STAAR / EOC Review 2012-2013

Types of Maps Physical

• landforms, bodies of water, etc. Political

• Man made borders/boundaries Historical Thematic Population Density Maps Resource or product maps

Latitude and Longitude Latitude -Horizontal, run parallel and measure

north and south Equator -Zero degrees latitude

Longitude –meet at the poles and measure east and west

Prime Meridian –zero degrees longitude

Using Latitude and Longitude-Find the Latitude 30°N

-Find the Longitude 95°W-What city is this point close to?

Earth’s Seven Continents

Antarctica North America South America Africa Europe Asia Australia

Oceans

Atlantic Pacific Indian Arctic *Southern

Major Seas & Gulfs

Mediterranean Black Sea Red Sea Persian Gulf Gulf of

Mexico

Major Mountain Ranges

Himalayas Rockies Andes Alps Urals Atlas Appalachians

Major Rivers Mississippi Rio Grande St. Lawrence Amazon Nile Rhine

Danube Tigris Euphrates Volga Ganges Yangtze

The Nile’s periodic flooding provided invaluable siltfor the ancient Egyptians

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=joc2zSwdXq3L-M&tbnid=2PaFmo4lyIQazM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.siswebs.org/water/story.php?title=Major_river_basins_of_the_world&ei=ReVxUbP8MoLK9gTpp4GYCQ&bvm=bv.45512109,d.eWU&psig=AFQjCNGvA4_qgzQBV6Vib-WavD6MlNcbSw&ust=1366504701390422

Layers of the Earth Hydrosphere Atmosphere Biosphere Lithosphere or crust Mantle Outer Core Inner Core

Plate Tectonics

Moved by convection in the mantle

Plate Tectonic Theory: the Earth’s lithosphere is divided into large slabs of rock known as tectonic plates

Types of Plate Boundaries

Weathering

Mechanical• Breaking rock into

smaller rock

Chemical• Actually forming a

new substance (like rust)

Hydrosphere

Tides and Currents Tides

• Bulges in the ocean caused by gravitational pull

Currents• Circulate warm

and cold water that regulate the Earth’s temp.

LAMECOWS Latitude

• Affects amount of sun radiation• Zones of latitude (high, mid, low)

Air Pressure• Caused by unequal heating of earth’s surface• High=cold• Low=warm

Mountain Barriers• Rain shadow Effect: Mountains block wind and rain

Elevation• Increase in elevation = Decrease in temperature

LAMECOWS Continental Location

• Coastline has a stable temperature

• Interior of continent has extreme temperatures (hotter & colder)

Ocean Currents

Wind Belts

Storms• Occur during low

pressure conditions• Front = two air

masses with different temps meet

Wind Video

Seasons

The earth’s tilt and revolution cause different parts of the Earth, to receive different amounts of sunlight

Zones of Latitude

Climate Regions

Human-Environment Interaction

GIS and Disasters Systems that merge info from satellites &

land based sources

Helps pinpoint hazards & warncitizens/officialsof danger

GIS software commercial

What is Culture?

A peoples way of life… Customs Roles Institutions Religions Gender Roles Family Structure Language Technology

Institutions

Organizations developed to make social roles clear

World Religions

Religion Video

Southwest Asia Monotheistic Religions

Judaism • Oldest monotheistic• Founded by Abraham • Holy book is the Torah (1st 5 books of the old testament)

Christianity• Christians believe that Jesus was God’s son on Earth & died

for our sins• Holy book is the Bible (old & new testament)

Islam• Founded by the prophet Muhammad• Holy book is the Koran• Follow the 5 pillars of faith

South Asian Religions Hinduism

• Oldest major religion• Follows the caste system

Buddhism• No god is worshiped• The goal is to reach nirvana through the 8 fold

path• Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)

Sikhism• Monotheistic• Combine Hindu and Muslim beliefs(believe in reincarnation, but also in one god)

Animism

Belief that many things in nature have their own spirit

Native Americans Japanese – Shinto Central Africa

Social Structure Social mobility –how

easy is it to improve your social class?

Caste System

US Society

Multicultural Societies Ethnic Group

• Group sharing common ancestry & common culture

Homogeneous societies• Almost everyone belongs to the

same ethnic group Multicultural or heterogeneous

• Mix of people and cultures Minority

• A group other than the dominate group

• Ethnic prejudice• Genocide or ethnic cleansing

The former Yugoslavia

Regions Cultural

• Characteristics of the people living there

• Ex. The “middle east” Formal

• Clear boundaries/borders• Ex. The USA

Functional• An area that works together• Ex. Greater Houston area

Perceptual• Based on people’s attitudes

& emotions• Ex. “deep south” or “the

midwest”

Demography The study of populations, where and

why they settle Factors

• Landforms• Climate• Nearness to water• Natural resources• Economies• Technology

Industrialization & Urbanization Pre-industrial

• Nomads• Agriculture• Rise in urban-type cultures

After the industrial revolution• Rapid urbanization• Cities became more business oriented

Current Population Trends• Massive population growth after the start of

the industrial revolution (1700- 1800’s)• Spread of new and better medical practices

Population Density Maps

Dot Population Map

Always make sure you DOUBLE check you key!

Population Pyramids Shows age and sex distribution

Migration - Push & Pull Factors

Social• Religious

persecution• Closer to family

Political• Wars• Citizens’ rights

Economic• New job• Factory shuts down

Environmental• Famine

Forced Migration

Cultural Diffusion & Convergence

Spatial exchange• Ideas, products,

customs, etc. Spread from place to another.

Convergence• Different cultures

become more similar

Silk Road Ancient trade route between east Asia and Europe

Columbian Exchange

Diffusion that resulted from European voyages to the Americas

Pandemics Widespread exchange of diseases

Plague Video

Recent examples of diffusion and convergence

Democratic ideas• A large number of countries began to switch in the

mid 1980’s English

• Many countries learn English as a second language• More than a billion people understand English

New Technology• With the internet, more and more people have

access to technology Sports

• The Olympics and World cup soccer are just a few worldwide sporting events

Cultural Divergence

Different parts of a cultural region are exposed to different influences & become dissimilar• Ex. The split of the

Roman empire with exposure to the Germanic tribes

• Ex. Rwanda with the Belgium colonization

•

Innovations through technology Transportation

• In the 1700’s the steam engine powered ships and trains and drastically changed travel

• The transcontinental railroad gave safer, faster access to the west

• Cars and airplanes used the combustion engine which was developed in the early 1900’s

Types of Governments Monarchy

• Royal family• Constitutional Monarchy (Great Britain)

Republic • No king/queen or dictator• Democracy – people make decisions• Direct & representative Democracies

Dictatorships• Ruled by one person• Totalitarian – total control

Theocracy• Ruled by religious leaders

Nations Political Power

• Each government establishes clear boundaries over which it asserts its authority

Borders can change with conflict p.243• Ex. Poland• Ex. Israel and Palestine

Sovereign Government• A government has the

final control over what happens within it’s borders

International Relations Balance of Power

• The idea that if a country becomes too strong, the other countries will band together against it

United Nations• The UN security council has the power

to send forces to areas of conflict European Union

• Created for ease of trade• Common currency & support

United Nations

European Union

Nationalism The belief that each nation should

have it’s own government Strong sense of pride in your country Patriotism is the belief that we should

obey our nations laws and rally to it’s defense

Economic Systems Traditional Socialist Communist Free Enterprise, Free Market, or

Capitalism Mixed Economies

Traditional Based on how ancestors

have meet their needs Barter system Subsistence agriculture

• Farming enough to feed your family, not for selling

Amish Farmers

Free Enterprise Supply and Demand drives the market

• When demand is high, sellers charge more $ Little government regulation

Free Enterprise Producers struggle for the

dollars of consumers. This competition regulates

price and brings better quality products

It all happens without a government plan. This phenomenon is called “the invisible hand”

Adam Smith

Communism All means of production are

controlled by the government

Based off of Karl Marx’s idea that capitalism put the wealth in the hands of a few

Eliminates competition which makes innovation stagnate

Karl Marx

Socialism Where the government controls

some major industries, but leaves others for private business

Examples• CITGO is the national oil company of

Venezuela• Government run healthcare

Mixed Economies

There are very few, if any, economies that aren’t mixed in some form

Continuum of Mixed EconomiesCommunist Free Enterprise

Source: 1999 Index of Economic Freedom, Bryan T. Johnson, Kim R. Holmes, and Melanie Kirkpatrick

Iran

North KoreaCuba

ChinaRussia Greece Peru United States

South Africa France United Kingdom

Canada Singapore

Hong Kong

Socialist

Human Development Index Less

• Countries with lower standards of living and less and less advanced technologies

Mid or Newly Industrialized• On the move from less developed to

more High

• Countries with more advanced economies

Demographic Indicators Life expectancy Mortality rates Birth rates Infant mortality rates

Countries that are less developed usually have a lower life expectancy

and higher infant mortality

Economic Indicators GDP

• Total value of good and services produced by a country

GDP per capita• The average per person of the value of good and

services produced by a country Others

• Cars• Phones• TVs• Computers

Social/Political Indicators Literacy rates Voting rights Human rights Tolerance for different points of view

Levels of Economic Activity Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quaternary

Natural• A huge advantage for countries who are rich in

natural resources Human

• Some countries like China have a large number of workers who are willing to work for much lower wages

Capital• Goods used to make other goods or services• infrastructure

Entrepreneurship• People who bring together the productive

resources

Productive Resources

Trade Trade Agreements

• These reduce tariffs and make trade easier

• NAFTA (North American Free Trade Association)

• European Union Common currency Members can live and

work in any EU country without restriction

Outsourcing

Hiring other companies, often overseas, to provide production services

outsourcing along with free trade agreements are a big part of what makes globalization possible