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Psych156A/Ling150:AcquisitionofLanguageII
Lecture5SoundsofWords
Announcements
• BeworkingonHW1(due4/14/16)
• Beworkingonreviewquestionsforsoundsandsoundsofwords
Wordforms
Computationalproblem:Mapvariablewordsignalstomoreabstractwordforms
fwiends
friends
friends “friends”
What’sinvolvedinwordlearning
Wordlearning:mappingbetweenconcept,word,andword’svariableacousticsignal “goblin”
Timeline
fromCurtin&Zamuner2014
Learningwordformsstartsprettyearly(justbefore6months)Learningword-objectassociationscomesseveralmonthslater(reliablyat12months)
Stager&Werker1997
Learningnonsensewordsthatareminimalpairs(differbyonephoneme):‘bih’vs.‘dih’.Comparingagainstwordsthatarenot:‘lif’vs.‘neem’
“Switch”Procedure:measureslookingtime…bih…bih
Same:bih!
Switch:dih!
Habituation
Test
Stager&Werker1997
…bih…bih
Habituation
Test
14-month-olds
…dih…dih
Same:bih!
Switch:dih!
Stager&Werker1997
14-month-olds
Nolookingtimedifference=14-month-oldsdidn’tnoticethedifference!
Stager&Werker1997
Habituation
Test
8-month-olds&14-month-olds
…bih…bih
Same:bih!
Switch:dih!
Stager&Werker1997
8-month-olds&14-month-olds
Nodifferenceinlookingtime=14-month-oldsdidn’tnoticethedifferenceagain!
Stager&Werker1997
8-month-olds&14-month-olds
But8-month-oldsdid!Theyhaveadifferenceinlookingtime.Theylooklongeratthe“bih”objectwhenitislabeled“dih”-sotheymustknow“b”and“d”aredifferent.
Stager&Werker1997
…lif…lif
Same:lif!
Switch:neem!
Habituation
Test
14-month-olds
Stager&Werker1997
14-month-olds
Here,the14-month-oldslooklongeratthe“lif”objectwhenit’slabeled“neem”.Theynoticethedifference.
Stager&Werker1997
Habituation
Test
14-month-olds
Infantsunlikelytoassociatelabelwithcheckerboardpattern(thatis,totreatitlikeawordthathasareferent/meaning)
…bih…bih
Same:bih!
Switch:dih!
Stager&Werker1997
14-month-olds
Here,the14-month-oldslooklongeratthe“bih”“object”whenit’slabeled“dih”.Theynoticethedifference.
Key:Experiment2vs4
Stager&Werker1997
Keyfindings
14-month-oldscandiscriminatetheminimallycontrastingwords(Expt.4)
…buttheyfailtonoticetheminimalchangeinthesoundswhentheyarepairedwithobjects,i.e.,whentheyarewordswithassociatedmeaning(Expt.2)
14-month-oldscanperformthetask,whenthewordsaremoredistinct(Expt.3)
Therefore,14-month-oldsusemoredetailtorepresentsoundsthantheydotorepresentwords?
What’sgoingon?
Theyfailspecificallywhenthetaskrequiresword-learning.
Theydoknowthesounds…buttheyfailtousethedetailneededforminimalpairstostorewordsinmemory.
What’sgoingon?– Isthistrueforallwords?– Whendotheylearntodothis?– Whattriggerstheabilitytodothis?
Whatchildrenmaybedoing
Oneidea:Encodedetailonlyifnecessary
Ifchildrenhavesmallvocabularies,itmaynottakesomuchdetailtodistinguishonewordfromanother.(baby,cookie,mommy,daddy…)
Neighborhoodstructureidea:Whenachildknowstwowordsthatdifferonlybyasinglephoneme(like“cat”and“bat”),moreattentiontodetailisrequiredtodistinguishthem.
Prediction:Thecontentofchildren’svocabularydrivestheirabilitytonoticethedifferencebetweenwordsthatdifferminimally(ex:byasinglephoneme)
Oneidea:Encodedetailonlyifnecessary
Somesupportforthisidea:
Childrenwithsmallervocabularieshavemorehighneighborhooddensitywords(Stokes2010,Stokesetal.2012a,Stokesetal.2012b).Thismayhelpchildrenkeepthewordformsseparate.
Wordsfromdenseneighborhoodsareproducedmoreaccuratelyandwithlessvariabilitythanwordswithsparseneighborhoods(Freedman&Barlow2012,Sosa&Stoel-Gammon2012).
Whatchildrenmaybedoing
Whatchildrenmaybedoing
Oneidea:Encodedetailonlyifnecessary
Prediction:Thecontentofchildren’svocabularydrivestheirabilitytonoticethedifferencebetweenwordsthatdifferminimally(ex:byasinglephoneme)
Goingwiththeneighborhoodidea,lookatStager&Werker1997
“bih”and“dih”aretooclose(theydifferonlybyonephoneme),and14-month-oldkidsdon’tknowanywordscloseenoughtomotivateattentiontothe“b”/“d”differencewhenword-learning
Habituation
Test
…bih…bih
Same:bih!
Switch:dih!
Werkeretal.2002:VocabularysizemattersSame:bih!
Switch:dih!
TestStager-Werkertask
20-month-oldsnotice
Werkeretal.2002:Vocabularysizematters
TestStager-Werkertask
Same:bih!
Switch:dih!
14month-oldsdon’t
Werkeretal.2002:Vocabularysizematters
TestStager-Werkertask
Same:bih!
Switch:dih!
17-month-oldsdo
Werkeretal.2002:Vocabularysizematters
TestStager-Werkertask
Same:bih!
Switch:dih!
Zoominonthe17-month-olds
Werkeretal.2002:Vocabularysizematters
Zoominonthe17-month-olds
Thosewithasmallvocabularylooklike14-month-olds-theycan’ttellthedifferenceforanovelwordtheyhaven’theardmuch.
Werkeretal.2002:Vocabularysizematters
Zoominonthe17-month-olds
Thosewithalargevocabularylooklike20-month-olds-theycantellthedifferenceforanovelword,eventhoughtheyhaven’thearditmuch.
Werkeretal.2002:Vocabularysizematters
Zoominonthe17-month-olds
Implication:PerformanceonStager-Werkertaskwithnovelwordsdoesdepend(somehow!)onhowmanywordsthechildknows.
Werkeretal.2002:Vocabularysizematters
Werkeretal.2002:PerformanceonStager-Werkertaskwithnovelwordsdependsonhowmanywordsthechildknows.
Morevocabulary= morenecessarydistinctions?
Implication:Thecontentofchildren’svocabularydrivestheirabilitytonoticethedifferencebetweenwordsthatdifferminimally(ex:byasinglephoneme)
Prediction:Thisshouldapplytofamiliarwordstoo.Specifically,childrenwithsmallvocabulariesshouldhavetroublenoticingphonemicdifferencesinfamiliarwords.
Swingley&Aslin2002:Familiarwordtests
ButEnglish14-month-oldsnoticedthedifferencebetweencorrectpronunciationsandmispronunciationswhenthewordswerefamiliar!
Maybethese14-month-oldsjusthappentohavelargevocabularies?
Swingley2005:Familiarwordsforyoungerchildren
(Dutch)11-month-oldsnoticedthedifferencebetweencorrectpronunciationsandmispronunciationswhenthewordswerefamiliar(HeadturnProcedure:testsabilitytohearsounddifferences)
Swingley2005:Familiarwordsforyoungerchildren
Butthisisbeforethey’velikelylearnedmanywords…soitprobablyisn’tjustthenumberofwordstheyknow(andwhichwordstheyknow)thatdrivesthedetailedrepresentationsofthesoundsinthewords.
Point:Vocabularycan’tbetheonlythingdeterminingchildren’sabilitytodistinguishthesoundsofwords.Sowhat’stheproblemwiththe14-month-oldsintheStager-Werkertask?
(Dutch)11-month-oldsnoticedthedifferencebetweencorrectpronunciationsandmispronunciationswhenthewordswerefamiliar(HeadturnProcedure:testsabilitytohearsounddifferences)
Wasthetasktoohardfor14-month-olds?
Maybetheproblemwiththe14-month-oldinfantswasthattheswitchtaskwastoohard-theyhavetobeveryconfidentthattheclosemispronunciationofthenewword(dihfornovelwordbih)isnotactuallycloseenough
Yoshida,Fennell,Swingley,&Werker(2009)
Whatwouldhappenifwehabituated14-month-oldchildrentheusualwayfortheSwitchprocedure,butthentestedthemadifferentwaythatdidn’trequirethemtobeasconfidentaboutthecorrectpronunciationofaword’sform?
TheVisualChoiceTask“Preferentiallooking”
Atwo-alternativeforcedchoicelookingtaskthatcomparesvisualfixationstotargetanddistractorobjects
Golinkoff,Hirsh-Pasek,Cauley&Gordon1987
“Where’sthedog?”
Familiarobjectbettermatchforfamiliarword
TheVisualChoiceTask“Preferentiallooking”
Atwo-alternativeforcedchoicelookingtaskthatcomparesvisualfixationstotargetanddistractorobjects
Golinkoff,Hirsh-Pasek,Cauley&Gordon1987
“Where’sthetog?”
Novelobjectisabettermatchfornovelwordformandimportantlyfamiliarobjectisapoormatch-infantknowsfamiliarword.
Yoshida,Fennell,Swingley,&Werker2009
“bin” “din”Novellabels
Test:14-month-olds“Where’sthebin?”
14-month-oldinfantslooksignificantlymoreatthecorrectnovelobject-theydohavedetailforwords!
TheproblemwiththeStager-WerkerTask
Maybetheproblemwiththe14-month-oldsintheStager-Werkertaskwasthattheyencodedthephoneticformswithlowconfidence.So,whentestedontheoriginalswitchtask,theydidn’thaveenoughconfidenceintheirrepresentationofthenovelformtorealizeitwasthewronglabelforthenovelobject.
Yoshidaetal.2009:“Callingadinobjectbythewordbinisnotgoodpronunciationtothe14-month-old,butneitherisitcategoricallyincorrect.”
Anothermethodologicalcheck
Fennell&Waxman2010:14-month-oldscanpassthisswitchtaskifthecommunicativepurposeofthenovelwordlabelismademoresalient.
bih…bih…bih…bih…bih…Habituation …Ilikethebih…lookatthebih…
Stager&Werker1997 Fennell&Waxman2010
Issue:Isbihalabellike“toy”?Anexclamationlike“wow”?Somethingelse?
Non-issue:bihisdefinitelyalabelfortheobject.
Test dih! Lookatthedih…
(Thisisfineifitmeans“wow”!) (Thisisdefinitelystrange,giventhehabituation.)
Anothermethodologicalcheck
Fennell&Waxman2010:14-month-oldscanpassthisswitchtaskifthecommunicativepurposeofthenovelwordlabelismademoresalient.
Kitty! Car! Shoe! Bih!
Fennell&Waxman2010
Non-issueagain:bihisdefinitelyalabelfortheobject.
Lookatthedih…
(Thisisdefinitelystrange,giventhehabituation.)
Thecommunicativeintentofthenovelwordcanalsobemadeclearbytrainingitemsthatshowfamiliarobjectsandlabels.
Anothermethodologicalcheck
Fennell&Waxman2010:14-month-oldscanpassthisswitchtaskifthecommunicativepurposeofthenovelwordlabelismademoresalient.
Whenthere’sclearintentforthenovelwordtobealabel,14-month-oldscanpasstheSwitchtaskjustfine.
Kitty!Lookatthebih!
Wow!
Anothermethodologicalcheck
Fennell&Waxman2010:14-month-oldscanpassthisswitchtaskifthecommunicativepurposeofthenovelwordlabelismademoresalient.
Whenit’snotclearthenovelwordisintendedasalabel(infact,itseemstobemoreofanexclamationlike“wow”),14-month-oldslookjustliketheydidintheStager&Werker(1997)experiment.
Kitty!Lookatthebih!
Wow!
Whydoeshavingafamiliarwordhelp?
Idea:Childrenbuildupmoreconfidenceinthewordformthemoretimestheyhearit.
{p/b/d/g}{a/o/u}{l/r}=“pall”,“dor”
… “gull”,“ball”
(p/b}{a}{l/r}=“pall”,“ball”,
… “bar”,“par”
{b}{a}{l}=“ball”
Whydoeshavingafamiliarwordhelp?
Idea:Childrenbuildupmoreconfidenceinthewordformthemoretimestheyhearit.
Also,notallpositionsinthewordarecreatedequalwithrespecttohowwellinfantsrememberthem.Forwordswithmorethanonesyllable,seven-month-olds(Benavides-Varela&Mehler2014)andnewborns(Ferryetal.2015)rememberthefirstandlastsyllablesbest.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/09/140908083348.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150721081725.htm
elephant{ɛ/a/ɔ}{l/r/d/t}{ɛ/a/ɔ}{f/v/p/b}{æ/a/ə}{n/m}{t/p/k}
{ɛ/a}{l/r/d/t}{ɛ/a/ɔ}{f/v}{æ/ə}{n/m}{t/k}
{ɛ}{l/r/d}{ɛ/ɔ}{f}{ə}{n}{t}
…
…
Buildingupanabstractrepresentationfrommanysamples
Thiessen&Yee2010:Earlywordformrepresentationsretaincontextualandperceptualfeaturesassociatedwithchildren’spriorexperiencewithwords.
15-month-oldslearnednovelnamesforobjectsthatbeganwitheither[t]or[d].
dawbowvs.tawgoo
Thiswasmeanttodrawattentiontothedifferencebetweenthesephonemes.
Buildingupanabstractrepresentationfrommanysamples
Thiessen&Yee2010:Earlywordformrepresentationsretaincontextualandperceptualfeaturesassociatedwithchildren’spriorexperiencewithwords.
15-month-oldslearnedthenameofanovelobject,called
yad
Buildingupanabstractrepresentationfrommanysamples
Thiessen&Yee2010:Earlywordformrepresentationsretaincontextualandperceptualfeaturesassociatedwithchildren’spriorexperiencewithwords.
Similartothe14-month-oldsinStager&Werker1997,whenthisnamewasswitchedtoyat,theydidn’tnotice.
yat
Buildingupanabstractrepresentationfrommanysamples
Thiessen&Yee2010:Earlywordformrepresentationsretaincontextualandperceptualfeaturesassociatedwithchildren’spriorexperiencewithwords.
15-month-oldslearnednovelnamesforobjectsthatbeganwitheither[t]or[d].
dawbowvs.tawgoo
Thiswasmeanttodrawattentiontothedifferencebetweenthesephonemes.
Buildingupanabstractrepresentationfrommanysamples
Thiessen&Yee2010:Earlywordformrepresentationsretaincontextualandperceptualfeaturesassociatedwithchildren’spriorexperiencewithwords.
Iftheywereabletorepresentthe[d]vs.[t]distinctionabstractly,dawbowandtawbooshouldhelpremindthemthat[d]and[t]aredistinct.So,iftheothernovelobject’snameisswitchedfromyadtoyat,theyshouldnotice.
Buttheydidn’t…probablybecausethisisadifferentacousticcontext(word-initialvs.word-final).
Buildingupanabstractrepresentationfrommanysamples
Thiessen&Yee2010:Earlywordformrepresentationsretaincontextualandperceptualfeaturesassociatedwithchildren’spriorexperiencewithwords.
Thissuggeststhey’rerepresentingalotofextracontextualandperceptualdetailaboutthe[d]and[t]examplestheyheard,whichcausesthemnottorecognizethosesounds(andtheimportantdifferencesbetweenthem)whenthey’reusedinthethirdnovelword.
Buildingupanabstractrepresentationfrommanysamples
Thiessen&Yee2010:Earlywordformrepresentationsretaincontextualandperceptualfeaturesassociatedwithchildren’spriorexperiencewithwords.
Check:Whenthey’rehabituatedtonovelwordsthatusethesameacousticcontextasthetestword…
boeyadvs.gooyat
Buildingupanabstractrepresentationfrommanysamples
Thiessen&Yee2010:Earlywordformrepresentationsretaincontextualandperceptualfeaturesassociatedwithchildren’spriorexperiencewithwords.
Nowtheydobetterattellingthatthiscontrastisrelevantinthesamecontext.
Same Switchyad vs. yat
Buildingupanabstractrepresentationfrommanysamples
Thiessen&Yee2010:Earlywordformrepresentationsretaincontextualandperceptualfeaturesassociatedwithchildren’spriorexperiencewithwords.
Thissuggeststhattheyaredetectingthedifferencebetween[d]and[t],butnotattheabstractlevelthatwouldallowthemtorecognizethatdifferenceindifferentacousticcontexts.
Theyhaven’tyetabstractedtothephonemicleveladultsuse.
Recap:Sounds,words,anddetail
Word-learningisveryhardforyoungerchildren,sodetailseemstobeinitiallymissedwhentheyfirstlearnwords.
Whenchildrenaretestedwithavisualchoicetask,theyshowmoreknowledgeofdetailedwordformsthanwhentheyaretestedwithaSwitchproceduretask.
Manyexposuresareneededtolearndetailedwordformsattheearlieststagesofword-learning,sothatthewordformsarerepresentedattheappropriateabstractlevel.
Questions?
YoushouldbeabletodoallthequestionsonHW1andallthereviewquestionsforsounds&soundsofwords.