Roger’, ‘Wilco’, ‘Right’, instead of ‘Yes’2. ‘Negative’, ‘No way’, instead of ‘No’.3. ‘Wait’, ‘Wait one’ (meaning ‘wait one minute’), or ‘Hang on’, instead of ‘Stand by’4. ‘Don’t know’ instead of ‘No information’5. ‘Repeat’ instead of ‘Say again’
B.Urgent Messages1. Mayday – used to prefix distress Example: Mayday. Mayday. This is Cassandra. I need help, I am sinking.
2. Pan – used to prefix urgency Example: Pan. Pan. This is Cassandra. I require medical assistance.
3. Securite – used to prefix safety signals Example: Securite. Securite. Floating wreckage in position…
4. Attention – may be used at the beginning of an important message Example: Attention. Attention all ships. A warning of storms was issued at 1400 hours starting…
EXERCISES
A. Responses Give the correct responses to the following statements: 1. Pilot station. This is Cassandra. Is it clear for me to enter traffic lane? 2. Pilot station. This is Cassandra. May I proceed? 3. What is your draught? 4. Princess . This is Cassandra. Is there any other traffic? 5. Princess you are steering a dangerous course. There is fishing gear ahead of you. 6. Princess. Vessel ahead of you is on opposite course.
B. Urgent Messages
Use the correct prefix and state the correct message. 1. Mayday a. Your ship is in distress. You are in position 38° North and 02° East. Your ship is on fire and you have a dangerous cargo on board. b. Your ship is in distress. You have been in a collision and you need help. c. Your ship is in distress. You are in position 15° South, 150° East. You are on fire in the accommodation.
2. Pan a. You have lost a man overboard in position 80° South and 32° East. You require help with search and rescue from all ships in the area.
b. A crewman is seriously injured, and you require medical assistance.
3. Securite a. You sight a drifting mine 2 miles 330° from St. Nicholas Point. Warn other ships. b. Newharbour radio beacon service has been discontinued. Warn other ships. c. Tropical storm Sally is reported in position 15° North, 75° West. What would the radio station issuing the warning say?
Module 8: Idiomatic Expressions and the Weather
References: English For Maritime Students; www.google.com------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. OBJECTIVES
1. Make the students be familiar with more terms used during sea travel;2. Make the students use such terms correctly;
II. DISCUSSION
Aside from using the International Phonetic Alphabet and Numbers in communication, the Maritime industry also has specialized terms relating to sea conditions. Here we refer to the Beaufort Wind Scale in conversing about the sea conditions.
A. THE BEAUFORT WIND SCALE
Beaufort Scale
Number
Description and limit of
wind speed in knots
Sea criterion
Ǫ Calm less than 1 Sea like mirror
1 Light Air 1 - 3Ripples with the appearance of scales are formed but without foam crests.
2Light Breeze 4 - 6
Small wavelets, still short but more pronounced, crests have a glassy appearance and do not break.
3Gentle Breeze 7 - 10
Large wavelets. Crests begin to break. Foam of glassy appearance. Perhaps scattered white horses.
4Moderate Breeze 11 - 16
Small waves, becoming longer, fairly frequent white horses.
5Fresh Breeze 17 – 21
Moderate waves, taking a more pronounced long form; many white horses are formed. (Chance of some spray.)
6Strong Breeze 22 - 27
Large waves begin to form; the white foam crests are more extensive everywhere (probably some spray).
7 Near Gale 28 - 33 Sea heaps up and white foam from
breaking waves begins to be blown in streaks along the direction of the wind. (Spindrift begins to be seen).
8 Gale 36 - 40
Moderately high waves of greater length; edges of crests break into spindrift. The foam is blown in well-marked streaks along the direction of the wind.
9Strong Gale 41 - 47
High waves. Dense streaks of foam along the direction of the wind. Sea begins to roll. Spray may affect visibility.
10 Storm 48 - 55
Very high waves with long overhanging crests. The resulting foam in great patches is blown in dense white streaks along the direction of the wind. On the whole surface of the sea takes a white appearance. The rolling of the sea becomes heavy and shocklike. Visibility affected.
11Violent Storm 56 - 63
Exceptionally high waves. (Small and medium-size ships might be for a time lost to view behind the waves.) the sea is completely covered with long white patches of foam lying along the direction of the wind. Everywhere the edges of the wave crests are blown into froth. Visibility affected.
12 Hurricane 64 - 71The air is filled with foam and spray. Sea completely white with driving spray; visibility very seriously affected.
B. Some Idiomatic Expressions That Can Be Used In Maritime Service
1. get going – start; go into action; make hasteExample: Better get going if you don’t want to miss the boat.
2. square peg in a round hole – one unsuited for his occupation or environmentExample:A sailor who spends more time on land than on the sea is like a square peg in a round hole.
3. make a living – earn enough to live decently; sustain oneself economicallyExample:
Being a high-ranking officer in the Navy gives one a huge responsibility but is also a good way to make a living.
4. over-all – comprehensiveExample:The captain has an over-all appraisal of the ship’s condition.
5. rain cats and dogs – to rain heavilyExample: Visibility is difficult when it rains cats and dogs.
6. bed of roses – a condition of ease and luxuryExample:Life in the marine service isn’t like a bed of roses.
7. birds of a feather – persons with the same characteristics and tendenciesExample: My sisters and me are birds of a feather, we all like to prowl on the beach.
8. hold water – be validExample:What he explained about the incident all hold water.
9. get a raise – obtain an increase in salaryExample:The management promised that all of us will get a raise at the end of the year.
10. see one off - go to say goodbye to someone at an airport, a railway station, or at the wharfExample:He told me he will be late for the meeting because he has to see one off.
11. all set – all readyExample:The family is all set for the much anticipated voyage to the Caribbean.
12. all ears – very attentiveExample:The seafarers were all ears to the Captain when he gave his final instructions before the voyage.
13. under lock and key – locked safely; very secureExample:All the doors and port holes should be under lock and key before we embark on this voyage.
14. big shot – an important personExample:We heard that a big shot is invited to grace the launching of the newest ship in the line.
15. come to terms – to reach an agreementExample:The management and the striking crew finally came to terms and the ship’s voyage will resume in due time.
16. blacklist – a list of people considered undesirableExample:The union leader and some of his members are in the blacklist of the management for leading the recently concluded strike.
17. break – an opportunity to succeedExample: The rest of the striking crew was given a break by the management after they promised not to launch another strike in the future.
18. tread the middle aisle – to get marriedExample:The captain of the ship will file a leave of absence after he treads the middle aisle this coming June.
19. knock off – stop; leave workExample:The crew will knock off tonight for the Captain’s birthday party.
20. play favorites – show partialityExample:It is unwise for a Ship Captain to play favorites in his crew’s rift.
III. EXERCISESA. Give the scale number and description of the sea when:1. there is a strong breeze2. there is light air3. there is gentle breeze4. there is a storm5. there is a violent storm6. there is a hurricane7. there is a gale8. there is a moderate breeze9. there is light breeze10. there is a strong gale
B. Make an interpretative reading of the poem below:
Sea-Fever(John Masefield)
I must go down to the seas again, to the lonely sea and the sky,And all I ask is a tall ship and a star to steer her by,
And the whale’s kick and the wind’s song and the white sail’s shaking,
And the gray mist on the sea’s face and a gay dawn breaking.
I must go down to the seas again, for the call of a running tideIs a wild call and a clear call that may not be denied;
And all I ask is a windy day with the white clouds flying,And the flung spray and the blown spume, and the sea-gulls
crying.
I must go down to the seas again to the vagrant gypsy life,To the gull’s way and the whale’s way where the wind’s like a
whetted knife,And all I ask is a merry yarn from a laughing fellow-rover,
And quiet sleep and a sweet dream when the long trick’s over.
Module 7: Safety at Sea
References: English for Maritime Students; www.google.com-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. OBJECTIVESAt the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
a. correctly identify emergency situations at seab. correctly use message markersc. make an emergency drill on given situations
II. DISCUSSION
English has been the universal language for all types of transport the world over. But problems do arise when it comes to understanding the language for native non-speakers. The shipping industry is not an exemption to this problem. Almost in every ship, it is often that only the captain and/or one of his officers are fluent in the English language. Thus, a universal coding and decoding system is needed to be applied on different situations.
Legible communication is crucial in every ship’s voyage as it entails the safety of both the passengers and crew on board.
"In times of crisis, it can be a life-saver, that all too many seamen are urgently in need of," says Trenkner, who is based in the German Baltic Sea port of Warnemuende
A. Emergencies at Sea
a. The following are the major types of emergencies on board:
CollisionsVessel coming into destructive contact, are said to be in collision.
StrandingThe condition of a vessel that has run on a strand or a beach.
Grounding The condition when a vessel touches the bottom.Main Engine Failure
Breakdown in operation of the main engine.
Fire and/or Explosion
These can be caused by failure or faulty operation of equipment, by self-ignition caused by carelessness with open fire or smoking in a non-smoking area.
Foundering Vessel is in danger of sinking.
b. The minor types are:
1. Flooding2. Listing3. Capsizing4. Man overboard5. Gas leakage6. Oil spill7. Electrical accident8. Accident in an enclosed place
B. Emergency Response Proceduresa. Instructions to follow during emergency situations are:
1. Immediately upon boarding the vessel, each person should familiarize himself with his assigned location in the event of an emergency.
2. All crew members should be thoroughly familiar with the duties they are assigned to perform in the event of an emergency.
3. All persons should participate in emergency drills and should be properly dressed including a properly donned life preserver or exposure suit.
4. In all passenger-carrying vessels, the Steward Department shall be responsible for warning passengers, seeing that passengers are properly dressed and have correctly donned their life preservers or exposure suits, assembling and directing passenger movement and ensuring that a supply of blankets be taken to the lifeboats.
5. The proper chain of command is indicated by the sequential numbers assigned to each department. Should a key person become disabled the next senior member of that department must take over the disabled person’s place.
6. The Chief Mate should be responsible for the maintenance and readiness of life saving and fire fighting appliances and equipment above the main deck. The First Assistant Engineer must be responsible for the maintenance and readiness of all lifesaving and firefighting appliances and equipment on the main deck and below.
b. Response procedures to specific emergency situations are as follows:
Fire or Explosion
a. Barricade the scene and keep passengers away from it and from disaster team working and fighting the fire
b. Don’t open the hot doors. All automatic door shutters will activate.
Collision
a. Don’t attempt to rush outside as the impact might throw you out or bump on sailings and bulkheads.
b. Stay in your cabin and wait for instructions from the wheelhouse coming out in your loudspeaker or loud hailer in the corridor.
Sinking or Listing
a. Once trapped inside, call for help. b. Don’t open portholes as water will enter through, filling up
your room and downing you. c. Wear lifejacket. d. Proceed to lifeboat station with care. e. Board lifeboat upon instruction. f. Stay calm and watch your step. g. Don’t jump or push other people.
Grounding a. Hold on to railings or on secured tables. b. Brace yourself for any explosion that might follow when
ship hits bottom.
c. Don’t rush outside’ wait for instructions.
Abandon Ship
a. Upon hearing the announcement through loud hailer to abandon ship, listen carefully to instructions for lifeboat assignments of passengers by station bill notice.
b. Follow markings for passenger exit points. These marks are illuminated and have light indicators.
c. When the main electrical power goes out, the emergency electrical source will automatically activate to give lights along the corridors and exit points. Always exit up.
d. Wear your lifejacket. e. Embark on lifeboats in an orderly manner. All
persons/passengers occupying cabins at the portside are assigned to embark on lifeboats at the portside. Those occupying cabins at the starboard side should embark on lifeboats at the starboard side.
Emergency of unknown nature
a. Upon hearing emergency alarms, stay calm. Don’t panic. b. Wait for instructions. c. Follow instructions carefully.
There should always be a control team on board to response to any of these types of emergencies that would consist of:
1. Medical team- Provides first aid kit, blanket, warm water, stretchers and prepares to assist
injured persons.
2. Disaster Brigade Team- Assesses the situation, draws action plan, musters personnel and displays
brigade members.
3. Casualty Reporting Team- Responsible for head counts, burial at sea, preservation of expired bodies and
submission of marine protest to port authorities.
C. Message Markers
To ensure that messages transmitted and received are accurate, additional measures are taken like the use of message markers. This helps a lot in ensuring the safety of the passengers and crew on board especially on emergencies.
External communication messages may be preceded by the following message markers:
ADVICE indicates that the following message implies the intention of the sender to influence the recipient/s by a recommendation.
Example: ADVICE: Keep your present course.
ANSWER indicates that the following message is the reply to a previous question Example: ANSWER: My position is degrees 36 minutes north 64 degrees 31 minutes west.
INFORMATION indicates that the following message is restricted to observed facts Example: INFORMATION: The pilot service is suspended.
INSTRUCTION indicates that the following message implies the intention of the sender to influence the recipient/s by regulation
Example: INSTRUCTION: Reduce speed before waypoint number three.
INTENTION indicates that the following message informs others about immediate navigational actions intended to be taken Example: INTENTION: I intend to reduce speed.
QUESTION indicates that the following message is of interrogative character Example: QUESTION: What is your position?
REQUEST indicates that the contents of the following message are asking for action from others with respect to the ship Example:REQUEST: Please deliver the stores before time: one four three zero local.
WARNING indicates that the following message informs other specific participants about dangers Example: WARNING: The icebreaker is aground.
D. Survival At Sea
In an uneventful occurrence of a disaster, every passenger and crew should be equipped and ready. Survival at sea is a difficult task to carry more so if one is devoid of the necessities. If the situation requires abandoning the
ship and time allows, everyone should be provided additional safety items as follows:
a. Emergency transmitter, emergency position-indicating radio beacon (EPIRB)b. Search and Rescue Radar Transponder (SART)c. Additional water supplies and foodd. Spare blanketse. Lifebelts and additional lifejacketsf. Medical supplies
Once embarked on the survival craft, everyone must be seated and strapped into position. Everybody must be alert and vigilant, and unless one has something significant and relevant to share, must keep quiet to avoid commotion. A survival craft should have the following items and equipment:
a. Rescue line – one buoyant orange rescue quoit, attached to 100 feet of buoyant orange line which is stored in a convenient place and ready for immediate use.
b. Knife – rafts which are to accommodate not more than 12 persons are supplied with one knife, stowed in a convenient place and ready for immediate use. Raft fits to accommodate 13 or more persons are supplied with two knives.
c. Bailer – this may be made of plastic and rigid material and is collapsible. One bailer will be supplied in rafts of up to 12 persons, and two bailers in rafts for 13 or more persons.
d. Sponges – two sponges, which are sometimes compressed and look like pieces of hardboard, however, on soaking they become good sponges. Sponges are supplied for mopping up purposes.
e. Sea anchor – two sea anchors, one permanently attached to the raft, stowed near the opening and ready for immediate use, another spare one stowed in the kit. Sea anchors are made of nylon cloth, look somewhat like parachutes, and are provided with a tow line of 30 feet long and a swivel. Tripping lines are not provided. When using two sea anchors, stream them on different lengths of line to avoid fouling.
f. Repair Outfit – comprising of a number of composition plugs, which are used temporarily to plug small tears and rubber patching and solutions, so that the raft may be repaired in the same manner as the inner tube of a tire. Full instructions are contained in the outfit. (Repair outfits are not required to be included in rigid rafts). When plugging a leak, use the smallest suitable plug and do not screw it in too tightly for it may tear the fabric.
g. Plump or Bellows – three safety tin openers for use in opening the water tins.
h. First Aid Outfit – includes Omnopon, and a set of instructions in a waterproof case.
i. Drinking Vessel – rustproof and graduated in ½, 1 and 2 ozs.
j. Electric Torch – waterproof and suitable for signaling, complete with one spare set of batteries and a spare bulb, in waterproof container.
k. Daylight Signaling Mirror – as required in a lifeboat.
l. Paddles – two buoyant paddles.
m. Pyrotechnics – two parachute distress rocket signals, and six handheld distress flares, similar to those contained to be sufficiently visible from the air without additional smoke signals.
n. Fishing Lines and Six Hooks
o. Rescue Signal Table
p. Instruction Manual on “How To Survive” printed in English
q. Anti-seasickness Tablets – six per person the raft is deemed to accommodate.
r. Radio Equipment – requirements for life rafts are the same for lifeboats per 1988 Amendments to SOLAS.
s. Heliograph
t. Fishing tackle
u. Food and water rations
v. Thermal protective aid
III. EXERCISESA. Write the suitable message marker on the blank before each sentence:
1. _______________ : Proceed to the nearest safe anchorage.2. _______________ : The visibility is very poor.
3. _______________ : What is the depth in the other fairway?4. _______________ : Please permit me to enter the restricted zone.5. _______________ : Stop immediately.6. _______________ : The ship ahead of you is not under command.7. _______________ : I do not intend to sail today.8. _______________ : Keep clear for five minutes.9. _______________ : What is my berth number?10. ______________ : Please arrange the documents before I arrive.
B. Circle the word or expression that best fits the type of obligation expressed in the sentence:
1. All regulations concerning the ship’s routine (could, may, will) be observed at all times.
2. Passengers (should, may, could) be taught how to act in cases of emergencies.
3. You (must, will, may) inform the officer if you cannot attend the meeting.
4. The doctor (may, could, ought to) treat the casualties.
5. The work (may, should, will) be finished by 1500 hours.
6. You (had better, should, would) not touch the electric wire.
7. Tools (may, would, should) not be left lying about.
8. You (are to, can, may) answer all questions.
9. Doors (must, may, could) be kept closed.
10. You (had better, are to, would) see the doctor before it’s too late.
Module 9: Shipboard Communication
References: English For Maritime Students; www.google.com-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. OBJECTIVES 1. to explain the importance of the English oral and written communication;2. to identify the different forms and tools in communicating;3. to apply the basic functions of communication
II. DISCUSSION
Communication is necessary in the shipping industry, be it oral or written. Although a lot of other languages are spoken aboard seafaring vessels, English has been declared as the universal second language and has been practiced in ages.
A. Oral Communicationa. Suggestions on how to speak good English:1. Associate with educated people where native tongue is English2. Listened to trained English speakers on radio, television and other broadcast
media3. Watch English movies and listen carefully to the dialogues4. Read aloud ten to twenty times a day, choosing material on your subject of
interest5. Take part in plays or recitation contests to enhance your speaking skill6. Have your speech recorded and have it criticized for pronunciation errors
B. Written CommunicationMaritime reports can be presented in memorandum or any ordinary
business letter. Most common maritime reports are as follows:
a. Deck Department1. Notice of Readiness2. Marine Protest3. Damage Report4. Voyage (Charter Party) Note of Protesti. Damage to Cargoii. Delay Because of Bad Weatheriii. Demurrage Claimiv. Delay in Portv. Pilferagevi. Short Loading5. Accident Reporti. Fatal Injuryii. Serious Injuryiii. Man Overboardiv. Medical Care
6. Incident Reporti. Sighting of Vessel Not in Commandii. Sighting of Floating Hazards to Navigationiii. Fire on Boardiv. Piracy
b. Engine Department1. Engine Damage Report2. Monthly Engine Performance Report3. Monthly Consumption Report4. Main Engine Running Hours5. Auxiliary Engine Running Hours6. Engine Accident Reporti. Injuries by Accidentii. Injuries Inflicted by Other Persons7. Engine Incident Reporti. Fire in the Engine Reportii. Fuel Contamination
C. Organizational CommunicationCommunication in the shipping industry has two basic functions:
1. to give and receive directions; and2. to give and receive information
There are two structures that make up the communication channel – the formal and the informal structures. The formal structure usually follows the same lines and patterns of an organizational chart while informal communication, often referred to as grapevine, is an unstructured communication channel, where lines and routes change very fast.
Formal and informal communication structures have three channels and these are the upward, downward and horizontal channels.
a. Upward Communication- communication from support and operational level to management or
superiors - gives management feedback or information needed for planning, decision-
making and controlling;- gives the support and operational level an opportunity to offer valuable
ideas to management;- gives the management an idea if directives or policies are understood or
accepted by those below;- gives the personnel relief from emotional pressures and tensions- common forms are as follows:o informal discussionso reports
o attitude surveyso grievance procedureo counselingo exit interviewso formal meetingso suggestion systemo employee publications, unions, open-door policyo grapevine
b. Downward Communication- communication from management or superiors to support and operational
level - increases seafarers’ awareness;- influences seafarers’ opinions- stimulates seafarers’ sense of belongingness- common forms are as follows:o directives and orderso small group meetingso company publicationso supervisory meetingso mass meetingso bulletin boardso public address systemo posterso memorandao pamphletso annual reportso audio-visual presentationso reading roomso employee manuals
c. Horizontal Communication- intra-company communication that takes place among or between sections,
divisions or departments of the same level- aimed at keeping people aware of activities in a related department, thus
controlling unnecessary duplication of work, needless expenses, and needless exertion of time and effort
- also called lateral communication- most popular tools used are:o meetingso conferenceso telephoneso intercomso socials
An ideal management-employee communication manifests three conditions:
1. the channels must extend far enough to reach all employees; 2. all communications must be official; 3. channels of communication should follow the established lines of authority
III. EXERCISESAnswer the following questions briefly:
1. What are the three channels of formal communication in an organization?2. Give five tools or procedures in upward communication.3. State the importance of oral communication in English to Filipino seafarers
employed on board foreign-going vessels.4. Why should Filipino seamen maintain and improve their proven ability to use
the English language in written communication.5. Enumerate five common reports from the Deck Department and five from
the Engine Department.6. State three issues or problems on board that can be solved through upward
communication.
Module 10: Irregular Verbs
References: English For Maritime Students; www.google.com; owl.english.purdue.edu; www.wikipedia.com
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I. OBJECTIVES1. make the students identify irregular verbs;2. make the students know and understand the simple past and past participial
forms of the irregular verbs;3. make the students construct sentences using the irregular verbs
II. DISCUSSION
A verb is often defined as a word which shows action or state of being. The verb is the heart of a sentence - every sentence must have a verb. Recognizing the verb is often the most important step in understanding the meaning of a sentence. The word be is different from other verbs in many ways but can still be thought of as a verb.
In English, regular verbs consist of three main parts: the root form (present), the (simple) past, and the past participle. Regular verbs have an -
ed ending added to the root verb for both the simple past and past participle. Irregular verbs do not follow this pattern, and instead take on an alternative pattern.
Unlike most of the other parts of speech, verbs change their form. Sometimes endings are added (learn - learned) and sometimes the word itself becomes different (teach-taught). Verbs that form the past tense by adding -d or -ed are called regular verbs. Some of the most common verbs do not form their past tense by ending in –d or –ed. They are called irregular verbs.
Principal Parts of Some Irregular Verbs
PRESENT PAST PAST PARTICIPLE
is was beenbecome becam
ebecome
begin began begunbid (to tell) bade biddenbid (to offer) bid bidbite bit bittenblow blew blownbreak broke brokenbring brough
tbrought
buy bought boughtcatch caught caughtchoose chose chosencome came comedo did donedrag dragge
ddragged
draw drew drawndrink drank drunkdrive drove driveneat ate eatenfall fell fallenfight fought foughtflee fled fledfly flew flownforget forgot forgottenfreeze froze frozen
get got got or gottengive gave givengo went gonegrow grew grownhang (to put to death)
hanged
hanged
hang hung hunghide hid hiddenknow knew knownlay laid laidleave left leftlend lent lentlie lay lainpay paid paidride rode riddenring rang rungrise rose risenrun ran runsee saw seenset set setshake shook shaken
In contrast to regular verbs, irregular verbs are those verbs that fall outside the standard patterns of conjugation in the languages in which they occur. The idea of an irregular verb is important in second language acquisition, where the verb paradigms of a foreign language are learned systematically, and exceptions listed and carefully noted.
In linguistic analysis, the concept of an irregular verb is most likely to be used in psycholinguistics, and in first-language acquisition studies, where the aim is to establish how the human brain processes its native language. Historical linguists rarely use the category irregular verb. Since most irregularities can be explained historically, these verbs are only irregular when viewed synchronically, not when seen in their historical context.
When languages are being compared informally, one of the few quantitative statistics which are sometimes cited is the number of irregular verbs.
The word be - the most irregular and also most common verb in English - has different forms for each person and even for the simple past tense. The forms of the word be are given in the chart below:
Number Person Present Past Future
Singular
1st (I) am was Will be
2nd (you) are were Will be
3rd (he, she, it)
is was Will be
Plural 1st (we) are were Will be
2nd (you) are were Will be
3rd (they) are were Will be
III. EXERCISES
A. Conjugate the following verbs:
INFINITIVE SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE
alight arise alert be
beech beat can cast
catch deal dig do
embark fall
feed geld give gnaw
hang heave hew keep kneel knit lay
lean lose
make mean mow pay
plead prove quit read run saw
shake shear teach
telecast thrust
understand weave wring
B. Write 10 sentences using irregular verbs in the infinitive, simple past and past participial forms.
Glossary
Reference: Terms and Phrases from the SMCP Glossary, English for Maritime Students
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Abandon vesselTo evacuate a vessel from crew and passengers following a distress
AdriftFloating, not controlled, without a clearly determinable direction
Assembly station
Place on deck, in mess rooms, etc., assigned to crew and passengers where they have to meet according to the muster list when the corresponding alarm is released or announcement made
Backing (of wind)When a wind blows round anticlockwise (opposite of veering)
Beach (to)To run a vessel upon a beach to prevent its sinking in deep water
BerthA sea room to be kept for safety around a vessel, rock, platform, etc., or the place assigned to a vessel when anchored or lying alongside a pier, etc.
Blast A sound signal made with the whistle of the vessel
Blind sectorAreas which cannot be scanned by the radar of the vessel because they are shielded by parts of its superstructure, masts, etc.
Boarding arrangements
All gear, such as pilot ladder, accommodation ladder, hoist, etc., necessary for a safe transfer of the pilot
Boarding speedThe speed of a vessel adjusted to that of a pilot boat at which the pilot can safely embark
BriefingA concise explanatory information to crew and passengers
Capsizing Turning of a vessel upside down while on water
Cardinal buoyA seamark, i.e., a buoy, including the north, east, south or west from a fixed point, e.g., a wreck
CasualtyCase of death or serious injury to a person in an accident or shipping disaster, also said of a distressed vessel
Close coupled towing
A method of towing vessels through polar ice by means of icebreaking tugs with a special stern notch suited to receive and hold the bow of the vessel to be towed
Compatibility (of goods)
Stated whether different goods can be stowed together, e.g., through a canal or ice
ConvoyA group of vessels which sail together, e.g., through a canal or ice
COWCrude Oil Washing: a system of cleaning the tanks by washing them with the cargo of crude oil while it is being discharged
CPA Closest point of approachCSS Coordinator Surface Search: a vessel, other than a
rescue unit, designated to coordinate surface search
and rescue operation within a specified area
Damage control teamA group of crew members trained for fighting flooding in the vessel
DatumThe most probable position of a search target at a given time
DerelictGoods or any other commodity, specifically a vessel abandoned at sea
Destination Port which a vessel is bound for
DisabledA vessel damaged or impaired in such a manner as to be incapable of proceeding its voyage
Disembark (to) To go from board a vessel
Distress alert (GMDSS)
A radio signal from a distressed vessel automatically directed to a RCC giving position, identification, course and speed of the vessel as well as the nature of distress
Dragging (of anchor)Moving of an anchor over the sea bottom involuntarily because it is no longer preventing the movement of the vessel
Dredging (of anchor)Moving of an anchor over the sea bottom to control the movement of the vessel
DriftingFloating, caused by winds and current with a determinable direction
Drop back (to)To increase the distance from the vessel ahead by reducing one’s own speed
Embark (to) To go aboard a vessel
Escape routeA clearly marked way in the vessel which has to be followed in case of an emergency
EscortAttending a vessel, to be available in case of need, e.g., icebreaker, tug, etc.
ETA Estimated Time of ArrivalETD Estimated Time of Departure
Fairway Navigable part of a waterwayFairway speed Mandatory speed in a fairway
Fire partyA group of crew members trained for firefighting on board
Fire patrol
A round through the vessel carried out by a crew member of the watch at certain intervals so that an outbreak of fire may be promptly detected; mandatory in vessels carrying more than 36 passengers
Flooding Major flow of seawater into the vessel
Foam monitorA powerful foam fire extinguisher standing by aboard tankers loading or discharging of oil
Foul (of anchor)Anchor has its own cable twisted around it or has fouled an obstruction
Foul (of propeller) A line, wire, net, etc., is wound round the propellerFull speed Highest possible speed of a vessel
General emergency alarm
A sound signal of seven short blasts and one long blast given with the vessel’s sound system
GMDSS Global Maritime Distress and Safety SystemGPS Global Positioning System
Hampered vesselA vessel restricted by its ability to manoeuver by the nature of its work or its deep draft
HatchrailsRopes supported by stanchions around an open hatch to prevent persons from falling into a hold
HoistHere: a cable used by helicopters for lifting or lowering persons in a pick-up operation
IMO-Class
Group of dangerous or hazardous goods, harmful substances of marine pollutants in sea transport as classified in the International Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code)
Initial courseCourse directed by the OSC or CSS to be steered at the beginning of a search
Inoperative Not functioning
Jettison (to) (of cargo)Throwing overboard of goods in order to lighten the vessel or improve its stability in case of an emergency
Launch (to) To lower, e.g., lifeboats to the water
LeakingEscape of liquids such as water, oil, etc., out of pipes, boilers, tanks, etc., or a minor inflow of seawater into the vessel due to a damage to the hull
LeewayLateral movement of the vessel to leeward of its course
Let go (to)To set free, let loose, or cast off (of anchors, lines, etc.)
Lifeboat stationPlace assigned to crew and passengers where they have to meet before they will be ordered to enter the lifeboats
List Inclination of the vessel to portside or starboard side
Make over (to)Seawater to flow into the vessel due to damage to its hull, or hatches awash and not properly closed
Maneuvering speedA vessel’s reduced rate of speed in restricted waters such as fairways, harbors, etc.
Mass diseaseAn illness preferably of an infectious nature seizing more than two persons on board at the same time
Moor (to)
To secure a vessel in a particular place by means of chains or ropes made fast to the shore, to anchors, or to anchored mooring buoys, or to ride with both anchors
Muster (to)To assemble crew, passengers or both in a special place for purposes of checking
Not under command (NUC)
A vessel which through exceptional circumstances is unable to maneuver as required by the COLREGs
ObstructionAn object such as a wreck, net, etc., which blocks a fairway, route, etc.
Off airWhen the transmissions of a radio station of a Decca chain, etc., have broken down, switched off or suspended
Off station (of buoys) Not at the position chartedOil clearance A operation to remove oil from the water surfaceOperational Ready for immediate useOrdnance exercise Naval firing practice
OSCOn-Scene Commander: The commander of a rescue unit designated to coordinate search and rescue operations within a specified area
Outbound/Inbound vessel
A vessel leaving/entering port
OverflowAccidental escape of oil out of a tank when it gets too full because pumping was not stopped in time
PolluterA vessel emitting harmful substances into the air or spilling oil into the sea
Proceed (to)To sail or head to a certain position or to continue the voyage
PA System
Public Address System: loudspeakers in the vessel’s cabins, mess rooms, etc., and on deck via which important information can be broadcast from a certain point, mostly from the navigation bridge
RCC Rescue Coordination Center: land-based authority
conducting and coordinating search and rescue operations in a designated area
Receiving pointA mark or place in which a vessel comes under obligatory entry, transit, or escort procedure
Reference lineA fictive line displayed on the radar screen separating the freeway for inbound and outbound vessels so that they can safely pass each other
Refloat (to)To pull a vessel off after grounding: to set afloat again
Reporting point (see Way point)
RendezvousAn appointment between vessels normally made on radio to meet in certain area or position
Rescue teamA group of crew members standing by in case of an emergency in order to assist other teams in action if necessary
Restricted areaA deck, space, area, etc., not permitted to be entered for safety reasons
Retreat signalSound, visual or other signal to a team ordering it to return to base
Rig moveThe movement of an oil rig, drilling platform, etc., from one position to another
Roll outThe act of checking who of the passengers and crew members are present, e.g. at assembly stations, by reading aloud a list of their names
Safe speed
That speed of a vessel allowing the maximum possible time for effective action to be taken to avoid a collision and to be stopped within an appropriate distance
Safety load The maximum permissible load of a deck, etc.Safe working pressure The maximum permissible pressure in cargo hosesSAR Search and Rescue
SceneThe area where the event, e.g. an accident, has happened
Search patternA pattern according to which vessels and/or aircraft may conduct a coordinated search (the IMOSAR offers seven search patterns)
Search speedThe speed of searching vessels directed by the OSC or CSS
Segregation (of goods)Separation of goods which for different reasons must not be stowed together
Shifting cargoTransverse movement of cargo, especially bulk, caused by rolling or a heavy list
Slings Ropes, nets, and any other means for handling
general cargoesSpeed advance The speed at which the storm center moves
Spill (to)To accidentally escape, e.g. oil, etc., from a vessel, container, etc., into the sea
Spill control gearSpecial equipment for fighting accidental oil spills at early stages
SpreaderHere: step of a pilot ladder which prevents the ladder from twisting
Stand by (to) To be in readiness or prepared to execute an orderStand clear (to) To keep a boat away from a vessel
Standing ordersOrders of the Master to the officers of the watch which s/he must comply with
Stand on (to) To maintain course and speed
StationThe allotted place or the duties of each person on board
Take off (to) To start with the helicopter from a vessel’s deck
TargetThe echo generated, e.g. by a vessel, on a radar screen
Traffic laneA one-way route which vessels have to comply with within a traffic separation scheme
Transshipment (of cargo)
Here: the transfer of goods from one vessel to another outside harbors
TransitThe passage of a vessel through a canal, fairway, etc.
Transit speedSpeed of a vessel required for a passage through a canal, fairway, etc.
UnderwayA vessel which is not an anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground
UnlitWhen the light characteristics of a buoy or a lighthouse are inoperative
UTC Universal Time Coordinated (GMT)
Variable (of winds)When a wind is permanently changing the direction from which it blows
Veering (of winds)When a wind blows round clockwise; opposite of backing
VTSVessel Traffic Service: a service, designed to improve safety, efficiency, and easiness of vessel traffic and to protect the environment
VTS area Area controlled by a VTS Center or VTS Station
Way pointA mark or position at which a vessel is required to report to establish its position
WindwardThe general direction from which the wind blows; opposite of the leeward
WreckA vessel which has been destroyed or sunk or abandoned at sea
WEATHER VOCABULARY
POSITION-SHIP
