STAGES OF SKILL LEARNING STAGES OF SKILL LEARNING & FACTORS AFFECTING & FACTORS AFFECTING

SKILL LEARNINGSKILL LEARNING

Week 2Week 2

Key ContentKey Content• Stages of learningStages of learning

– Cognitive (understanding)Cognitive (understanding)– Associative (practice)Associative (practice)– Autonomous (automatic)Autonomous (automatic)

• Factors affecting skill learningFactors affecting skill learning– Physical maturationPhysical maturation– Physiological characteristicsPhysiological characteristics– Psychological characteristicsPsychological characteristics– Stage of learningStage of learning– FeedbackFeedback– Experience / MemoryExperience / Memory– Amount and type of practiceAmount and type of practice– Perceptual and motor abilityPerceptual and motor ability

Stages of Skill LearningStages of Skill Learning

• Terminology: Terminology: skill learning = skill skill learning = skill acquisitionacquisition

• As we progress from a beginner to a As we progress from a beginner to a skilled performer we must pass skilled performer we must pass through different stages of learningthrough different stages of learning– Cognitive (understanding)Cognitive (understanding)– Associative (practice)Associative (practice)– Autonomous (automatic)Autonomous (automatic)

Cognitive StageCognitive Stage

• Also known as the _____________ or ‘what Also known as the _____________ or ‘what to do’ stageto do’ stage

• Skill is completely _____ to learnerSkill is completely _____ to learner

• Need to understand what the whole skill is, Need to understand what the whole skill is, what needs to be done, and how to do itwhat needs to be done, and how to do it

• Trial and ______Trial and ______

• Large number of errorsLarge number of errors

• Improvement is usually ________Improvement is usually ________

Cognitive Stage & CoachingCognitive Stage & Coaching

• Read page 12 and make some notes Read page 12 and make some notes on how the coach or teacher can on how the coach or teacher can help a learner at this stagehelp a learner at this stage1.1.2.2.3.3.4.4.5.5.

Associative StageAssociative Stage

• Also known as the _________ stageAlso known as the _________ stage

• Still make errors, but they are usually Still make errors, but they are usually smaller and ______ frequentsmaller and ______ frequent

• Refining skill, not learning new Refining skill, not learning new movementsmovements

• Can use own feedback to make Can use own feedback to make changeschanges

• Gradual improvementGradual improvement

Associative Stage & Associative Stage & CoachingCoaching• Read page 12 and make some notes Read page 12 and make some notes

on how the coach or teacher can on how the coach or teacher can help a learner at this stagehelp a learner at this stage1.1.2.2.3.3.4.4.5.5.

Autonomous StageAutonomous Stage

• Also known as the ____________ stageAlso known as the ____________ stage

• A skilled performance is produced A skilled performance is produced automaticallyautomatically

• Don’t need to ________ about the steps Don’t need to ________ about the steps involved in producing the movementinvolved in producing the movement

• Can analyse cues from the environmentCan analyse cues from the environment

• Can detect and correct his/her own _______Can detect and correct his/her own _______

• Focus on tactics and strategiesFocus on tactics and strategies

• Once in this stage, usually remainOnce in this stage, usually remain

Autonomous Stage & Autonomous Stage & CoachingCoaching• Read page 13 and make some notes Read page 13 and make some notes

on how the coach or teacher can help on how the coach or teacher can help a learner at this stagea learner at this stage1.1.2.2.3.3.4.4.5.5.

Stages of Learning Stages of Learning SummarySummary

• Draw up the following summary table Draw up the following summary table and complete using your notes, text and complete using your notes, text and knowledgeand knowledge

QuestionsQuestions1.1. Compare your skills in two sports (one Compare your skills in two sports (one

where you are a beginner and one where where you are a beginner and one where you feel your skills are more advanced). you feel your skills are more advanced). Which stage of learning do you think you Which stage of learning do you think you are in for each sport?are in for each sport?

2.2. Describe the characteristics of your skills Describe the characteristics of your skills in each sportin each sport

3.3. How much practice and what type of How much practice and what type of instruction have you had in each sport?instruction have you had in each sport?

4.4. How has this affected your level of skill in How has this affected your level of skill in each sport?each sport?

Stages of Learning - VisualStages of Learning - Visual

• See p.22 NelsonSee p.22 Nelson

Factors Affecting Skill Factors Affecting Skill LearningLearning• Acquiring skills is a different experience Acquiring skills is a different experience

for each individualfor each individual– We know we all learn differentlyWe know we all learn differently

• Factors affecting skill learningFactors affecting skill learning– Physical maturationPhysical maturation– Physiological characteristicsPhysiological characteristics– Psychological characteristicsPsychological characteristics– Stage of learningStage of learning– FeedbackFeedback– Experience / MemoryExperience / Memory– Amount and type of practiceAmount and type of practice– Perceptual and motor abilityPerceptual and motor ability

Physical MaturationPhysical Maturation

• Starting from when we are born our Starting from when we are born our bodies developbodies develop

• This allows us to become more This allows us to become more physically _________ of performing physically _________ of performing skillsskills– Eg: Crawl, walk, runEg: Crawl, walk, run– Eg: 10 yr old learning shot put vs. 16 yr Eg: 10 yr old learning shot put vs. 16 yr

old old

Physiological CharacteristicsPhysiological Characteristics

• Body compositionBody composition• An increase in fitness = an ________ in An increase in fitness = an ________ in

the ability to perform = an ________ in the ability to perform = an ________ in the ability to learnthe ability to learn– Eg: Greater endurance allows us to train Eg: Greater endurance allows us to train

and practise for longer, which helps to and practise for longer, which helps to make practice and skill learning more make practice and skill learning more effectiveeffective

– Eg: Being able to complete a full 1hr Eg: Being able to complete a full 1hr netball training session vs. being only netball training session vs. being only capable of completing a 20min sessioncapable of completing a 20min session

Psychological CharacteristicsPsychological Characteristics

• What subjects do you What subjects do you learn best in?learn best in?– Why?Why?

• MotivationMotivation• AttentionAttention

– Younger children have Younger children have a shorter attention a shorter attention span than older span than older childrenchildren

– This has an implication This has an implication on __________on __________

• AttitudeAttitude• PersonalityPersonality

Stage of LearningStage of Learning

• Whether you are in the cognitive, Whether you are in the cognitive, associative or autonomous stage will associative or autonomous stage will impact on skill acquisitionimpact on skill acquisition– Will someone in the cognitive stage or Will someone in the cognitive stage or

autonomous stage of throwing be able autonomous stage of throwing be able to learn how to throw with their opposite to learn how to throw with their opposite arm?arm?

– Why?Why?

FeedbackFeedback

• Providing information about the Providing information about the performance (feedback) is crucial for:performance (feedback) is crucial for:– Learning and improvement to take placeLearning and improvement to take place

• Should provide information on:Should provide information on:– Judgement errorsJudgement errors– Technical errorsTechnical errors– Possible solutionsPossible solutions– Positive aspectsPositive aspects

FeedbackFeedback

• Two types of feedback:Two types of feedback:– Knowledge of Results: Information about Knowledge of Results: Information about

the outcome of the ____________the outcome of the ____________•Eg: The ball went through the goal postsEg: The ball went through the goal posts

– Knowledge of Performance: Information Knowledge of Performance: Information about the characteristics of the about the characteristics of the ______________________•Eg: You didn’t bend your knees enough, Eg: You didn’t bend your knees enough,

therefore the volley went into the nettherefore the volley went into the net

Experience / MemoryExperience / Memory

• Being able to recall past experiences Being able to recall past experiences and techniques is important in and techniques is important in learning new and more complex skillslearning new and more complex skills

• This way you don’t have to This way you don’t have to completely learn new motor programscompletely learn new motor programs– Eg: Being able to hit a serve in tennis can Eg: Being able to hit a serve in tennis can

be transferred across to an overhead in be transferred across to an overhead in badmintonbadminton

– Modifications are obviously requiredModifications are obviously required

Amount and Type of Amount and Type of PracticePractice• Physical and mental practice is vital in skill Physical and mental practice is vital in skill

learninglearning

• Practice provides an improved Practice provides an improved understanding of the skill, as well as understanding of the skill, as well as improving performanceimproving performance

““A minimum of ten years of practice is required to reach an elite A minimum of ten years of practice is required to reach an elite level of performance” level of performance” K. Anders Ericsson, 1996K. Anders Ericsson, 1996

• Agree / Disagree?Agree / Disagree?

Perceptual & Motor AbilityPerceptual & Motor Ability

• Your body constructs a program based on Your body constructs a program based on information from your sensesinformation from your senses

• The ability to interpret or perceive the sensory The ability to interpret or perceive the sensory information is a key to learning and performing a information is a key to learning and performing a skill successfullyskill successfully

• Anticipation is a form of recognising movement Anticipation is a form of recognising movement patterns of team mates and opponentspatterns of team mates and opponents– Does Justin Koschitkze have good perceptual ability?Does Justin Koschitkze have good perceptual ability?

• Having a good general motor ability will allow you Having a good general motor ability will allow you to acquire skills more easilyto acquire skills more easily– Think of that person who is a ‘natural’Think of that person who is a ‘natural’