SSN PROGRAMS FOR

RESILIENCE BUILDING AND

PRODUCTIVE INCLUSION

Social Safety Nets Core Course 2018

Carlo del Ninno

Janet Heisey

Katharine McKee

May 8, 2018

PROGRAM FOR THIS SESSION

Designing an Integrated Package of

accompanying measures for Productive

Inclusion through the Sahel ASP Program

video

Overview and Introduction

BUILDING HOUSEHOLD RESILIENCE

Households use a variety of strategies to deal with risks of shocks Coping, income diversification, asset accumulation, formal and informal insurance

But large welfare cost of risk and shocks remainLarge and persistent welfare impacts on nutrition after drought in Southern Africa

Adverse coping mechanisms can have long term welfare effects on education

Potential expected profits are sacrificed for lower risk Cost from ex ante risk management might be higher than cost of shocks (Zimbabwe, Niger, Kenya,

etc)

The costs of not protecting the poor are high and last long into the future (Ethiopia, Burkina Faso, etc.)

8 May 2018

2

Why it is important ?

Improve the ability to cope with

shocks ex ante and manage

future risks beyond the short-

term

THE ROLE OF PRODUCTIVE INCLUSION

Boost resilience through livelihoods that support higher earnings and

productivity among the poor

The poor are mostly self-employed in agricultural or non-agricultural

employment and face multiple constraints

Constraints• Vulnerability

• No Access to FinanceFailing Credit Markets

• Shortage of Skills

• Lack of Information

• Psychosocial constraints

Remedies• Consumption support

• Savings promotion

• Capital injections

• training

• Coaching– life skills workshop, community

sensitization

The Whole is Greater than the Sum of its Parts: tackling

relevant constraints all at once build resilience for long lasting

impacts8 May 2018 3

INTEGRATED MODELS CAN BE EFFECTIVE

Combining cash transfers and productive interventions can improve earnings,

livelihoods diversification and resilience (“cash+”):

Encouraging evidence from Nicaragua (productive grant + training); Niger

(cash support + savings)…

The CGAP/BRAC integrated approach (Evaluation - Science 2015)

12 mth CT

Livestock

(goats,

chicken)

3-day

training +

house visits

over 24 mth

-0.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

Endline 1 Endline 2

Impact on income after 2

years and after 3 years

8 May 2018 4

HAVE LONG-TERM INCOME AND REVENUES

IMPACT (WEST BENGAL)

Differences between benef. and non benef. increase over

time

Beneficiaries seem to be on a trajectory to exit poverty

13 16.6

48.5

25.2 37.7 5

9.7

57.3

5.2 8.7

4

61.2 7

8.3

207.5

27.8

7 52.1

107.9

64.4

4

9.4

5

18

E L 1 E L 2 E L 3 E L 1 E L 2 E L 3 E L 1 E L 2 E L 3

H H L I V E S T O C K R E V E N U E , MO N T H

H H N O N - F A R M MI C R O -E N T E R P R I S E I N C O ME ,

MO N T H

H H I N C O ME F R O M P A I D L A B O R , MO N T H

US

D 2

01

4 P

PP

Control TUP

2.7

7

3.3

7

4.7

4

2.9

8

3.6

6

6.3

3

E L 1 E L 2 E L 3

S E L F - R E P O R T E D E C O N O MI C S T A T U S 1 / 1 0

Beneficiaries

Non-

beneficiaries

2y 3y 7y

Beyond 2 or 3 years: what happens after 7 years?

Does the impact dissipate? Plateau?

8 May 2018 5

HOW TO ADAPT AND DELIVER THE

MODEL?

A few questions to reflect on:

How can productive inclusion programs be implemented at scale?

How to integrate them within social protection systems?

How to identify the relevant constraints that need to be addressed depending

on the country of intervention?

Productive Accompanying Measures to

Safety Nets in the Sahel ASP Program:

the case of Niger

Building Household Resilience

through Productive Inclusion

THE SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION

PROGRAM (ASPP)

• Objective: increase access to effective adaptive social protection systems for

poor and vulnerable populations in Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger,

and Senegal.

• Funded by a Multi Donor Trust Fund Supported by DFID (£43m), AFD (EU6m)

which complements a large bank IDA portfolio (US250m), and supports bank-

executed technical assistance and analytical activities

• Time frame: 2014-2019.

Country Project name

Number of

beneficiaries

Government

Funding

ASPP

Funding

IDA/IBRD

Funding

Burkina

Faso

Social Safety Net

Project

255,000 0 6 50

Chad Chad Safety Nets

Project

15,200

(households)

0 5 5

Mali Emergency Safety

Nets Project

450,000 0 10 70

Mauritania Mauritania Social

Safety Net System

25,000

(households)

10 4 15

Niger Niger Safety Net

Project

126,500

(households)

0 8.5 92.5

Senegal Senegal Safety Net

Operation

759,000 138 11.05 40.5

8 May 2018 8

HOW TO DESIGN A COMPREHENSIVE

PACKAGE OF ACCOMPANYING

MEASURES?

Collaborative effort• Between Sahel ASPP teams across countries (Burkina

Faso, Chad, Niger, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal)

• Support from regional WB team and thematic experts

Multi-country impact evaluation• To assess impact and draw lessons

9

DIAGNOSTIC

DESIGN

IMPLEMENTATION

Qualitative Quantitative Constraints Stakeholder

study assessment survey engagement

Literature review of Regional and country Regional

evaluative evidence consultations workshop

March 2016 July 2016

August 2016 October 2016

Preparation of Operational/implementation Procurement/Launch

activities arrangements recruitments

November 2016 March/April 2017

Policy Questions/ Survey instruments Baseline survey Follow-Up Survey

EVALUATION

Regional effort to design and learn from implementation of productive accompanying measures

August 2016 July 2017

8 May 2018 10

Diagnostic and Analysis of constraints to more Productive Employment

• Qualitative tools

‒ Toolkit used in Liberia and Côte d’Ivoire, adapted to assess constraints to more productive livelihoods for safety nets beneficiaries in the Sahel

‒ Focus groups + key informant interviews

‒ Contrasts: male//female; extreme poor//less poor; connected to//distant from markets

‒ Themes: quality of Income-generating activities, constraints to productivity, priorities for interventions

‒ Coverage: 5 countries

• Quantitative tools

‒ Quantitative survey module with specialized quantitative tool to analyze constraints

‒ Coverage: 3 countries

8 May 2018 11

Consultations and Regional workshop to prioritize constraints and design productive

accompanying measures based on local experience and studies

Diagnostic: Identification of constraints by country

BURKINA MALI MAURITANIA NIGER SENEGAL CHAD

Access to capital 1 1 1 1 2 2

Skills (technical and

micro-

entrepreneurship)

2 3 2 3 3 4

Access to markets 4 4 5 3

Access to inputs 3 2 5 1

Behaviors and

aspirations

4 4 1 5

Social norms 5 2 4

Others Risk

management

5

Basic

infrastructure

3

Cost of

production

factors (rent,

utilities)

5

Substantial overlap in constraints by country, points to core cross-cutting issues

to tackle across countries

8 May 2018 12

1. Creation of beneficiary groups and coaching• Creation of beneficiary groups (if not existing already)

• Identification of coaches (community-level resource person) to accompany

beneficiaries‒ Coaches facilitate mobilization

‒ Coaches provide technical assistance to groups and individuals

2. Village Savings and Loan Associations (VSLA/AVEC)• Adaptation of VSLA/AVEC model to integrate as part of safety nets programs.

3. Community sensitization on aspirations and social norms• Projection of a video documentary on individual successful with their

productive investment

• 1-2 discussions on aspirations and inclusion with the whole community

8 May 2018 13

Design

The ASPP package of accompanying measures (1)

4. Life skills training• Group-based, 7 half-days course, targeted to illiterate populations

• Addresses topics such as self-esteem and personal initiative, aspirations and social

norms

5. Microentrepreneurship training• Group-based, 7 half-days course, targeted to illiterate populations

• Cross-cutting transferable skills to manage agricultural / non-agricultural activities

• Includes a simple planning tool for the use of the cash grant

6. Cash grants• One-off transfer of ~70% of yearly per capita consumption (80 000 FCFA)

• Delivered in cash to individual beneficiaries: flexibility and practicality

7. Access to markets• Facilitation of group-buying of inputs

8 May 2018 14

Design

The ASPP package of accompanying measures (2)

Multi-country impact evaluation ongoing in 4 countries (Burkina Faso, Mauritania,

Niger, Senegal).

Objectives: learning jointly about the effectiveness and optimal design of the

productive package

Key Questions:

1. How effective is the package?‒ Measure value-added beyond providing cash transfers only

2. Are psycho-social interventions needed to facilitate productive inclusion of poor

households?‒ Measure value-added of package with and without community sensitization on social

norms and life skills training

3. What is the most cost-effective package?‒ Test with and without complementary cash grants

Multi-country Impact Evaluation (ongoing)

8 May 2018 15

T1: Social Package

(core measures+

psycho-social

sensitization and

training)

T2: Capital Package

(Core measures+ cash

grants)

T3: Complete Package

(Core measures +

psycho-social

sensitization and training

+ cash grants)

T0: Control without

productive measures

(No accompanying

measures)

3. Community

Sensitization

4. Life Skills

Training

7. Facilitation

de l’accès aux

marchés

5.

Formation

GERME

2. AVEC1 Coaching

7. Facilitation

de l’accès aux

marchés

5.

Formation

GERME

2. AVEC1 Coaching

6. Cash Grant 3. Community

Sensitization

4. Life Skills

Training

7. Facilitation

de l’accès aux

marchés

5.

Formation

GERME

2. AVEC1 Coaching

6. Cash Grant

8 May 2018 16

Options being piloted and tested

– all delivered to existing cash transfer beneficiaries

NIGER: CASH TRANSFER PROGRAM

Cash transfer program supports chronic poor and vulnerable households by

providing regular income transfers and encourage investments in human

capital.

Monthly transfers of $20 (10.000 FCFA) per month for 24 months (Equivalent to

15% of poverty line)

Geographical selection of poorest communes, and proxy-means test to identify

chronic poor households in selected villages

Transfers are provided directly to women

• In polygamous households transfers are given to first wife

17

NIGER: CASH TRANSFERS + ACCOMPANYING

MEASURES

A “behavioral change component” (BCC, Volet

Comportemental) seeks to foster behavioral

changes among parents and encourage

investments in young children’s human

capital

“Productive Accompanying Measures” to

encourage the formation of women’s groups

and informal saving mechanisms • Seek to facilitate investments in income-generating

activities and diversification

8 May 2018 18

Implementation/Delivery arrangements

• Implementation modalities vary in each country. The regional ASPP activity

provides technical assistance, facilitate development of tools and training of

trainers

• In Niger, the Safety Nets Unit includes a national office, offices in each region, and

staff at the commune level (field operators).

• Field operators facilitate the selection of community-level resource people

(coaches) by the communities, and train/supervise them.

• Community-level resource people facilitate savings group, coach beneficiaries and

facilitate access to inputs.

• Community sensitizations are contracted to specialized facilitators

• Micro-entrepreneurship and life skills trainings are contracted to specialized

NGOs/trainers

• Cash grants payments are performed through the payment system for the cash

transfer program8 May 2018 19

Beneficiaries

Cellule Filets Sociaux Regional

Antenna

Communal Field Workers

Community

Resource

Person

(Coach)

NGOTraining

providers

contract

trainpay

train

coach,

facilitate savingschose

SuperviseKey Coverage/Delivery

Parameters

17 communes

249 villages

15700 beneficiaries

28 Communal Field

Workers

250 Community Resource

People

6 facilitators for

community sensitization

70 trainers for micro-

entrepreneurship and life-

skills training

20

Delivery model in Niger