μSR at ISIS: the first 25 years.

Steve Cox - STFC

A brief history of the ISIS muSR facility is set against datelines in contemporary science, showing how

we responded to topical issues, needs and discoveries – sometimes well, sometimes not so well, and

sometimes leading the field…

Datelines for µSR at ISIS

1976 1978 1979 1980

SNS

muon

source

mooted

CERN µSR

collaboration

founded

(Uppsala,

Grenoble,

Parma,

Munich)

µSR 1

Rorschach

KEK-BOOM

on-line

ZF µSR

µSR 2

Vancouver

First SNS

neutrons

Webster

Chemistry

review

µSR 3

Shimoda

Cox to CERN

?CERN + SIN

(NB. mu-mesons discovered in cosmic rays 1937, parity violation in muon decay 1957, acronym µSR devised 1974)

RL→RAL

Datelines for µSR at ISIS

1976 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983

SNS

muon

source

mooted

Eton,

de Renzi

join RAL

CERN µSR

collaboration

founded

(Uppsala,

Grenoble,

Parma,

Munich)

µSR 1

Rorschach

Beam design,

scientific case1

KEK-BOOM

on-line

ZF µSR

µSR 2

VancouverWebster

Chemistry

review

Research Council

refusal!2

EC refusal!3

Falklands war ...

µSR 3

Shimoda

Cox to CERN

RL→RAL SRC→SERC

1984 1985 1986 1987

EC success!

“Stimulation Action...”

Grenoble4, Parma,

Uppsala, Munich...

Abragam’s

LCR proposal5

Building, scavenging5...

µSR’86

Uppsala

DAY-1

first ISIS muons

(23rd March)6

First SNS

Neutrons

…ISIS is born!

“DIZITAL”

1984 1985 1986 1987

EC success!

“Stimulation Action...”

Grenoble4, Parma,

Uppsala, Munich...

Abragam’s

LCR proposal5

First SNS neutrons

... ISIS is born

Building, scavenging5...

µSR’86

Uppsala

DAY-1

first ISIS

muons

(23 March)6

Cuprate High-Tcs!

2004

1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Davis...

DIZITAL

Ayres de Campos...

Iberian lecture tour

Cold Fusion!

Berlin Wall down

Mandela released

Gulf War

UPPSET

Dissolution

of USSR

Magnetism, Er, Gd, intermetallics...

Magnetism versus superconductivity

Spin-glasses, stretched exponentials

Diffusion in Pd, Ag, Pt, Pb, Mo − “difficult” metals

RF, illumination

DLTS

1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Davis...

DIZITAL

Ayres de Campos...

Iberian lecture tour?

Cold Fusion!

Berlin Wall down

Mandela released

Gulf War

UPPSET

Dissolution

of USSR

Magnetism, Er, Gd, intermetallics...

Magnetism versus superconductivity

Spin-glasses, stretched exponentials

Diffusion in Pd, Ag, Pt, Pb −“difficult” metals,

RF, illuminationEr

DLTSGd

Proposals, allocations

1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

Davis...

MuSR

Ayres de Campos...

Iberian lecture tour?

Cold Fusion!

Berlin Wall down

Mandela released

Gulf War

UPPSET

Dissolution

of USSR

Mu@C60

Mu@C70

Magnetism, Er, Gd, intermetallics...

Magnetism versus superconductivity

Spin-glasses, stretched exponentials

Diffusion in Pd, Ag, Pt, Pb −“difficult” metals,

Fullerenes + derivatives

2005 image!

1993

µSR’93 MauiLAMPF muon beam

shut down

ESR finds HC60

GaAs

LAMPF

1011 muons!

ISIS

1993

µSR’93 MauiLAMPF muon beam

shut down

ESR finds HC60

Pulses divided in

beamline switchyard

Cottrell joins

EMU commissioned

1993 1994

Pulses divided in

beamline switchyard

Cottrell joins

EMU commissioned

SERC→EPSRC

µSR’93 Maui

1993 1994 1995 1996

Cottrell joins 1st RF

resonances

Pulses divided in

Beamline switchyard

EMU commissioned

RIKEN-RAL

first beam

Good news, bad news...

Grants...

Neville Mott

(1905-1996)

Argus

commissioned

Deva:

Muonium 1s-2s

EMU:

RF+illumination

Organic superconductors

TRIUMF

Si-RF paper

Lord and King join

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000*

Back to the periodic table...

µSR’96

Nikko

µSR’99

Les Diablerets

LCR, RF, 90°pulses, echos…

... and muonium

EPSRC→CCLRC...

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000*

Back to the periodic table...

µSR’96

Nikko

µSR’99

Les Diablerets

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Back to the periodic table...

µSR’96

Nikko

µSR’99

Les Diablerets

WIMDA

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Back to the periodic table...

µSR’96

Nikko

µSR’99

Les Diablerets

WIMDA

µSR’s oldest puzzle!...

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

µSR’02

W’burgIUPAC: Mu,

muonium, etc

Liquid crystals

GaN, CdS, CdSe

RIKEN: laser

ionization

of muonium

Current pulses:

vortex motion

Proton conductors

Deva RF facility

Organic superconductors

FLL melting

A new Group Leader...

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

µSR’02 W’burg

µSR’05

Oxford

...again!

Senba

(1945-2006)

Kryptonite...

H in Oxides

(Royal

Institution)

Iraq warTwin Towers, Afghanistan

IUPAC: Mu,

muonium, etc

Liquid crystals,

ZnO...RIKEN: laser

ionization

of muonium

Cox retires...

Current pulses:

vortex motion

Estle (1931-2002)

EMU

fly-past mode ISIS Muon

Review

Spin

freezingSpin-glass

H,T scaling

Kondo

fluctuations

LiMnO4,

Li2SO4

CdS, GaN

Upt3, PbIn

NH3KC60

nanodomains,

stripes...

2000* 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

µSR’02 W’burg µSR’05

Oxford

...again!

Senba

(1945-2006)

Kryptonite... H in Oxides

(Royal

Institution)

Iraq warTwin Towers, Afghanistan

IUPAC: Mu,

muonium, etc

Liquid crystals,

ZnO,

RIKEN: laser

ionization

of muonium

Cox retires...

Current pulses:

vortex motion

Kr (ISIS)

Xe (TRIUMF)

Rare gas solids and cryocrystals

Estle (1931-2002)

EMU

fly-past mode

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

µSR’02

W’burg

µSR’05

Oxford

...again!

Senba

(1945-2006)

H in Oxides(Royal Institution)

Iraq warTwin Towers, Afghanistan

IUPAC: Mu,

muonium, etc

Frustration, fluctuation, low-dimension, high-spin, ladders, spin-ice, spin-crossover, orbital ordering...

Cox retires...

Oxides, nitrides...

ZnO

Carbides, silicides, fullerides...

Estle

(1931-2002)

9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.20

InN powder 4.5 K

Probab

ility De

nsity

Magnetic Field (mT)

d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o

d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o

d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o

d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o

d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o

d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o

d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o d e m o

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Norm

aliz

ed h

yp

erf

ine c

onsta

nt

A/A

0

Electron affinity (eV)

SiO2

MgO

C (diamond)

AlN

ZnSZnSe

GaAsGaP

SiC

GeSi

InSb

CdTe/S/Se ZnO CdO InN

Correlation with electron affinity − the deep-to-shallow transition

9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.20

InN powder 4.5 K

Probab

ility De

nsity

Magnetic Field (mT)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Webster

(1939-2008)

Stoneham

(1940-2011)

µSR’05

Oxford

µSR2011

Cancun

µSR’08

Tsukuba

...HiFi commissioned

Cox retires...

CCLRC development grant...

CCLRC→STFC

Abragam

(1914-2011)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Webster

(1939-2008)

Stoneham

(1940-2011)

µSR’05

Oxford

µSR2011

Cancun

µSR’08

Tsukuba

...HiFi commissioned

Cox retires...

S8 + ˙Mu → ˙SMu + S7 (Webster)

µSR’s oldest puzzle!

Abragam

(1914-2011)

2006 2012

Retirement, part 1 Retirement, part 2?...