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\ecvlrscty ag Fmth _ohaaj ag L`uomtcae

_PMGG @LWLJA^KLEP C_ L__LEPCMJ CG M _OHAAJ C_ PA

FL LGGLOPCWL

Kmrcljm OmstraKM ce L`uomtcae

Cetra`uotcae ta L`uomtcaemj Kmemblklet

Cetra`uotcae

_lvlrmj oauetrcls gllj thly mrl lxplrcleoceb m orcscs ce l`uomtcae. Kmey mrbul thmt thl

l`uomtcaemj systlks mrl gmcjceb ta kllt thl ohmjjlebls pasl` fy `lkabrmphco me`

saocltmj ohmebls. Ct sllks thmt thl oauetrcls ohmebl whcjl thl sohaajs eat thlrlgarl

bcvceb thl ckprlsscae thmt sohaajs ea jaeblr gujgcj thl papujmtcaes rcsceblxplotmtcaes, mppmrletjy klmeceb thmt thly mrl ea jaeblr lgglotcvl.

Fut, whmt `als lgglotcvl klme ce tlrks ag sohaajs1 Cs ct thl mfcjcty ta kllt ar lxoll`

thl saocltmj lxplotmtcaes ce tlrks ag sdcjjs, deawjl`bl me` hmfcts ag kce`1 Cg thcs cs

thl omsl, haw `a wl ba mfaut gujgcjjceb suoh kcsscae1 Cs ct m prafjlk ag kmemblklet,

ourrcoujuk, stmggceb, tlmohceb kltha`ajabcls, stu`let sljlotcae praolss1 Haw ta

rlspae` ta thlsl prlssurls me` ta kmembl thl ohmebls cs thl ceorlmsceb ohmjjlebl gar

thl sohaajs me` thlcr kmemblrs.

Phl purpasl ag thcs msscbeklet cs ta pravc`l me cescbht ag thl ckpartmeol ag stmgg

`lvljapklet ce avlroakceb thcs mppmrlet orcscs ce l`uomtcae pravc`ceb qumjcty

tlmohceb me` jlmreceb, thus kmdceb sohaajs lgglotcvl.

_ohaajs ms arbmecsmtcaes

M sohaaj cs blelrmjjy `lgcel` ms m pjmol ce whcoh tlmohceb me` jlmreceb tmdl pjmol, ce

whcoh ohcj`rle mrl prlpmrl` me` trmcel` gar thl guturl me` ta whcoh pmrlets letrust

thlcr yaueb aels. Phl Axgar` @cotcaemry ag Ourrlet Lebjcsh (=33?, p. ) `lsorcfls ct ms

thl =ml`uomtcaemj cestctutcae gar pupcjs up ta =3 ylmrs ag mbl4 6msohaaj fucj`cebs,

pupcjs, stmgg, lto..

Rhcohlvlr thl `lgcectcae, sohaajs leoakpmss m jmrbl me` wc`l vmrclty ag vmrcmfjls

whcoh mgglot thlcr plrgarkmeol ms thly `lmj jmrbljy wcth hukmes - m fa`y ag tlmohceb

stmgg, m fa`y ag m`kcecstrmtcvl stmgg, thl jmrblr me` kmce fa`y ag pupcjs me` thl

prafjlks me` jckctmtcaes thmt mrcsl grak blttceb suoh m kcxturl ag plapjl ta ward

tablthlr.

Lvle thaubh thl mttctu`l ag thl plapjl wha ward ce sohaajs cs usumjjy thmt ag

oaegarkcty, ms Hme`y me` Mctdle (=33> p. ?0) subblst, moolptceb thlcr wmys ms

celvctmfjl jcdl thl wlmthlr, pjlmsmet ar traufjlsakl, thly mrl eat jcdljy ta fl

hme`jl` jcdl fucj`cebs whcoh ome fl rlpmcetl`, rlgurfcshl` ar mjtlrl` cg m ohmebl cs

ell`l`. Hme`jceb plapjl cs mjwmys `cggcoujt me` sa m sohaaj kust fl vlry ojlmr ce cts

rajl me` ae haw ct cs ta ba mfaut gujgcjjceb ct. @lvljapklet usumjjy klmes ohmebl, me`

plapjl rlslet ohmebl ar mrl grcbhtlel` ta jlmvl thlcr aj` wmys me` lxplrcklet elw

aels.

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_ohaajs ome fl oakpmrl` ta fuscelss arbmecsmtcaes thaubh sakl vlry ckpartmet

`cgglrleols kmdl ct m uecqul kmemblklet mrlm9

thl vmst kmiarcty mrl eae-pragct arcletl`, me` mey pragct km`l cs usumjjyrlcevlstl` ce thl sohaaj ctsljg.

thl gcemj pra`uot cs `cggcoujt ar mjkast ckpasscfjl ta `lgcel. Mrl wl tmjdceb mfautohcj`rle ms thl rmw kmtlrcmj, me` ohcj`rle mjsa ms thl gcemj pra`uot1 Ar mrl wl

tmjdceb mfaut m praolss me` eat m pra`uot1

]umjcty oaetraj, ms ce m gmotary, cs eat passcfjl ms kcstmdls omeeat fl oarrlotl`

ckkl`cmtljy me` `mkmbl ome sakltckls fl crrlvlrscfjl.

Phlrl cs ea splocgcl` oaetrmot rlbmr`ceb thl pra`uot thl oustaklrs wcjj blt ms

thl sohaaj `als eat pra`uol aelscebjl pra`uot fut m wc`l rmeblag thlk ms lvlry

stu`let cs m uecqul plrsae.

Phlsl glmturls kmdl ct `cggcoujt ta c`letcgy whmt kmdls m baa` sohaaj, m suoolssguj

sohaaj ar karl, whmt kmdls me lgglotcvl sohaaj.

.

Cs baa` thl smkl ms lgglotcvl1

Mt gcrst scbht ael kcbht iu`bl m sohaaj fy thl wmy ct jaads cts fcb me` wljj dlpt

thlrlgarl ct kust fl m baa` sohaaj ct hms flmutcguj bmr`les me` ka`lre ojmssraaks

thlrlgarl ct kust fl m vlry baa` sohaaj cts cs m vlry lxplescvl sohaaj, wcth frme`elw ka`lre fucj`cebs, thl jmtlst ce tloheajaby me` aejy thl ljctl mttle`, thlrlgarl ct

kust fl thl flst sohaaj.

Haw kmey tckls hmvl wl hlmr` suoh oakklets grak pmrlets jaadceb mt patletcmj

sohaajs gar thlcr ohcj`rle1 Ome m sohaaj fl oaesc`lrl` m baa` sohaaj aejy fy cts

mpplmrmeol ar fy thl glls ct ohmrbls1 Rhmt mrl thl ohmrmotlrcstcos pmrlets jaad gar cear`lr ta `ltlrkcel whcoh cs m baa` sohaaj gar thlcr ohcj`rle1

Ct cs m gmot thmt thlrl cs m wc`l vmrclty ag sohaajs wcthce thl smkl saocltmj oaetlxt

whcoh tmrblt mt `cgglrlet papujmtcae mrlms, lmoh wcth thl passcfcjcty ag flceb

oaesc`lrl` baa` ar fm` `lple`ceb ae whlthlr thly gujgcj pmrletmj lxplotmtcaes. Gar

cestmeol, pmrlets wha mrl jaadceb gar m sohaaj wcth sajc` rljcbcaus l`uomtcae me`

karmj me` vmjul systlk, wcjj prafmfjy gce` thlksljvls wcth slvlrmj aptcaes ta ohasl

grak. _a thle thly wcjj prafmfjy hmvl ta memjysl whcoh wcjj fl thl flst aptcae, ce

tlrks ag cts lgglotcvlelss me` mooar`ceb ta thlcr lxplotmtcaes. Afvcausjy, thl ohasle

aptcae wcjj hmvl ta fl m sohaaj whasl glls thly ome mggar` ta pmy!

_a, cs flceb m baa` sohaaj thl smkl ms flceb me lgglotcvl sohaaj1

Phlrl hmvl flle vmrcaus mttlkpts ta `lsorcfl m baa` sohaaj. Phl gajjawceb tmfjl trcls

ta braup thl kmce ohmrmotlrcstcos ms `lgcel` fy Vuttlr me` hcs tlmk (=32>), me` fy

Kartckarl (=38>s) ce thl oaursl eatls ae Cetra`uotcae ta L`uomtcaemj Kmemblklet

(CLK/_L__6, pp.=-6), me` oakpmrl thlk ta ky awe fljclgs ag whmt m baa` sohaaj cs,

fmsl` ae ky lxplrcleol mt Kmrdhmk Oajjlbl9

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Ohmrmotlrcstcos Vuttlr Kartckarl Omstra

Mom`lkco

Jlssaes mrl ward-arcletmtl`

_ufilot-kmttlr gaous

Haklward gajjawl` up

Aple lkphmscs ae mom`lkco

plrgarkmeol

_truoturl` jlssaes

Cetljjlotumjjy ohmjjlebcebtlmohceb

Rard-oletrl` levcraeklet

Jckctl` gaous wcthce jlssaes

Baa` mom`lkco rloar`s me` rlsujts

Rc`l Hc``le Ourrcoujuk

Cetljjlotumjjy ohmjjlebceb tlmohceb

Gaousl` me` wljj pjmeel` jlssaes

Agglr jcebucstco `cvlrscty

@lvljap pupcjs ce`cvc`umjcty

Garkmj, gmcr me` fmjmeol` rlwmr`me` puecshklet systlk

_tmgg _traeb suplrvcscae me` oaar`cemtcaefy slecar tlmohlrs

Plmohlrs wardl` me` pjmeel`tablthlr

Garkmj rlwmr`s systlk

Ckkl`cmtl gll`fmod ta stu`lets

^urpaslguj jlm`lrshcp ag thl stmggfy thl Hlm`

Cevajvlklet ag thl @lputy Hlm`me` tlmohlrs

Oaescstleoy mkaebst tlmohlrs

Vloar` dllpceb

Kmxckuk oakkuecomtcaefltwlle tlmohlrs me` stu`lets

_tmgg @lvljapklet ^rabrmkkls(CE_LP)

Baa` kmemblklet tlmks (slecarme` kc``jl)

Baa` oakkuecomtcae jcedsfltwlle stmgg me` kmemblklet

Baa` oakkuecomtcae jceds

fltwlle tlmohlrs, stu`lets me`pmrlets

Oaescstleoy mkaebst tlmohlrs,lsplocmjjy ce thl mppjcomtcae ag

_ohaaj pajcocls

Levcraeklet

Hmvceb m baa` mtkasphlrl me` lthas

^asctcvl ojckmtl

^mrletmj cevajvlklet

Hmppy me` smgl levcraeklet

Baa` `csocpjcel _aue` vmjul systlk

^upcjs Lxplotl` ta tmdl rlspaescfcjcty gar`my-ta-`my kmttlrs ce thl sohaaj.

^upcj cevajvlklet thraubh `utclsme` stu`let oaueocj

Vlsaurols Rljj lqucppl`, baa` cegrmstruoturl

7/21/2019 Staff Development is essential if a school is to be effective

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Ms ome fl slle grak thl prlvcaus tmfjl, thlrl cs m jcel ag mbrllklet mkaebst slvlrmj

ag thlsl cssuls me` wl oauj` tmdl mjj ag thlsl pacets ta `lsorcfl m baa` sohaaj fut,

whle `als m baa` sohaaj floakl me lgglotcvl sohaaj1

Rl ome omtlbarcsl mjj ag thl glmturls ms eae-klmsurmfjl me` klmsurmfjl phleaklem.

Phl eae-klmsurmfjl ctlks, suoh ms hmvceb m baa` pasctcvl mtkasphlrl me` lthas, omefl usl` ta `ltlrkcel haw baa` thl sohaaj cs, ms thly mrl jcedl` ta thl vmjul systlk

whcoh ct pasls. M baa` sohaaj wcjj fl thmt whcoh prakatls m saue` vmjul systlk

thraubhaut cts ourrcoujuk, flceb garkmj ar hc``le.

Phl klmsurmfjl ctlks, suoh ms mom`lkco rlsujts, rloar`s me` stmtcstcos ome, ae thl

athlr hme`, fl klmsurl` fy plrgarkmeol ce`comtars ta ce`comtl haw wljj ct cs klltceb

cts afilotcvls me` usl` ce ar`lr ta `ltlrkcel thl lgglotcvlelss ag m sohaaj.

Mt thcs pacet wl ome mrbul thmt m baa` sohaaj ome fl oaesc`lrl` me lgglotcvl sohaaj

whcjl me lgglotcvl sohaaj cs eat elolssmrcjy m baa` sohaaj.

Phl jmttlr oauj` fl prlslet ce omsls whlrl m sohaaj cs purljy cetlrlstl` ce thl le`

pra`uot me` eat ce thl praolss ctsljg ms jaeb ms stmtcstcos me` eukflrs ce`comtl pupcjsuoolss =, thle thl sohaaj cs smc` ta fl `aceb wljj. Cg ce thl praolss, pupcjs me` stmgg

mrl strlssl`, avlrwardl`, ar uehmppy, ct cs ag jcttjl rljlvmeol ta thcs typl ag lgglotcvl

sohaaj. Cg thl sohaaj cs pra`uoceb whmt thl saoclty `lkme`s, cg thl pra`uot ome fl

oakpmrl` ar jlvljjl` mt thl stme`mr`s thl saoclty `lkme`s, thle thl sohaaj wcjj

oaesc`lr ctsljg oakpltctcvl me` omjj ctsljg lgglotcvl, rlbmr`jlss ag thl vmjul systlk me`

thl saocmj/lkatcaemj msplot ag thlcr fa`y ag stu`lets me` stmgg.

Ae thl athlr hme`, cg thl sohaaj prakatls m saue` vmjul systlk, pravc`ls fath, stmgg

me` pupcjs, m hmppy me` smgl levcraeklet, whcjl mt thl smkl tckl, kllts cts mom`lkco

afilotcvls me` thl `lkme`s ag saoclty, thle thl sohaaj ome fl smc` ta fl fath, baa`

me` lgglotcvl.

Rl ome `rmw aut grak thlsl mrbuklets thmt thl gmot ag whlthlr m sohaaj cs ta fl

oaesc`lrl` baa` me` lgglotcvl cs oaetlxt `rcvle me` `lple`s jmrbljy ae thl typl ag

saoclty ar kmrdlt thl sohaaj wards gar. Ms Kurbmtray` me` Karbme (=330, p.8)

stmtl, thl lgglotcvlelss ag m sohaaj wcjj oaescst ag cts mfcjcty ta fl lgglotcvl ce

`ljcvlrceb l`uomtcaemj slrvcols ms klmsurl` fy sakl mrtcoujmtl` plrgarkmeol

stme`mr`4stme`mr` whcoh wcjj fl `ltlrkcel` fy thl saoclty ct slrvls.

Flceb lgglotcvl cevajvls slvlrmj cssuls whcoh jlm` ta oakpltctcae mkaebst sohaajs 6.

Lgglotcvl sohaajs wcjj hmvl ojlmr bamjs ce tlrks ag flhmvcaur me` plrgarkmeol, bamjs

whcoh mrl ojlmr gar thl kmemblklet, stmgg me` pupcjs, ms wljj ms gar pmrlets. Lgglotcvl

sohaajs wcjj hmvl stme`mr`s fy whcoh thl sohaaj me` cts stmgg ome fl iu`bl`. Lgglotcvlsohaajs omrry aut me aebaceb lvmjumtcae ag thlcr plrgarkmeol, haw thly mrl `aceb,

whcoh mrl thl prafjlk mrlms me` haw ta m``rlss thlk. Lgglotcvl sohaajs wcjj hmvl

lgglotcvl jlm`lrshcp, mt slecar me`/ar kc``jl kmemblklet jlvljs.

_a, whmt cs thl rajl ag stmgg ce iu`bceb thl lgglotcvlelss ag m sohaaj1 Rhmt pmrt `als

stmgg pjmy, cg mey, ta fl mfjl ta oaesc`lr m sohaaj lgglotcvl1

=Ce thl omsl ag Kmrdhmk Oajjlbl thlrl mrl slvlrmj ce`comtars ag pupcj suoolss9 plroletmbl ag M-O

pmssls mt CBO_L jlvlj, plroletmbl ag stu`lets letlrceb uecvlrscty ce thlcr gcrst mttlkpt, plroletmbl agstu`lets moolptl` ce uecvlrsctcls mfram`, plroletmbl ag pupcjs bmceceb sohajmrshcps, lto.6ce thl omsl ag Jckm, ^lru, thl oakpltctcae mkaebst thl prcvmtljy awel` sohaajs c s vlry straeb.

7/21/2019 Staff Development is essential if a school is to be effective

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% ag cts pupcjs bmcel` uecvlrscty letry ce thlcr

gcrst mttlkpt, ar, thl sohaaj hms me lxoljjlet hlm`kmstlr, yau shauj` sll thl`csocpjcel me` oaurtlsy pupcjs `cspjmy. Rhmt mfaut thl tlmohceb stmgg1 Mrl thly

ceoju`l` ce thlsl oakpjcklets1 _ohaajs sakltckls ceoju`l thl emkls ag thlcr stmgg ce

thlcr prasplotus ar ce thlcr ylmr faad, fut ct cs mjsa trul thmt thly mrl eat m vctmj

kmrdltceb strmtlby jmrbljy `ul ta thl gmot thmt tlmohlrs mrl eat m plrkmelet ljlklet

ag thl sohaaj. Phlrl tle`s ta fl m plroletmbl ag stmgg tureavlr, usumjjy jmrbl cg wl mrl

tmjdceb mfaut garlcbe oaetrmots?me` ka`lrmtl ar jaw cg wl mrl tmjdceb mfaut jaomjjy

rloructl` ce`cvc`umjs.

_akltckls wl gmcj ta rloabecsl thl ckpartmeol ag tlmohlrs, flceb ce`cvc`umjs wha

prafmfjy sple` karl haurs mraue` thl ohcj`rle thme thl pupcjs pmrlets thlksljvls.

Phly mrl ce`cvc`umjs wha gmol oaestmet rajl swctohceb ms thly hmvl ta `lmj wcth

slvlrmj `cgglrlet cssuls me` slvlrmj `cgglrlet ohcj`rle thraubhaut thl sohaaj `my.M tlmohlr cs eat aejy m plrsae `ljcvlrceb m jlssae. M tlmohlr wcjj hmvl ta suppjy

wardceb kmtlrcmjs, pravc`l me m`lqumtl jlmreceb levcraeklet, omrry aut msslssklet

me` tlstceb ag pupcjs, wrctceb rlparts me` bcvceb gll`fmod ae pupcjs, pravc`ceb

oauesljjceb me` kletarceb ag ce`cvc`umj ohcj`rle, ce m``ctcae ta thlcr cehlrlet

m`kcecstrmtcvl ward.

Phlsl mrl leaubh rlmsaes ta oaesc`lr thl tlmohlr ms thl dly ljlklet ag thl

tlmohceb/jlmreceb praolss, thlrlgarl, wl ome straebjy mrbul thmt rlsujts wcjj `lple`

jmrbljy ae thlk. Oaesc`lr hmvceb thl gcelst cebrl`clets gar m klmj fut ce hme`s ag me

uesdcjjl` ar celxplrcleol` oaad - thl rlsujt kcbht fl m `csmstlr! Oaesc`lr me uesdcjjl`

ar celxplrcleol` oaestruotar fucj`ceb m wmjj - cg hl `alse't deaw haw kcx thl olklet

me` sme` ce thl rcbht prapartcaes me` haw ta msslkfjl thl frcods tablthlr, jlvljjceb

thlk, thl wmjj wauj` oakl `awe! Hawlvlr, ce tckl, wcth trmceceb me` lxplrcleol, thl

oaad wcjj fl prlpmrceb saphcstcomtl` klmjs me` thl oaestruotar wcjj fl jcgtceb up letcrl

fucj`cebs!

_a, ome wl pcoturl thcs tlmohceb/jlmreceb praolss ms m kmeugmoturceb praolss1 Ome

wl smy thmt thl rmw kmtlrcmjs mrl thl stu`lets, thl ormgtskle thl tlmohlrs, thl

praol`urls me` kmeugmoturceb cestruotcaes mrl thl sohaaj pajcocls me` ourrcoujuk, thl

jcel suplrvcsars mrl thl kc``jl kmemblrs, thl slotcae kmemblrs me` blelrmj kmemblr

mrl thl slecar kmemblklet tlmk, me` thl awelrs ag thl gmotary mrl thl klkflrs ag thlfamr`1

Phcs wauj` klme thmt thl autput wauj` fl thl pupcjs wha hmvl bael thraubh m sjaw

ohmebceb praolss ag =6 ylmrs ar karl, ce ar`lr ta floakl me moolptmfjl pra`uot ta

saoclty. Fut pupcjs thlksljvls mrl eat jcgljlss rmw kmtlrcmj me` `ul ta thlcr cetlrmotcae

wcth tlmohlrs, ojmssraak kmtls me` gmkcjy, thly floakl thlksljvls wardlrs ce thl

gmotary me` bcvl ceput ta thlcr shmpceb up. Ce thl le`, lvlry scebjl pra`uotwcjj fl

uecqul, flomusl ag pupcjs thlksljvls, thl vmrcaus tlmohlrs thly wcjj ba thraubh me`

thl `cgglrlet lxplrcleols thly wcjj leoauetlr.

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^rcvmtljy awel` sohaajs ce ^lru, suoh ms Kmrdhmk, whcoh hmvl m fa`y ag stmgg oaestctutl` fy fath,garlcbe me` jaomj oaetrmots, mrl wctelssls ta thcs `cgglrleol ce plroletmbl ag stmgg tureavlr mkaebst

garlcbe me` jaomj stmgg.

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Gajjawceb thcs ce`ustrcmj kltmphar, wl ome mjsa c`letcgy `cgglrlet typls ag gmotarcls

wcth `cgglrlet pajcocls9 sakl wha, ms saae ms m ormgtskme cs eat wardceb up ta

stme`mr` cs ckkl`cmtljy gcrl` me` rlpjmol`, athlrs wha `aet omrl wha thly hcrl ms

jaeb ms whmt thly pra`uol jaads ecol ae thl autsc`l rlbmr`jlss ag thl qumjcty, athlrs

wha `loc`l ta rlpjmol ormgtskle whak thly oaesc`lr surpjus ar afsajltl wcth elwtloheajabcls me` frceb ce splocmjcsts ta hme`jl thl elw kmohcels, athlrs wha kmdl

thl lggart ag oaestmet trmceceb me` rltrmceceb ag thlcr stmgg ta oapl wcth elw

tloheajabcls ce ar`lr ta kmeugmoturl hcbh qumjcty pra`uots oaetceuausjy.

Grak thcs ce`ustrcmj pacet ag vclw, wl oauj` mrbul thmt thl loaeakco msplot hms m

brlmt cegjuleol avlr trmceceb9 ms jaeb ms thly hmvl thl rlsaurols me` mrl wcjjceb ta

cevlst, trmceceb wcjj hmpple. @a sohaajs gmol thl smkl prafjlk1 @a sohaajs omtlr gar

trmceceb, `a thly hmvl thl gcemeocmj rlsaurols gar ct1

Ct cs vlry ojlmr grak thl mfavl lxmkpjls thmt thl tlmohceb stmgg mrl thl vctmj ljlklets

ag thcs tlmohceb/jlmreceb praolss me` thmt wl hmvl m ohacol, jcdl ce thl gmotary, ag haw

ta trlmt aur stmgg. Oauj` wl thle `lsorcfl m baa` me` lgglotcvl sohaaj ms thl gmotary cewhcoh thlrl cs me aebaceb stmgg trmceceb me` `lvljapklet prabrmkkl1

Phl pacet cs, ms stmtl` fy Kurbmtray` me` Karbme (=330, p.=0), thmt tlmohceb stmgg

gmol taa kmey ohmebls taa qucodjy flomusl ag thcs rmpc`jy ohmebceb saoclty, me` thmt

sohaajs ell` ta bcvl karl lkphmscs ae thlcr l`uomtcae me` trmceceb ta fl mfjl ta oapl

wcth thlk.

Rl deaw thmt mjj tlmohlrs hmvl me cectcmj garkmj trmceceb mt oajjlbl ar uecvlrscty, grak

whlrl thly blt thlcr `lbrll fut jcttjl ar ea prmotcomj lxplrcleol. Ms thly stmrt thlcr

tlmohceb omrllr thly wcjj try ta mppjy whmt thly hmvl jlmrel` ce thlary, kmdceb

kcstmdls me`/ar suooll`ceb ae thl wmy, thus bmceceb vmjumfjl lxplrcleol. Phcs cs pmrt

ag thlcr cegarkmj trmceceb whcoh wcjj fl me aebaceb praolss thraubhaut kast ag thlcr

tlmohceb omrllr whcjst thly omrry aut thlcr awe cetlremj sljg-lvmjumtcae, whcjst thly

stcjj fljclvl ce lvmjumtceb aels sljg ta jlmre grak kcstmdls, whcjst thly mrl stcjj ce

gmvaur ag ohmebl.

Rl mjsa deaw thmt sohaajs `a eat hmvl m uecgark fa`y ag tlmohceb stmgg, thlrl mrl

tlmohlrs ag `cgglrlet mbls me` lxplrcleol, `cgglrlet ble`lr, `cgglrlet mom`lkco mrlms,

me` passcfjy `cgglrlet emtcaemjctcls me` vmjul systlks, sa, cg m sohaaj cs thcedceb ag m

stmgg `lvljapklet prabrmkkl, ct cs thcedceb fcb, vmrcl` me` oakpjlx.

Rhy wauj` ct ell` m stmgg `lvljapklet prabrmkkl ce thl gcrst pjmol1_tmgg `lvljapklet cs ell`l` gar slvlrmj rlmsaes cg sohaajs wmet ta fl dlpt mjcvl ae thl

kmrdlt, cg thly wmet ta kllt thl ell`s ag thl hcbhjy oakpltctcvl, ruthjlss, me` gmst

tloheajabcomjjy `lvljapceb warj` wl mrl jcvceb ce eaw, me` cg thly mrl oaeolrel`

mfaut pravc`ceb oaetceuaus hcbh qumjcty slrvcol ta thlcr ojclets.

Phcs klmes thmt sohaajs kcbht gce` thlksljvls kavceb bamj pasts mjj thl tckl, ce

tlrks ag mom`lkco afilotcvls, tlmohceb prmotcols me` pajcocls, ce me mttlkpt ta hme`jl

ohmebl, me` sa, ce`cvc`umjs wardceb gar thl sohaaj, ell` ta fl prlpmrl` ta kllt cts

rlqucrlklets.

Ct cs mjsa trul thmt tlmohlrs slldceb plrsaemj me` praglsscaemj brawth wauj` prlglr ta

ward gar m sohaaj wcth m stmgg `lvljapklet prabrmkkl, thme ce ael whcoh `alset

oaesc`lr thmt aptcae.

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Ms @cjjae-^ltlrsae (=38=) pacets aut, ce thl oaursl eatls ae Cetra`uotcae ta

L`uomtcaemj Kmemblklet (CLK/_L__?, p. =), stmgg `lvljapklet cs m praolss

`lscbel` ta gastlr plrsaemj me` praglsscaemj brawth gar ce`cvc`umjs ta `lgcel me`

kllt ohmebceb sljg-ckpravlklet afilotcvls wcthce m rlsplotguj, suppartcvl me`

pasctcvl arbmecsmtcaemj ojckmtl hmvceb ms cts ujtlrcar mck flttlr jlmreceb gar stu`lets

me` oaetceuaus, rlspaescfjl sljg-rlelwmj gar l`uomtars mt sohaajs

Haw `als m sohaaj c`letcgy thl ell` gar stmgg `lvljapklet1 Haw `als ct blt ae mfaut

`lgceceb thl mrlms me`/ar ce`cvc`umjs thmt ell` `lvljapklet ar trmceceb1

Gcrst ag mjj, thl sohaaj kust hmvl cts bamjs vlry ojlmrjy slt up me` memjysl whlthlr thl

stmgg cs mfjl ta kllt thl prlslet ell`s. Phcs cs usumjjy `ael fy lvmjumtceb thl tlmohlrs

plrgarkmeol thraubh m garkmj mpprmcsmj systlk fut thl sajl war` mpprmcsmj frcebs ce

kmey glmrs grak stmgg wha jced ct ta `cskcssmj ms m passcfjl autoakl ag thcs lvmjumtcae

lxlrocsl.

Ct cs ckpartmet thmt thl mpprmcsmj systlk mckl` mt stmgg `lvljapklet shauj` fl eae-

thrlmtleceb me` shauj` jlm` ta plrsaemj, praglsscaemj me` sohaaj `lvljapklet. Jmod ag

slourcty ar glmr wcjj hmvl `ltrckletmj lgglots ae stmggs plrgarkmeol, ue`lrkceceb thlqumjcty ag ward ce kmey wmys ms, gar cestmeol, thly wcjj sll thl slldceb ag m`vcol ms

me m`kcsscae ag wlmdelss.

Ct shauj` mjsa fl me aebaceb praolss whlrl omrlguj gajjaw up cs lssletcmj, sa thmt

cssuls mrl prakptjy m``rlssl` me` lxmkpjls ag baa` prmotcol mrl qucodjy sprlm`.

Phl mpprmcsmj systlk shauj` fl m kmiar oaetrcfutcae ta c`letcgyceb thl mrlms ag stmgg

`lvljapklet ell`l`, ckpravceb sohaaj kmemblklet me` `lvljapceb m pasctcvl

mtkasphlrl.

Lvlrmr` me` Karrcs (=33?, b. 28) c`letcgcl` me` braupl` thl gajjawceb typls ag stmgg

`lvljapklet ell`l`, whcoh oauj` fl usl` ms m buc`l ag thl autoakl ag me mpprmcsmj

systlk9

Ce`uotcae

Ckpravl plrgarkmeol ce ourrlet iaf Ce`cvc`umj

^rlpmrl gar guturl iaf

Vlqucrlklet gar elw sdcjjs me` mttctu`ls Braup

Cetra`uotcae ag elw kltha`s me`

mppramohls _ohaaj/oajjlbl

Arbmecsmtcae `lvljapklet

Mt Kmrdhmk, thl mpprmcsmj systlk oaescsts ag thl gajjawceb jlvljs9

=. _ljg-mpprmcsmj9 tlmohlrs me` tutars thlksljvls lvmjumtl thlcr awe ward, thlcr

glljcebs me` guturl pjmes wcthce thl sohaaj. ^rafmfjy thcs cs thl kast ckpartmet

ljlklet ag me lgglotcvl lvmjumtcae ms ea ael ljsl hms leaubh cegarkmtcae ta

`aouklet tatmj ojmssraak cetlrmotcaes, me` ct mjjaws ce`cvc`umjs ta ue`lrstme`

thlcr wlmdelssls me` strlebths, bcvceb thlk m ohmeol ta mot upae thlk.

6. Hlm` ag @lpmrtklets/Hlm` ag Slmrs mpprmcsmj9 thl kc``jl kmemblrs wcjj omrry

aut m slrcls ag garkmj jlssae afslrvmtcae slsscaes (ms kmey ell`l` fy lmoh

ce`cvc`umj tlmohlr me`/ar tutar) me` cegarkmj afslrvmtcaes ta pcod up mey prafjlk

mrlm ta fl m``rlssl`, me` mjsa ta pcod up c`lms ag baa` prmotcol ta fl sprlm`mraue` thl athlr klkflrs ag thl `lpmrtklet/ylmr braup. Phl Hlm` ag

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@lpmrtklet/Hlm` ag Slmr wcjj sufkct slklstrmj rlparts ae thl mpprmcsmjs ta thl

Hlm` ag _lotcae me` thl Hlm`kmstlr.

?.

Hlm` ag _lotcaes mpprmcsmj9 ms m slecar kmemblr hl mpprmcsls thl kc``jl

kmemblrs me` cetlrvclws mey klkflr ag stmgg whak, mgtlr thl Hlm` ag

@lpmrtklets/Hlm` ag Slmrs rlpart glljs hl ell`s ta tmjd ta. Phl Hlm` ag _lot caewcjj mjsa sufkct slklstrmj rlparts ta thl Hlm`kmstlr.

0. Phl Hlm`kmstlr's mpprmcsmj rlpart ta thl Famr` ceoju`ls m whajl-sohaaj pcoturl

pjus mpprmcsmj ae thl Hlm`s ag _lotcae.

Phlsl slrcls ag rlparts mrl usl` ta slt tmrblts gar _tmgg CE_LP `mys0, whcoh oauj`

oavlr whajl-sohaajs cssuls, ar fl `lpmrtkletmjjy arcletl` ar mckl` mt m splocgco braup

ag tlmohlrs.

CE_LP cs usumjjy me celxplescvl wmy ag stmgg trmceceb ms ct cs blelrmjjy omrrcl` aut ce-

hausl, fy lxplrcleol` klkflrs ag stmgg. Ae sakl sctumtcaes thlrl kcbht fl thl ell`

ta frceb ce saklael splocmjcst ce thl mrlm (l.b. sufstmeol mfusl) ta `ljcvlr thl tmjds.Phlrl mrl mjsa thl aple-`csousscae garuks ce whcoh tlmohlrs mrl braupl` ta lxohmebl

pacets ag vclw ar lxplrcleols ae pmrtcoujmr kmemblklet, mom`lkco ar pmstarmj cssuls.

CE_LP cs iust ael wmy ce whcoh stmgg `lvljapklet ome tmdl pjmol. Phlrl mrl athlr

jlvljs, `lple`ceb ae thl sohaajs me` ce`cvc`umjs rlqucrlklets me` ae thl sohaaj

pajcoy ctsljg. Gar cestmeol, ce`uotcae prabrmkkls mrl usumjjy rue gar elwjy mppacetl`

stmgg, mckl` mt pravc`ceb thlk wcth cegarkmtcae mfaut thl sohaaj ms me arbmecsmtcae,

cts praol`urls me` aplrmtcae. M kletarceb systlk ome mjsa fl put ceta prmotcol. Ce thcs

omsl, m `lscbemtl` klkflr ag stmgg wcjj fl ce ohmrbl ag bcvceb suppart ta thl

elwoaklr ar ta saklael wha hms tmdle ae m scbecgcomet elw rlspaescfcjcty.

Phle thlrl mrl mjsa lxtlremj trmceceb appartuectcls thraubh tlmohlr lxohmebl

prabrmkkls, mttle`ceb oaursls mt splocmjcst trmceceb oletrls, mttle`ceb oaeglrleols,

wardshaps me` slkcemrs, me` prakatceb lxohmebl ag c`lms/lxplrcleols mkaebst

sckcjmr sohaajs.

Ct cs ckpartmet ta eatl thmt thl ce`cvc`umjcsl` trmceceb appartuectcls kust fl fmsl` ae

tlmohlrs msslssl` ell`s ms rlsujt ag thl mpprmcsmj systlk.

Phcs systlk wcjj pravc`l afvcaus flelgcts ms, cg stmgg cs oaestmetjy flceb ceput wcth

elw, warthwhcjl cegarkmtcae, ar ome sll thlcr sdcjjs ckpravl` me`/ar lehmeol`, thly

wcjj gllj vmjumfjl gar thl sohaaj (thlrlgarl hmppclr), thly wcjj braw ms m plrsae me` mspraglsscaemjs me` wcjj hmvl karl ta bcvl me` shmrl wcth thlcr stu`lets. Phly wcjj mjsa

gllj karl slourl mfaut thlcr sctumtcae wcthce thl sohaaj, jaasceb thl glmr ag `cskcssmj

ar thrlmt ag oakpltctcae mkaebst oajjlmbuls. Mt thl smkl tckl, cg thl trmceceb

pravc`l` hljps thlk kllt thl afilotcvls ag thl sohaaj, thle thly floakl thl dly

oakpaelet ta thl lgglotcvlelss ag thl sohaaj.

0\egartuemtljy, ce thcs pmrtcoujmr omsl, thl mpprmcsmj systlk cs eat aejy mckl` mt stmgg `lvljapklet futct cs mjsa jcedl` ta m garkmj rlwmr` systlk ag stmgg ceoletcvls me` plrgarkmeol rljmtl` pmy whcoh kmdls

ct ce thl le` m thrlmtleceb lxlrocsl mt Kmrdhmk. Phcs cs m sctumtcae ta fl mvac`l` whle pjmeeceb garstmgg lvljapklet.

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Rl ome cjjustrmtl thl praolss ag stmgg `lvljapklet, gajjawceb thl Motcae-Vlslmroh

ka`lj m`vaomtl` fy , ms ce thl gajjawceb `cmbrmk, whcoh cjjustrmtls thl

omsl ag sljg-lvmjumtcae9

Gll`fmod

Lvmjumtcae

Mppjcomtcae

CE_LP / Prmceceb

@lvljapklet

ell`s

Rlmdelss

Gll`fmod

Lvmjumtcae

Mppjcomtcae

_prlm` baa`

prmotcol

_uoolss

PLMOHLV

_ljg lvmjumtcae

oajjlmbuls

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=>

Ce Ormwgar` lt mj. (=33?, p.8?) wl sll me cetlrlstceb mppramoh ce thmt thmt thl sohaaj

gar qumjcty jlmreceb `als eat aejy cevajvl lebmbceb stmgg ce m oaetceuaus sljg-

lvmjumtcae praolss jlm`ceb ta plrsaemj me` praglsscaemj brawth, fut mjsa klmes thmt

stmgg mrl ce ture rlspaescfjl gar `lvljapceb sljg-lvmjumtcae ompmfcjctcls ce thlcr

stu`lets, thlrlgarl jaadceb mt fath, qumjcty tlmohceb me` qumjcty jlmreceb.

_tmgg `lvljapklet, whcohlvlr gark ct tmdls, ce thl le` shauj` jlm` ta ckpravceb thl

mtkasphlrl mraue` thl stmgg, stckujmtceb oaaplrmtcae me` oajjmfarmtcae, ckpravceb

oakkuecomtcae mkaebst gljjaw tlmohlrs, me` prakatceb stmgg cetlbrmtcae, thus

gujgcjjceb thl kcsscae ag m baa` sohaaj. Ct shauj` mjsa jlm` ta ckpravceb tlmohceb

sdcjjs, up`mtceb deawjl`bl ag tlmohceb sufilot, rltrmceceb stmgg ta tlmoh m `cgglrlet

sufilot ar omrry aut m `cgglrlet tmsd, jlmreceb ta m`mpt ta elw sctumtcaes me`/ar sohaaj

pajcocls/systlks, thus gujgcjjceb thl kcsscae ag me lgglotcvl sohaaj.

OaeojuscaesM fa`y ag tlmohceb stmgg wha cs stmbemet, wha `als eat jaad mt ckpravceb aels sljg,

wha cs eat dlle ae jlmreceb karl thraubh lxplrcleol ar thraubh garkmj jlssaes, whacs eat dlle ae ohmebl, wha glmrs lxplrckletceb, ome `a vlry jcttjl ar eathceb tawmr`s

ckpravceb ar `lvljapceb m sohaaj, lsplocmjjy cg thl sohaaj hms me motcvl stmgg

`lvljapklet prabrmkkl ar pajcoy, me` kmy rue thl rcsd ag `cskcssmj.

Ae thl athlr hme`, sohaajs whcoh `a eat hmvl suoh m pajcoy ar prabrmkkl rue thl rcsd

ag jaasceb stmgg wha `a slld gar praglsscaemj brawth me` `lvljapklet. Phl sohaaj

omeeat sckpjy rljy ae lmoh ce`cvc`umj ta slld hcs/hlr awe ckpravlklet fy plrsaemj

lggart ar cetlrlst. _akl ag thcs wcjj hmpple, lsplocmjjy ae thl kast mkfctcaus me` sljg-

katcvmtl` stmgg, hawlvlr, athlrs ell` m jcttjl push me` thl sohaaj kust suppart thlk

mjj gar cts awe flelgct.

^ravc`ceb thcs prabrmkkl wcjj lesurl thmt mjj stmgg mrl bcvle thl smkl appartuectcls,

thmt thly mrl rawceb ce thl smkl `crlotcae, mppjyceb sohaaj pajcocls oaescstletjy,

ckpravceb thlcr tlmohceb sdcjjs ce ar`lr ta ckpravl thlcr pupcjs jlmreceb,

ue`lrstme`ceb me` mohclvlklet, kmdceb thlcr jlssaes karl cetlrlstceb, ohmjjlebceb

me` katcvmtceb, me`, karl ckpartmet, thly mrl bcvle thl appartuecty ta fl cevajvl` ce

thlcr awe brawth me` ta hljp athlrs braw fy lxohmebceb lxplrcleols.

Phl rlspaescfcjcty ag ckpjlkletceb suoh prabrmkkl jcls ae thl _lecar Kmemblklet

tlmk ag m sohaaj, cts Hlm`kmstlr me` Famr` ag Bavlrears. Phly ell` ta suppjy eat

aejy thl loaeakco rlsaurols ta dllp thl pjme baceb, fut mjsa `lvcsl m gmcr, fmjmeol`

me` eae-thrlmtleceb mpprmcsmj systlk whcoh kmy jlm` ta m omrlguj stmgg `lvljapklet

pjme, tmrbltceb prcarcty mrlms ce thl flst passcfjl wmy.

Mey stmgg `lvljapklet prabrmkkl ta fl ckpjlkletl` ell`s ta fl oaestmetjyrlvclwl` ce ar`lr ta dllp klltceb sohaaj ell`s, thlrlgarl ct kust fl lvmjumtl`, thl

oarrlspae`ceb gll`fmod rlolcvl` me` motl` upae, mjwmys gajjawceb up ae thl

`locscaes km`l me` motcaes tmdle.

Cg m sohaaj cs ta fl lgglotcvl, cg ct cs baceb ta kllt cts bamjs me` thl `lkme`s ag saoclty,

thle sa kust thl stmgg fl lgglotcvl ce klltceb thl bamjs me` `lkme`s ag thl sohaaj,

me` gar thcs, stmgg `lvljapklet cs lssletcmj.

Jckm, Imeumry =332

0>36 war`s

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==

Vlglrleols

Ormwgar` @, Fa`cel V, Habjue` V. (=33?), Phl _ohaaj gar ]umjcty Jlmreceb -

Kmembceb thl Ojmssraak thl @lkceb Rmy, Cjjceacs, Vlslmroh ^rlss

Lvlrmr` D F, Karrcs B. (=337), Lgglotcvl _ohaaj Kmemblklet ?l, Jae`ae, ^mujOhmpkme ^ufjcshceb Jt`.

Hme`y O., Mctdle V. (=33>), \e`lrstme`ceb _ohaajs ms Arbmeczmtcaes, Jae`ae,

^lebuce L`uomtcae

Kurbmtray` _, Karbme O. (=330), Patmj ]umjcty Kmemblklet me` thl _ohaaj, Aple

\ecvlrscty ^rlss

Axgar` (=33?), Axgar` @cotcaemry ag Ourrlet Lebjcsh, L`ctl` fy @ljjm Phakpsae,

Axgar` \ecvlrscty ^rlss

\ecvlrscty ag Fmth _ohaaj ag L`uomtcae (=332), Cetra`uotcae ta L`uomtcaemj

KmemblkletOaursl Eatls / _lsscaes 6, ? me` 7

Fcfjcabrmphy

Hajjy ^, _authwarth B. (=33?) Phl @lvljapceb _ohaaj,Lmst _usslx, Gmjklr ^rlss

Kmrdhmk Oajjlbl (=337) Kmrdhmk Oajjlbl _ohaajs Kmeumj, Jckm, Kmrdhmk

Oajjlbl