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Wellington City District Plan Page 1 STADIUM DESIGN GUIDE – TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction Page 2 2.0 Intention of the Design Guide 3 3.0 General Design Guidelines 4 4.0 Guidelines for Design Contexts 6 Street Context 6 Neighbourhood and Skyline Context 8 5.0 Guidelines for Building Tops 10 6.0 Guidelines for Building Bulk 11 7.0 Guidelines for Access and Connection 13 Volume 2 contents page

Stadium Planning and Construction

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Educational resource for students of Architecture, regarding stadium design principles and constructional details.Prof.S.G.Bhate.(Pune.Maharashtra.India)[email protected]@gmail.com

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Page 1: Stadium  Planning and Construction

Wellington City District Plan Page 1

STADIUM DESIGNGUIDE – TABLEOF CONTENTS

1.0 Introduction Page 2

2.0 Intention of the Design Guide 3

3.0 General Design Guidelines 4

4.0 Guidelines for Design Contexts 6

• Street Context 6

• Neighbourhood and Skyline Context 8

5.0 Guidelines for Building Tops 10

6.0 Guidelines for Building Bulk 11

7.0 Guidelines for Access and Connection 13

Volume 2 contents page

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1.0 Introduction

This design guide provides design principles to assist in achieving an appropriatelyhigh quality stadium development that makes a positive contribution to the publicenvironment.

A stadium is strongly differentiated in shape and form from all other likely types ofbuilding in the central city. It can, by its formal quality and the value of the publicfacility that it provides, set the context for future development in this part of the city.It should also allow for connection to and be part of a coherent and comprehensivespace structure within the surrounding area.

The stadium site is ideally suited for its intended use, being large, flat and also closeenough to the city to be identified with its centre and to facilitate excellent access toall modes of public transport. Furthermore this site at the harbour’s edge, defining amajor arterial route into the city, provides an ideal setting for a building that byvirtue of its scale and function alone will become a major landmark and make apositive contribution to the urban form and image of the city.

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2.0 Intention of the Design Guide

The general intention of this design guide is to facilitate the development of a majorregional stadium in the central area of the city with consideration of the quality ofthe public environment both in the local and city-wide context.

It aims to identify the significant ways in which new development can contributepositively to the public environment and is based on the premise that the uniqueform and scale of a stadium will enhance rather than detract from the urban form ofthe city.

Such a large building and its attendant structures should not adversely affect eitherthe inhabitants of the central city or the wider community. The design guideprovides a means of avoiding, mitigating or remedying adverse effects that maystem from inappropriate design.

While the applicant is required to demonstrate through the design of newdevelopment, a commitment to enhancing the public environment in the local andcity wide context, beyond this intention and in general accordance with the designguidelines, a degree of flexibility is given to designers in the preparation ofdevelopment proposals.

No precise formula exists for ensuring the skilful and innovative design of buildings.However, the provisions of this design guide require that some clear urban designprinciples are observed. Applicants will be required to demonstrate that theprovisions of this design guide have been acknowledged and interpreted and theobjectives satisfied.

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3.0 General Design Guidelines

AnalysisA general public quality underlying the design of buildings is that of legibility. Thisrefers to the degree to which the appearance of a building assists an observer todevelop an understanding of the nature and location of various activities locatedwithin it and of the general architectural intention or concept that determines theoverall design of the building.

In addition it must be recognised that while an individual building may have its owndistinct identity within the city, it is also part of the collective environment that hasbuilt up over time and contains various identifiable patterns. The qualities ofcontinuity and recognition of the definable characteristics of physical context shouldbe acknowledged in the design of any individual building within the city.Knowledge and understanding of context will lead to informed design decisions,whether those decisions are to complement or contrast with that context.

Finally the visual qualities of a building should be considered in whole as well as inpart. The design of new building should not simply result from a collage of thevarious specific design guidelines that make up this guide. Each building shouldhave its own inherent architectural integrity and a considered relationship to its placewithin the local street environment and the city in general.

Objectives

O1 To achieve a stadium and associated buildings that have a visualpresence, architectural expression and quality that is consistent withtheir public significance.

O2 To make a considered, positive and enriching contribution to the visualand experiential quality of the central city.

Guidelines

The external design of the stadium should take account of the following generalcriteria:

G1 Special purpose sports stadia, events or exhibition buildings and theirassociated and ancillary structures should be based on a coherentarchitectural concept. They should have a dynamic quality that suitablyexpresses their significance as important public gathering places andlocal or citywide landmarks, and their common role as the public face ofWellington to the wider world through mass media transmission of theevents within them.

G2 New development should not be seen as occurring in isolation. Itsdesign should recognise the place that it occupies within both the localstreetscape and the overall cityscape. This is not a requirement to mirrorestablished patterns or design types but rather the impetus to recognisethe relationship that development will have with its physical context andits role within the city. Factors to consider might include but are notlimited to:

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• the structure and spatial definition of the present and potential futurestreet and public space system

• the role of a stadium in visually marking an important corner on amajor arterial route into and from the central city

• the unique nature of the stadium building type

• the city wide public significance of a stadium

• the physical character of existing buildings and structures in theadjacent area.

G3 While the architectural composition of any stadium building will haveintegrity in its own right, it will also integrate the other design criteria ofthis guide.

G4 Significant internal spaces within buildings should be expressed in theexternal appearance of the facade except where it can be clearlydemonstrated that this is inconsistent with an otherwise acceptableoverall aesthetic concept.

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4.0 Guidelines for Design Contexts

AnalysisThe criteria that follow address the design of all development on the stadium site, itsvisual impact and effect at various heights on the character and quality of existingand new public spaces formed, and on the city as a whole.

Design Contexts

The requirements of the street context as set out in this guide will apply up to aheight of 27m.

There is a special visual relationship between the space of a street and the buildingsthat edge it. The building frontages affect the usability and quality of public space,and should be designed to support the public environment. The design of streetfacades will be required to recognise the speed of travel and close proximity of thestreet level observer. There is also a special collective relationship betweenbuildings at street level, where they are seen in close physical association with oneanother.

A series of further design criteria described in the neighbourhood and skylinecontext, will apply to all parts of the stadium that are prominent in views from thewider neighbourhood and on the skyline of the city.

This second design context acknowledges a visual relationship beyond theimmediate range of the street, and considers views from the interiors of nearbybuildings. It also acknowledges views from other parts of the central area, thesurrounding hillside suburbs and the main rail, road and sea approaches to the city.

The stadium site is in a part of the central city characterised by generally low andmedium-rise buildings. The stadium building type however, requires ancillaryelements such as lighting towers which may rise significantly above the 27m heightlimit of the adjoining areas. This is visually appropriate given the public status andsignificance of such a building, its location in the city foreground and at theharbours edge, its necessary role in defining an important corner, and its potentialcontribution as a landmark visual event on an important entrance route to the city.

Potential stadium roof structural elements, a roof perhaps increasing in heighttowards the stadium centre and covering all or part of the stadium, and potentiallighting and video towers may all be expressed on the skyline. A stadiumdevelopment will be visually prominent, and the amphitheatre will have a presenceinfluencing the overall form of the city and its collective image.

Guidelines for Street Context

Objectives

O1 To visually relate to the context of existing street frontages.

O2 To respond to the perceptual needs of people walking at ground level onimmediately adjacent streets.

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O3 To promote visual interest, avoiding monotonous, bland and excessivelyrepetitive building frontages at the street edge.

O4 To positively define and support pedestrian use of existing or new publicopen spaces including streets.

O5 To avoid the visual domination of street edges by large areas of carparking.

Guidelines

The street context applies to all stadium buildings from ground to a height of 27mabove ground level.

G1 Facades built to the street edge should complement the existingappearance of a collective street frontage where this frontage has:

• well established patterns of related or consistent building proportions

• a collection of typical or repeated architectural details or windowpatterns

• a consistent massing of frontage heights and widths.

G2 A stadium, being a unique and distinctive building type will benecessarily differentiated from its surroundings. Its frontage designshould have a considered relationship to the major compositionalelements and imagery of its immediate street context.

This relationship may be complement, or alternatively contrast wheredevelopment of landmark potential is important.

G3 Where there is little or no established building pattern or scale in anexisting street, buildings should introduce sound design precedents withcareful consideration of the observable scale and dimensions of context,creating visual interest at street level and positively defining and shapingstreets and public spaces.

G4 Buildings should be articulated to give viewers at street level visualclues as to their scale, relative size and dimensions.

G5 The large, simple form buildings likely as part of stadium developmentrequire consideration of detail, texture, contrast and the effects of lightand shadow on their surfaces to promote visual interest and diversity.

• Buildings should use projecting or recessed surfaces or elements toset up clear three-dimensional modelling that will give shape anddepth to the building facade.

• Buildings may use surface finishes, colours or patterns to achievecontrast.

• Discrete architectural or structural elements may be articulated to setup a contrast between foreground and background elements of thedesign.

• Articulation might include the ordering of various architecturalelements of a building frontage into hierarchies of relative importancein the facade and the organisation of frontage elements into overallvertical and/or horizontal compositions.

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G6 Signage including advertising should be used in a way that developsvisual interest on the stadium facades. It may be extensive, large in scaleand capable of being read from other parts of the city. Signage may beincluded on the horizontal plane of the roof. It should always bedesigned as an integral part of the building and not applied in an adhocmanner.

G7 In recognition of its size and unique plan form, the stadium will not berequired to be consistently built to the street edge. Its edges mustnevertheless positively define public open space, particularly at the bendin the Quays and along the Aotea and Waterloo Quay frontages.

G8 Those parts of buildings fronting public spaces such as pedestrianaccessways and streets should:

• present a positive front, including an entrance or entrances to thespace

• define a clear edge to the space

• provide, where possible, ground floor activities that support thepublic use of the space

• introduce a layered transition between the private interiors of thebuilding and the public space it edges.

G9 Large areas of open parking should be located away from the street edgewherever this is possible. If this is not reasonably practicable thenparking at street edges should be suitably screened with trees or otherhard or soft landscape elements of a scale and visual quality enhance theappearance of the street edges as seen from the important streets leadinginto the city. Such landscape elements should complement and enhanceimportant views of the stadium from adjoining streets and public spacesrather than obscure these views.

Guidelines for Neighbourhoodand Skyline ContextThe neighbourhood and skyline context applies to all parts of the stadiumdevelopment that have a visual presence in the wider neighbourhood and on theskyline.

Objectives

O1 To develop the landmark quality of the stadium as an important publicbuilding.

O2 To promote the efficient use and development of natural and physicalresources in Residential Areas.

O3 To promote visual interest with recognition of viewing distance andduration.

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Guidelines

G1 A stadium should introduce sound design precedents in this area wherethe established pattern is weak and there are few reference points. Toachieve this the building should:

• express visual clues as to its special nature and function as seen fromvantage points around the central city and from approaches to the city

• provide a strong, distinctive and appropriately sculptural skyline formwith the use of devices such as variation in the composition ormassing of major elements, or provision of an expressive roof formor structure and the considered design and visual integration ofstructural and other secondary visual elements that rise above itsmain roof.

G2 The stadium should enhance the quality of experience of entrance to thecity by being located at and emphasising the bend at the junction ofAotea and Waterloo Quays. It should establish a strong and dynamicvisual presence and by contrasting height, form and siting, be visiblefrom along Aotea and Waterloo Quays.

G3 The lighting design of the stadium should be designed to enhance itslandmark status at night.

G4 Within the skyline context, it becomes important that the building'ssilhouette reads strongly against a background of sky or the rest of thecity. Attention should be paid to the design strategies that will achieve adistinctive and interesting profile in order to make a positivecontribution to the skyline of the city. Views from the air and on andacross the harbour should be considered.

G5 The building should promote visual interest and diversity when viewedfrom a distance through the use of techniques such as large scalecontrast between materials and elements, pattern and elevationalmodelling. These measures should recognise that the greater viewingdistance in the neighbourhood and skyline context demands large scalearticulation. They also offer the potential for greater abstraction ordesign simplicity of detail but only where this detail is not likely to beviewed at close range.

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5.0 Guidelines for Building Tops

Analysis

The top of a stadium would be highly visible because of its elevation and large plandimensions. It will make an appreciable contribution to the overall urban form of the city.

The roofs of all large floor plate buildings create significant visual impactsregardless of their height, especially when these are viewed from elevated sitesaround the city. In this respect, low rise buildings with extensive plan dimensions -such as a stadium - can produce more significant consequences than tall buildingswhich have small footprints.

The substantial horizontal bulk that is part of the main body of a typical stadium islikely to rise above the tops of adjacent buildings. Structural elements and servicessuch as lighting and video replay screens may potentially extend significantlyfurther. The roof surfaces and planes, parapet edge and associated structures willsubstantially influence the overall appearance of the stadium. Lighting willdetermine the image of the building at night and potentially enhance its status as aregional landmark.

Not only will the top of the stadium be large and visible from other parts of the cityincluding from important approaches to the city by land, sea and air, it will also be asignificant visual element in the foreground to the harbour when viewed fromhillside suburbs and multi-storey development to the west and north.

Objectives

O1 To make a positive contribution to the skyline and roofscape of the city.

O2 To recognise and enhance the landmark status of a stadium roof or roofedge and associated elements.

Guidelines

The composition and appearance of building tops will vary but the following designcriteria will consistently apply:

G1 The architectural treatment of the stadium roof and should be a carefullyconsidered and integral part of the overall form and composition.

G2 Although the roof surfaces and edge profiles of buildings other than thestadium amphitheatre will have lesser visual impact on the overall formand distant views of the central city, their design and composition is stillimportant and needs to be considered as part of their overall design.Emphasis should be placed on their design and appearance as viewedfrom the entrance routes to the city.

G3 Building tops should be articulated with modelling, contrasting surfacetreatments or other architectural devices to as appropriate, contribute toan intricate or visually dynamic roofscape, and to avoid areas that areover-large and clearly and inappropriately “out of scale”.

G4 Stadium development lighting should be designed to make a positivecontribution to the night time appearance or “nightscape” of the city.

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6.0 Guidelines for Building Bulk

AnalysisThe stadium site in an area characterised by large warehouse type buildings. Thehorizontal scale of many of these buildings is not far removed from that of aregional stadium. A stadium is likely to be higher than most buildings in itsimmediate context, but not necessarily higher than many of the movable structuresassociated with the adjacent wharf.

In any event, the scale and in particular, the special plan form will differentiate astadium from its neighbours. This differentiation will be accentuated by the stadiumbeing most probably a discrete object set in a field of open space.

A stadium possesses a special function and desirable landmark status within the city.Despite this, a stadium building is liable to be of such a size that modification of theeffect of bulk may be required to give an appropriate sense of scale and visualcomplexity. This is particularly important in the local street context. The distantview should also be considered and in this case, any effects of excessive bulkameliorated with manipulation of large scale form elements.

The stadium will be monumental in scale and will, and should, be visible from afar.In one sense it is appropriate that a monumental building expresses its true size. Atthe level of the street, some kind of dimensional relationship with more ordinarystructures nearby (and even with human stature) is also called for. Measures toattenuate the visual effect of bulk at various levels of detail need only be applied ifthe stadium's sheer unrelieved visual mass is likely to unduly dominate adjacentpublic spaces or appear excessively intrusive within the wider context of the city.

Buildings other than the stadium amphitheatre will, by virtue of their lesser size, beinherently less visually bulky. However their design must also be considered toavoid any adverse effects on surrounding areas of unrelieved dominating visualbulk.

Objective

O1 To prevent excessive visual dominance of the local street contextthrough unrelieved building bulk while recognising the unique landmarkstatus of a regional sports stadium.

Guidelines

Where a building or part of a building is out of scale, and is liable to overwhelm orexcessively visually dominate the adjoining public environment, some or all of thefollowing design techniques may be used to modify the visual impacts of bulk.

G1 Use surface finishes, colours or patterns to set up a contrast betweenforeground and background elements of the building facade.

G2 Model the facade to introduce visual relief, with the scale of themodelled elements relating to the distances from which the relevantparts of the building are customarily viewed.

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G3 Where the overall bulk of a proposed development would undermine anestablished and valued contextual scale, relate scale or size definingelements to the relevant dimensions in the existing context.

G4 Introduce setbacks, steps or other variations in the overall form of thebuilding with the expression of structure, floor levels, circulation,significant spaces or blocks of accommodation.

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7.0 Guidelines for Access andConnection

Analysis

A sports stadium generates an occasional very high demand for pedestrian accessboth from the city and various public transport connections. The existing footpathlink along Waterloo Quay is neither sufficiently wide nor of a quality which invitespedestrian use.

This route in particular, notwithstanding the potential development of pedestrianaccess through the precinct adjoining the stadium site, will be visually, even if notactually, the main link with the central city.

In addition to provision of adequate capacity, development of pedestrian routesrequires consideration of the design of the adjacent edges of buildings and thespaces that front them to ensure that they are both amenable to pedestrian use andvisually prominent. In particular, Waterloo Quay demands visual recognition of itsstatus as a major entrance route into the city.

While improved public access is necessary along the street edge, the scale of thestadium activity and potential numbers of users will necessitate other access routes.Potential routes to parking in the port area, high level connection direct to theRailway Station and potential access over the railway lines to Thorndon Quay willameliorate crowding at peak loading times. The maximisation of connection to otherareas offers the opportunity to improve accessibility to previously remote parts ofthe central city and should be encouraged for this reason also.

The nature of future development adjacent to the stadium site is uncertain. It willhowever be of benefit to the stadium, to adjoining areas, and to the city as a whole,if development of the stadium anticipates the development of an adjoining publicspace structure. Stadium development should not preclude future pedestrian andvehicle links to this in appropriate locations.

The effectiveness of public access routes is dependent not only on their capacity andthe connections that they offer, but also on the quality of the spaces that they create.

Design should recognise not only issues such as safety (from crime as well asphysical accident) and shelter but also the speed at which pedestrians experiencesuch an environment. Environments experienced at relatively low speeds demandvisual intricacy or small scale diversity and activity in the buildings at street edges ifmonotony is to be avoided. In contrast, motorists travelling past at much higherspeeds perceive much less of the detail and will respond to the larger scale patternsapparent in the streetscape.

Objectives

O1 To provide good pedestrian access between the stadium and other partsof the central city including sources of public transport.

O2 To create public space and accessways that actively support rather thansimply allow access for people on foot.

O3 To provide improved public pedestrian access parallel to or along theedge of Waterloo Quay.

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O4 To allow for connection to and integration into any future public spacestructures in adjacent areas.

Guidelines

G1 Develop a number of public routes, designed as part of a wider publicspace structure to deal effectively with expected peak pedestrian loads.

G2 Design access routes to the stadium to be integrated into the city’spublic space structure and freely and obviously available for continuouspublic use.

G3 Spatially define and accentuate the edge of Waterloo Quay in order tostrengthen the connection between the central city and the stadium.Design measures may include the considered location of buildingfrontages or the use of rows of large scale planting to visually accentuatethis edge and the physical and visual connection.

G4 Provide a wide public footpath along the edge of Waterloo Quay anddesign with consideration of improving shelter, reducing dominance ofthis edge by traffic and improving the visual quality and experience ofusing this route on foot.

G5 Provide pedestrian amenities, shelter and street furniture along the edgesof streets and accessways to facilitate pleasant and convenient use bypedestrians.

G6 Wherever possible ensure building fronts with entrances, windows andactivity define the edges of accessways and public spaces. Large blankwalls and uninhabited spaces that do not contribute vitality or interest tothe edges of spaces should be avoided.

G7 Consider personal safety issues when designing public carparkingbuildings, and elevated pedestrian accessways. Refer to the Guidelinesfor Design Against Crime.

G8 Allow for potential connection to a public space structure within theadjoining Northern Gateway Precinct. In doing so, design to allow bothvehicle and pedestrian connection wherever this is appropriate.

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School Construction News Construction

Report, 2007 Regional Breakdown

Click here to enlarge

Source: School Construction News

Infometrics Department

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20 NSC January - February 2004

FEATURE

Hull Stadium

IN the late 1990s, Kingston-upon-Hull City Councilfloated Kingston Communications, the telephonecompany which gave Hull its distinctive creamcoloured telephone boxes, on the stock exchange.It used part of the proceeds from this sale to fundan iconic stadium and community sports facility,which would act as a flagship regeneration projectfor the city.

On a freezing cold night inDecember 2002, Hull City FCplayed a friendly footballmatch against SunderlandAFC in front of approximately25,000 spectators, and thedream had become a reality.The stadium is now home toboth Hull City FC (football) andHull FC (rugby league) as wella community ‘Learning Zone’,a pioneering partnership setup by Hull City Council and

Hull College. The complex also includes a 12-courtsports hall, two all weather hockey pitches, aBMX/skateboard area and an aviary. The buildinghas won several awards.

SITE AND INFRASTRUCTURE

The stadium is in West Park, a 78-acre formalVictorian park located a short walk away from Hullcity centre. However, the need to respect existingfeatures within the park (including a significantnumber of mature trees) and the presence ofseveral railway lines at part of the site boundaryresulted in a surprisingly tight area within whichthe stadium had to be located.

Significant civil engineering works were alsorequired, including a major sewer diversion andan elevated walkway, which spans over a numberof railway lines and brings pedestrians from thecity centre.

ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT

The architectural concept encompasses a numberof features that are unique to UK stadium design,most notably the asymmetric bowl form thatresults from having single tier stands to the north,south and east sides and a two tier main stand tothe west.

The bowl effect is enhanced by the roof line,which gently rises from its lowest point at thecentre line of the single tier east stand to its apexat the centre line of the two tier West standopposite, as well as by infilling the four corners.The roof-mounted wishbone floodlights at thesouth-east and north-east corners of the stadiumalso serve to give the stadium its identity, as wellas preventing the west stand ‘A-frame’ roofstructure from dominating the roofscape.

Other unique features include locating the mainpublic concourse (which has been described as‘cathedral like’) at first floor level, thereby freeingup commercially valuable space at ground floorlevel. Further space has been freed up by locatingthe four stair towers that serve the upper floors ofthe west stand outside the footprint of thestadium. This maximises the space available forpublic amenities and catering facilities, as well asenabling fans to walk fully around the stadium atevents where segregation is not necessary, suchas pop concerts.

Hull City Council has built a multi-purpose stadium with a steel roof

Jon Carr, Associate at Anthony Hunt Associates

Night photo from roof of Hull Royal infirmary

Main entrance to sports hall

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Arial veiw taken soon after completion

NSC January - February 2004 21

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

From a structural point of view, the asymmetricbowl form of the stadium, with part single tier,part two tier, effectively results in ‘two stadia inone’. The junction between the single tier north,south and east stands and the two tier west standis solved by gradually raising the roof level, asopposed to the normal solution of having asudden vertical step in the roof line. This results ineach half of the stadium being made of 36 frames,

each one of which is different. In total,some 3,500 tons of steel was used in theconstruction of the stadium. Given thecoastal nature of the site, the steelworkpaint system had to take into accountthe corrosive nature of airborne salts.

SETTING OUT

The orientation of the stadium waspartly determined by the need to

minimise the wind uplift forces to the largeoverhang of the west stand roof. Consequently,the prevailing winds from the south west act onthe rear elevation of the west stand.

The principal structural elements are all set outto a complex arrangement of plan curves, withdifferent radii and setting-out points defining eachelement. This arrangement ensures good viewsfrom all seats, with no spectators having to standin order to view the action in the corners (which iswhere much of the play occurs in a rugby match).

To assist construction, easting and northingcoordinates were calculated for all criticalelements, some of which were expressed as‘global positioning system’ (GPS) co-ordinates.

NORTH, SOUTH AND EAST STANDS

The superstructure to the north, south and eaststands is relatively straightforward. Steel frames at7.5m centres support a single tier of precastconcrete terracing that is accessed, via precastconcrete vomitories, from the suspendedcomposite slab and beam structure at lowerconcourse level. Overall stability is provided by acombination of frame action and bracing by theterracing raker beams. The 1.35m deep cellularroof beams cantilever up to 29m and aresupported by two columns, one at the rear of theterracing and one along the external perimeter.Polycarbonate sheeting to the tips of thecantilevers maximises sunlight to the pitch edgesand corners.

WEST STAND SUPERSTRUCTURE

The superstructure to the west stand is similar inprinciple to that of the other stands, although itdoes have two tiers of terracing and four levels ofsuspended floor. In addition to frame action andbracing by the terracing raker beams (withadditional vertical and plan bracing as required),overall stability is also provided by the stiffness ofthe 1.2m diameter concrete encased perimetercolumns.

WEST STAND ROOF

The west stand roof is probably the mostinteresting aspect of the stadium from a structuralpoint of view. Due to its significant overhang andthe presence of the upper tier, the cantileversolution used for the other stands was notappropriate here. Consequently, a stayed rafter

Erection of tubular steel A frames to weststand roof

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CREDITS

Architect (overall concept) Arup Associates (detail design) The Miller PartnershipStructural Engineer Anthony Hunt Associates Steelwork Contractors Watson Steel & WescolSteel tonnage 3,500 tonnes

22 NSC January - February 2004

FEATURE

solution was adopted, using relatively slender406mm diameter CHS stays to support box sectionrafters which are fabricated out of steel plate, andrange from 1350mm deep at their supports, downto 600mm at the tip.

The CHS stays are up to 40m long, and risegently in pairs up to the rear of the roof, wherethey meet six CHS section ‘A-frames’ whichtransfer the significant vertical and overturningforces down the stand, via terracing raker beamsand diagonal bracing hidden within partition wallsbetween hospitality boxes. To overcome potentialproblems associated with self-weight deflectionand bending moments, the CHS stays werecranked at third points so that the deflected formapproximates to a straight line.

For reasons of transportation and buildability, thetubular A-frames were fabricated at the rear of thewest stand and lifted into place as completeframes. This resulted in lifts of up to 110 tons thatlasted eight hours in some cases. In order tominimise out of balance forces, the ‘A-frames’were erected from the centre outwards. Hence, thetwo central ‘A-frames’ were erected first, and thenjoined together by erecting RHS infill purlinsbetween them. This process was subsequentlyrepeated for the two intermediate and the twoouter ‘A-frames’, after which the roof deckingcould be laid. The west side of the pitch is lit froma dedicated lighting gantry slung off the undersideof the west stand roof. Again, polycarbonatesheets at the front of the west stand roof maximisesunlight to the pitch.

DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR

In addition to football and rugby, the stadium willbe used for pop concerts. Hence, the dynamicperformance of the structure was designed tocomply with the recommendations of the newlypublished Interim Guidance report, produced bythe IStructE/DTLR/DCMS working group. Thisessentially requires that empty stands have alowest vertical natural frequency of at least 6Hz,provided that the structure can resist a horizontalload equal to 7.5% of the vertical imposed load, inaddition to the wind loads specified in Part 2 of BS6399. This should ensure that significant resonantexcitation at the second harmonic frequency ofcrowd movement is avoided. A sophisticated 3-Dcomputer model was initially created to determinethe dynamic response of the structure, the resultsof which were subsequently evaluated againstphysical tests carried out on the as-built structureby Sheffield University’s Vibration EngineeringResearch Section. The practical implications ofdesigning for pop concerts are essentially stifferprecast terracing units, stiffer steel terrace rakerbeams, and additional bracing (in both horizontaland vertical planes).

THERMAL MOVEMENT

The bowl arrangement of the stadium is such thatthe north, south, east and west stands areprevented from expanding towards (andcontracting away from) the corner areas.Consequently, the superstructure is jointed usingpairs of expansion joints at all four corners of thestadium.

PROGRAMME AND BUDGET

The main contractor was appointed in September2001, when the detailed design began. The siteworks started one month later in October 2001,and the opening match was played just 14 monthslater in December 2002. The building wasdelivered both on time and within the client’sbudget. The extremely tight programme was onlyachievable by establishing a close workingrelationship with the steelwork contractors at anearly stage in the detailed design process. Indeed,the steelwork contractors made an invaluablecontribution in terms of assisting with theconnection design and advising on buildability.

ONE YEAR ON

Since the stadium opened almost a year ago, HullCity FC and Hull FC have both seen significantincreases in their attendance figures. Further, thestadium has been ‘sold out’ for a number ofevents including an England U21 friendly, an EltonJohn concert, and a rugby league test matchbetween Great Britain and Australia. Indeed, thestadium has captured the imagination of thepeople of Hull as well as visitors to the city, manyof whom believe the ‘spectator experience’ at theKingston Communication Stadium is second to none.

Opening night - view from south-west corner

Page 38: Stadium  Planning and Construction

Modern Steel Construction / March 2000

T he success of theHillsboro Stadium projectwas based on the design team’sability to be creative in itsresponse to the owner’s (TheHillsboro Parks and RecreationDepartment) and architect’s(GBD Architects) requirements.

The owner, due to cost over-runs and a long constructionschedule, abandoned a previousdesign by another team. KPFF,along with the other team mem-bers, came up with a design thatmet both the budget for the pro-ject and the design and construc-tion schedule required by theowner. The Hillsboro Parks andRecreation Department receivedits funding for the stadium from acombination of private and publicdonations and a recentlyapproved bond measure. Whenthe overall 10-month schedulewas broken down into tasks,KPFF was left with 30 days tocomplete the design and issue biddocuments for the stadium, a sig-nificant engineering achievement.

KPFF provided structural engi-neering design and constructionservices for the Hillsboro Stadiumin Hillsboro, OR. The projectincludes a 4,000-seat bleacherstadium with a 25,000-sq. ft. roof,suspended from four steel towerslocated along the backside of thestadium. The roof partially cov-ers the bleachers and threeenclosed private press boxes that

HHiillllssbboorroo SSttaaddiiuummHHiillllssbboorroo,, OOrreeggoonn

Page 39: Stadium  Planning and Construction

overlook the multipurposeAstroturf field, which supportsbaseball, football, and soccer. Sixadditional grass softball and base-ball fields surround the stadium.

The seating was constructedusing 25’ long by 3’ 9” wide pre-cast concrete planks supported bystructural steel beams andcolumns. Below the bleachersare restrooms, concession booths,team locker rooms, and groundmaintenance and storage facili-ties. The project was designed andbuilt for the City of HillsboroParks and Recreation Departmentfor use by local high schools,youth, and adult sports organiza-tions. Completed in August of1999, the construction cost forthe stadium was $7,400,000. Thestadium included 400 tons ofstructural steel.

In order to meet the owner’sdemanding cost and budget con-straints, the design team created asimple, structurally sound, andaesthetically pleasing design usingprefabricated roof sections thatcould be installed while the sup-porting structure was built.

CCoonnccuurrrreenntt CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonnThe key to the project’s success

was that different sections of thestadium could be designed, built,and installed concurrently. The

JJuurroorrss’’ CCoommmmeennttss:: Designed and built in 10months, this stadium is aperfect blend of simple

but elegant design, econ-omy and speed through

pre-fabrication. Thecanopied roof structurestands out like a jewel.

Page 40: Stadium  Planning and Construction

The suspension rods, whichsplay out from the top of the tow-ers down to the roof structure,carry all of the gravity load of theroof system. The roof is offsetfrom the roof towers, which cre-ates an inherent eccentricity. Thesupport towers must withstandconstant overturning forcescaused by the structures’ eccen-tricity, wind, and seismic loads.Additionally, the support towerswere designed to accommodatethe unbalanced loads thatoccurred during constructionwhen an adjacent roof panel hadnot yet been lifted into place. Thiseliminated the need for shoringand provided the steel erectorwith a wide range of erectionsequences.

The seating raker beams attachto the roof towers, approximately43’ above the field at the pressbox floor, and provide stability tothe roof towers. The steel rakerbeams act as a compression strutto transfer the loads down to theconcourse level, which is 15’above the field level. The con-course level is rigidly anchored toa deep grade beam at the back ofthe stadium.

The owner was pleased withthe aesthetic quality of the systemand the design team’s ability tocreate a structural system thatcould be designed and construct-ed within the required 10-monthperiod while remaining withinthe owner’s budget. The designteam’s hard work and innovativeuse of structural steel made thisproject a success for everyoneinvolved, including the ownerand the members of the commu-nity, who will have full use of thefacility.

Modern Steel Construction / March 2000

engineers designed a canopied-roof system that was completelyindependent of the stadium seat-ing section. While the stadiumseating area was being construct-ed, the roof was also being con-structed in an adjacent field.Once the seating area was com-plete, the roof system was liftedinto place and attached to 80 sus-pension rods and 16 uplift rodssuspended from four steel towers.

The four steel roof towers werealso prefabricated in two sectionsand lifted into place. The lowersections of the towers were fabri-cated and placed prior to con-struction of the seating area.

While the seating area was beinginstalled, the upper roof towersections were being constructedand were lifted into place prior tocompletion of the roof panels.The roof panels were constructedin three 53’ by 100’ sections,which were set between the tow-ers, and two 25’ by 100’ sections,which were placed at the ends ofthe roof. Two independent craneslifted the roof panels. It tookapproximately eight hours to liftand secure each panel. The fram-ing in the wedge-shaped skylightswas installed after the main roofpanels were installed.

Page 41: Stadium  Planning and Construction

Hillsboro Stadium,Hillsboro, OROwner: The Hillsboro Parksand Recreation DepartmentArchitect: GBD Architects,Portland, ORStructural Engineer: KPFF,Portland, ORFabricator: Fought & Co.,Tigard, OR (AISC member)

Detailer: Baresel Corp. (AISC& NISD members)

General Contractor:Hoffman Construction Co.,Portland

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The Stadium Architecture for the New Global Culture Rod Sheard   

Get into the centre of the action with The Stadium, a book that takes you to some of the finest event centres across the globe. Sports fans in the United States can revisit their own home fields such as the Reliant Stadium in Houston, SBC Park in San Francisco, Oriole Park in Baltimore, and experience international attractions such as the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wembley in London, Arsenal in London, and the Olympic Stadium in Sydney. With 250 astonishing photos and 70 architectural plans, this book defines the stadium as a worldwide cultural icon.

Periplus  July 2005  

Code: 39446 | 192pp | Hb | £30.00  

This book can be found in the following categories: Building Types »  Building Types » Public » Leisure »  Design and Interiors » Interior & Building Types » Sporting » 

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Page 58: Stadium  Planning and Construction

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Stadiums. Albert Wimmer Market Places of the Future Albert Wimmer  

The work of Albert Wimmer is characterised by his incessant drive to find ideal answers to the constantly changing demands on architecture. Wimmer has set international standards with major projects in the areas of urban planning, living, working, culture and sports. His winning entry for the construction of the new Tivoli Stadium in Innsbruck was the foundation for his work in stadium construction which was followed by stadiums in Salzburg, Klagenfurt and Nicosia.

As a place where utterly diverse social milieus and cultural practices encounter one another, stadiums draw their quality primarily from their dialogue with the social, economic, cultural and regional contexts. Along with their striking architectural design element, stadiums need to make the connection between functionalism and experience, which is apparent in Albert Wimmer's designs.

Springer Wien New York  May 2008  

Code: 64539 | 159pp | Pb | £21.99  

This book can be found in the following categories: Construction and Engineering » Structure »  Design and Interiors » Interior & Building Types » Sporting »  Architects and their Work » Monographs » European Architects »  Building Types » Public » Leisure » 

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Page 59: Stadium  Planning and Construction

Stadium Seating Riser Solutions Stadium Seating Enterprises, Inc. (SSE) is the industry pioneer for the design and manufacture of prefabricated EPS Geofoam stadium seating riser solutions. SSE PREFoam EPS Geofoam Stadium Seating Riser Systems are the most cost effective and efficient systems available to design or enhance audience viewing in classroom, lecture hall, balcony, church, worship center, and movie theatre seating by creating a fast and easy method of providing levels of tiered seating riser platforms to offer an unobstructed view for the audience.

SSE has refined the design of pre-engineered tiered

stadium seating riser systems and developed the innovative SSE PREFoam stadium seating solutions that maximize cost and time savings as well as contractor productivity. SSE has developed the SSE PREFoam System, an EPS Geofoam Stadium Seating Riser System that uses simple straightforward materials and technology to meet today's criteria for tiered stadium seating design for any auditorium, balcony, lecture hall, movie theatre, or worship stadium seating arrangement. The SSE PREFoam EPS Geofoam Stadium Seating Systems are the most economical tiered seating systems on the market today. Typically

our theatre seating riser system can be installed and ready for a concrete topping slab in as little as one day per auditorium. Another advantage of the SSE PREFoam EPS Geofoam Stadium Seating Riser System is the fact that the system is easily designed to conform to virtually any platform design, shape or configuration in any auditorium, movie theatre, classroom, lecture hall, , worship center or church.

SSE PREFoam EPS Geofoam Stadium Seating Riser Systems are ideal for either new construction or retrofit situations. System flexibility is the key to our systems. The SSE Systems are equally appropriate for flat or existing sloped floor designs. SSE PREFoam EPS Geofoam Stadium Seating Riser Systems are typically installed in 50% less time than normally allocated for traditional steel stud framing systems and are the most cost effective, easy to install, contractor friendly

answer to tiered seating available.

view gallery

The typical SSE PREFoam EPS Geofoam Stadium Seating Riser System rests directly on the floor of the auditorium, classroom, lecture hall, theatre, balcony, worship center, church or other project area and is independent from

the vertical building structure. In the case of retrofit applications, that fact can greatly reduce the cost of the project, as it does not

affect current loads and capacities of the vertical building structure. Additionally, the weight of the structure, in particular the SSE PREFoam EPS Geofoam Stadium Seating Riser System is low compared to traditional methods as the

Geofoam material weighs approximately 1 lb./cu.ft.

The SSE PREFoam EPS Geofoam Stadium Seating Riser Systems are not only for

ground floorauditorium or theatre installations, but are ideal upper level installations for

theatre, church, balcony, worship center, classroom, lecture hall or any installation

requiring the fabrication of lightweight tiered seating platforms in any floor design you may

need. The SSE PREFoam System has been installed in numerous projects that were on upper floor

levels because lightweight characteristics of the EPS Geofoam and the fact the use of the EPS

Geofoam Blocks evenly distributes the weight of the stadium seating platform over the entire area covered by the tiered seating andeliminates any “point-loading” of the structural slab of the building.

Any contractor will find SSE’s PREFoam EPS Geofoam Stadium Seating Riser

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In the case of a retrofit installation, the SSE PREFoam

prefabricated stadium seating system components are easily portable due to their modular design.

The installation crew can bring all components into the space through a standard pedestrian door for a church, balcony, worship center,auditorium, movie theatre, classroom, or even a lecture hall thereby minimizing disruption toongoing operations in adjacent auditoriums, classrooms or theatres.

Unlike traditional light gauge metal stud tiered seating design and fabrication solutions, the

SSE PREFoam EPS Geofoam Stadium Seating Riser Solution design possesses excellent acousticproperties. The design is perfect for church, balcony, worship center, classroom, lecture hall

or movie theatre seating where state of the art sound acoustics are required or where they can

enhance the sound for those audiences. In addition, where the installation is on an upper

floor level with other occupancy below it, the use of the SSE PREFoam Stadium Seating System

greatly reduces the sound transfer and provides an level of acoustic barrier between the

adjacent floors. Traditional light gauge metal stud framed seating systems are hollow under the platform and the acoustical properties of thehollow space typically do not complement the audio experience and they do not provide any

sound insulation properties.

The SSE PREFoam tiered stadium seating system is the most environmentally friendly

tiered stadium seating system available today. This innovative “PREFoam System” uses Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Geofoam blocks as the structural fill material to

support the tiered seating platforms. The use of EPS in the stadium seating system as well as its

use as an insulation material in the overall construction of the building meets many of the criteria necessary for LEED certification.

The U.S. Green Building Council has developed a nationally accepted

system to rate the design, construction and operations of buildings. The USGBC’s leadership

in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a standard that recognizes the life-cycle cost of

construction and helps guide the performance of projects. The LEED rating system allows owners

to acquire credits by meeting certain conditions pertaining to the use of sustainable, energy efficient and environmentally friendly productsand systems.

The use of EPS in design and construction addresses each of these criteria

and provides a product that is both environmentally responsible and a cost efficient solution to installation of tiered stadiumseating riser systems.

Inherent in the design of the SSE PREFoam EPS Geofoam Stadium

Seating Riser System is it's flexibility to be used in conjunction with traditional metal stud

and drywall framing for usable space under the back of the stadium seating platform. The SSE

PREFoam EPP Stadium Seating Riser Systems are commonly used adjacent to and on top of a

structural deck above storage, restrooms,offices or other spaces under the platform.

A time saving advantage of the SSE PREFoam EPS

Page 60: Stadium  Planning and Construction

Stadium Seating Enterprises, Inc. 3187 Red Hill Avenue, Suite 200 Costa Mesa, CA 92626 Toll Free: 877.244.7328 Email: [email protected]

Additional contact information is contained under the Contact Us page on this site.

Geofoam Tiered Seating Riser System is that it can be typically installed by semi-skilled laborers in as little as one day per auditorium; reducing the overall cost for platform installation, construction schedule and the resulting overall construction cost associated with the project.

Due to their modular nature as well as design and attachment characteristics, the

prefabricated Stadium Seating Riser System will minimize installation time and manpower required for auditorium, church, balcony, worship center, classroom, lecture hall & movie theatre seating riser systems. The installation of the Geofoam used for the structural support of the

SSE PREFoam tiered seating risers is similar to stacking "Lego type" blocks made of EPS to form the tiered seating platforms. In addition, because the PREFoam riser platform components are installed much later in the construction sequence than is customary with traditional steel stud or other means of providing tiered seating platforms, the contractor is able to keep the floor barrier free to allow ease of work on a rolling scaffold or scissor lift.

Please review the information contained on this website. This site contains technical data, photographs of church, movie theatre, auditorium, classroom, and lecture hall stadium seating riser design and fabrication solutions, and comments by our past clients relating to our design, service and product as well as broad overviews of our experience and approach to project delivery.

If you would like personal and

responsive service and further detailed

information on our products or a cost estimate for your stadium seating project, pleasecontact:

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