SCOPE 43

Stable Isotopes

Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment

SCOPE

Executive Committee, elected 10 June 1988

Officers

President: Professor F. di Castri, CEPE/CNRS, Centre L. Emberger, Routede Mende, BP 5051, 34033 Montpellier Cedex, France.

Vice-President: Academician M. V. Ivanov, Institute of Microbiology, USSRAcademy of Sciences, GSP-7 Prospekt 60 letija Oktjabrja 7, 117811Moscow, USSR.

Vice-President: Professor C. R. Krishna Murti, Scientific Commission forContinuing Studies on Effects of Bhopal Gas Leakage on Life Systems,Cabinet Secretariat, 2nd floor, Sardar Patel Bhavan, New Delhi 110001,India.

Treasurer: Doctor T. E. Lovejoy, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC20560, USA.

Secretary-General: Professor J. W. B. Stewart, Saskatchewan Institute ofPedology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7NOWO Saskat-chewan, Canada.

Members

Professor M. O. Andreae (IUGG representative), Max-Planck-Institut fUrChemie, Postfach 3060, D-6500 Mainz, FRG.

Professor M. A. Ayyad, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Mohar-ram Bey, Alexandria, Egypt.

Professor R. Herrera (lUBS representative), Centro de Ecologia y CienciasAmbientales (IVle), Carretera Pan american a km. 11, Apartado 21827,Caracas, Venezuela.

Professor M. Kecskes, Department of Microbiology, University of Agricul-tural Sciences, Pater K. utca 1, 2103 G6d6116, Hungary.

Professor R. O. Slatyer, School of Biological Sciences, Australian NationalUniversity, PO Box 475, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.

SCOPE 43

Stable Isotopes:Natural and AnthropogenicSulphur in the Environment

Edited by

H. R. Krouse

Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Calgary,Canada

and

V. A. Grinenko

Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry,Moscow, USSR

f,f-<~' ~

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Published on behalf of theScientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE)

of theInternational Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU)

in collaboration with the' United Nations Environment Programmeby

JOHN WILEY & SONS

Chichester. New York. Brisbane. Toronto. Singapore

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Copyright @ 1991 by the Scientific Committee on the Problems of the Environment(SCOPE)

All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced by any means,or transmitted, or translated into a machine languagewithout the written permission of the publisher.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Printed and bound in Great Britain byBiddies Ltd, Guildford, Surrey

Global Environment Monitoring, 1971, 68 pp (out of print)

Man-Made Lakes as Modified Ecosystems, 1972, 76 pp (out of print)

Global Environmental Monitoring System's (GEMS): Action Plan forPhase 1, 1973, 132 pp (out of print)

SCOPE 4: Environmental Sciences in Developing Countries, 1974, 72 pp (out ofprint)

Environment and Development, proceedings of SCOPE/UNEP Symposium onEnvironmental Sciences in Developing Countries, Nairobi, February 11-23, 1974,418 pp (out of print)SCOPE 5: Environmental Impact Assessment: Principles and Procedures, Second

Edition, 1979, 208 ppSCOPE 6: Environmental Pollutants: Selected Analytical Methods, 1975, 277 pp

(out of print)

SCOPE 7: Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulphur: Global Cycles, 1975, 129 pp (outof print)

SCOPE 8: Risk Assessment of Environmental Hazard, 1978, 132 pp (out of print)

SCOPE 9: Simulation Modelling of Environmental Problems, 1978, 128 pp (outof print)Environmental Issues, 1977, 242 pp (out of print)

Shelter Provision in Developing Countries, 1978, 112 pp (out of print)

Principles of Ecotoxicology, 1978, 372 pp (out of print)The Global Carbon Cycle, 1979, 491 pp (out of print)Saharan Dust: Mobilization, Transport, Deposition, 1979,320 pp (outof print)Environmental Risk Assessment, 1980, 176 pp (out of print)

Carbon Cycle Modelling, 1981,404 pp (out of print)

Some Perspectives of the Major Biogeochemical Cycles, 1981, 175 pp(out of print)

SCOPE 18: The Role of Fire in Northern Circumpolar Ecosystems, 1983, 344 pp(out of print)

SCOPE 19: The Global Biogeochemical Sulphur Cycle, 1983,495 pp (out of print)SCOPE 20: Methods for Assessing the Effects of Chemicals on Reproductive

Functions, 1983,568 pp (out of print)

The Major Biogeochemical Cycles and Their Interactions, 1983,554 ppEffects of Pollutants at the Ecosystem Level, 1984, 460 pp

The Role of Terrestrial Vegetation in tbe Global Carbon Cycle:Measurement by Remote Sensing, 1984, 272 pp

SCOPE 24: Noise Pollution, 1986, 466 pp

SCOPE 25: Appraisal of Tests to Predict the Environmental Behaviour ofChemicals, 1985, 400 pp

SCOPE 26: Methods for Estimating Risks of Chemical Injury: Human and Non-Human Biota and Ecosystems, 1985, 712 pp

SCOPE 27: Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate andSociety, 1985, 650 pp

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Environmental Consequencesof Nuclear WarVolume I Physical and Atmospheric Effects, 1986, 400 ppVolume II Ecological and Agricultural Effects, 1985, 563 ppThe Greenhouse Effect, Climatic Change, and Ecosystems, 1986,574 ppMethods for Assessing the Effects of Mixtures of Chemicals, 1987,928 ppLead, Mercury, Cadmium and Arsenic in the Environment, 1987,384 pp

Land Transformation in Agriculture, 1987, 552 ppNitrogen Cycling in Coastal Marine Environments, 1988, 478 pp

Practitioner's Handbook on the Modelling of Dynamic Change inEcosystems, 1988, 196 pp

Scales and Global Change: Spatial and Temporal Variability inBiospheric and Geospheric Processes, 1988, 376 pp

Acidification in Tropical Countries, 1988, 424 pp

Biological Invasions: A Global Perspective, 1989, 528 ppEcotoxicology and Climate with Special Reference to Hot and ColdClimates, 1989, 432 pp

Evolution of the Global Biogeochemical Sulphur Cycle, 1989, 242 pp

Methods for Assessing and Reducing Injury from Chemical Accidents,1989, 320 pp

Short-Term Toxicity Tests for Non-genotoxic Effects, 1990, 360 pp

Biogeochemistry of Major World Rivers, 1991, 380 ppStable Isotopes: Natural and Anthropogenic Sulphur in the Environ-ment, 1991, 464 pp

Ecosystem Experiments, 1991

Methods for Assessing Exposure of Human and Non-Human Biota,1991

SCOPE 46: Long-Term Ecological Research, 1991

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International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU)Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE)

SCOPE is one of a number of committees established by a non-governmental group of scientific organizations, the International Council ofScientific Unions (ICSU). The membership of ICSU includes representativesfrom 74 National Academies of Science, 20 International Unions, and 26other bodies called Scientific Associates. To cover multidisciplinary activitieswhich include the interests of several unions, ICSU has established 10scientific committees, of which SCOPE is one. Currently, representatives of35 member countries and 20 international scientific bodies participate in thework of SCOPE, which directs particular attention to the needs of developingcountries. SCOPE was established in 1969 in response to the environmentalconcerns emerging at that time; ICSU recognized that many of theseconcerns required scientific inputs spanning several disciplines and ICSUUnions. SCOPE's first task was to prepare a report on Global EnvironmentalMonitoring (SCOPE 1, 1971) for the UN Stockholm Conference on theHuman Environment.

The mandate of SCOPE is to assemble, review, and assess the informationavailable on man-made environmental changes and the effects of thesechanges on man; to assess and evaluate the methodologies of measurementof environmental parameters; to provide an intelligence service on currentresearch; and by the recruitment of the best available scientific informationand constructive thinking to establish itself as a corpus of informed advicefor the benefit of centres of fundamental research and of organizations andagencies operationally engaged in studies of the environment.

SCOPE is governed by a General Assembly, which meets every threeyears. Between such meetings its activities are directed by the ExecutiveCommittee.

Funds to meet SCOPE expenses are provided by contributions from SCOPECommittees, an annual subvention from ICSU (and through ICSU, fromUNESCO), contracts from the French Ministere de I'Environment, contractswith International Agencies, particularly UNEP, and grants from Foundationsand industrial enterprises.

Executive Secretary: V. Plocq

Secretariat:51Bid deMontmorency75016 PARIS

R.E.MunnEditor-in-Chief

SCOPE Publications