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8/8/2019 SQL Server Lab 2
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MS SQL Server 2005MS SQL Server 2005
Lab # 2 : SQL: Guide to the Language
(Components, Data types, Functions) Installing Practicing Example
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SQL Basic Objects
1.1. Constants or Literal Values:Constants or Literal Values:
AlphanumericalAlphanumerical
Numeric constant:Numeric constant: Integer, Fixed-Point, Float-Point Values
Hexadecimal:Hexadecimal: Used to represent nonprintable characters
Each Starts with 0x followed by even number ofcharacters or numbers. EX. 0x53514C0D
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SQL Basic Objects
1.1. Constants or Literal Values:Constants or Literal Values: Characters string:Characters string:
enclosed in single (preferred) OR double quotation
To print single quotation in a statement add a singlequotation to form Consecutive single quotations .EX. You Cant agree
Double quotation allows :Double quotation allows : Delimited Identifiers: reserved keywords used as
identifiers by using double quotation (helps to protect youfrom using names that could be introduced as reservedkeywords in the SQL future), their name can begin with OrContain any character
Spaces in the names of database objects
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Setting Delimited Identifier Usage Option
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER {ON, OFF}
IF :
ON: Quotations can be used for delimiting Identifiers
Quotations cant be used for delimiting Strings
OFF:
Quotations cant be used for delimiting Identifiers Quotations can be used for delimiting Strings
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SQL Basic Objects
2.2. Delimiters:Delimiters: [ ] & .
3.3. Comments:Comments:
/*/*
Several Comment Liens Here*/*/
---- the Reminder of the Current Line is Comment
4.4. Reserved KeywordsReserved Keywords
Cant be used as object names
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SQL Basic Objects
5.5. Identifiers:Identifiers:
Used to identify DB Objects such as: tables &Indices
Names can be created with: up to 128 characters: containing letters, numerals, _,
@, #, $
Each name must start with a letter or one of the
following characters (_, @, #, $) ## at the beginning of table or stored procedure name
denotes a temporary object
@@ at the beginning of name denotes a Variable
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Transact- SQL
ReservedKeywords
Delimiters
Identifiers
Constants
A
lphanumericalHexadecimalNumericStrings
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Data Types
NumericNumeric Data Types Numbers
StringString Data Types set of characters
Date and/or TimeDate and/or Time Data Types Derived DataDerived Data Types Derived from simple
data types
MiscellaneousMiscellaneous Data Types Data Types thatdoesnt belong to other Data Types
UserUser--DefinedDefined Data Types
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Numeric Data Types (10 Types)Data TypeData Type ExplanationExplanation
INTINT integer(4 Bytes)
SMALLINTSMALLINT integer(2 Bytes)
TINYINTTINYINT Non-Negative Integer (0255)(1 Byte)
BIGINTBIGINT integer(8 Bytes)DECIMAL(p,[s])DECIMAL(p,[s]) P=precison(Total no of digits with S)
S=Scale(No. of Decimal Point Digits)
REALREAL Floating-Point Values
MONEYMONEY--
SMALLMONEYSMALLMONEY
Decimal(8 Bytes), Rounded to 4 digitsafter the decimal point - (4 Bytes)
Float[(p)]Float[(p)] P=25(8 Bytes)
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String Data Types (6 Types)Data TypeData Type ExplanationExplanation
CHAR[(n)]CHAR[(n)] ORCHARACTER [(n)]CHARACTER [(n)]
String of n Characters, n Maximumvalue=800, if n is omitted n=1
VARCHAR [(n)]VARCHAR [(n)] String of (0
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Binary Data Types (4 Types)Data TypeData Type ExplanationExplanation
BINARY [(n)]BINARY [(n)] A bit String of fixed length with exactlyn bytes (0
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Maximizing Data Types with MAX
Where MAX=Where MAX=223030
VARCHAR(MAX)
NVA
RCHA
R(MA
X) VARBINARY(MAX)
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Date & Time Data Types (2 Types)
Data TypeData Type ExplanationExplanationDATETIMEDATETIME Date & Time Stored in (4 Bytes)
SMALLDATETIMESMALLDATETIME Date & Time Stored in (2 Bytes)
Date ( MM DD YYYY )EX. January 1 2007 OR January 1 2007
1959 MAY 28
Using SET DATEFORMAT dmyTime ( hh:mm AM or PM)
EX. 8:45 AM, 4 pm
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Derived Data Types (2 Types)
Data TypeData Type ExplanationExplanationTIMESTAMPTIMESTAMP Maintains a current value for each
DB which increments whenever anyrow with a timestamp column is
inserted or updatedUsed to determine the relative timewhen rows where last changed
SYSNAMESYSNAME Name of DB objects in the system
catalog
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Miscellaneous Data Types
Cursor:Cursor: Used in stored procedure
UNIQUEIDENTIFIER:UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: for Data Replication
SQL_VARIANT:SQL_VARIANT: Store Values of Different DataTypes TABLE:TABLE:
Store Rows with several & different values
SQL Server Restrict its usage in: Local Variable &User-Defined Functions
XML:XML: Store XML Document in a DB
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Predicates
A logical condition being applied to rows in atable with Values of : True, False, unknownor Not applicable All Relational Operators BETWEENBETWEEN Operator ININ Operator LIKELIKE Operator NULLNULL Operator ALLALL and ANYANY Operator EXISTSEXISTS function
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Aggregate Functions
Applied to a group of data values fromdifferent rows, and returns a SINGLE value AVG:AVG: Applied on numeric values Only MAX,MIN:MAX,MIN: Applied on numeric, String, Date/Time
values SUM:SUM: Applied on numeric values COUNTCOUNT: Counts number of non-null data values
in a column (only Function not applied to aColumn, its applied to rows) COUNT_BIG:COUNT_BIG: Returns same as COUNT but in
BIGINT data type
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Scalar Functions
Used to construct Scalar expressions(operates on a single or list of values) Numeric Functions
Date Functions
String Functions
Text/Image Functions
System Functions
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Scalar Functions: Numeric Functions
FunctionFunction ExplanationExplanation FunctionFunction ExplanationExplanation
LOG (n)LOG (n) Logarithm of n EXP(n)EXP(n) =en
ACOS(n)ACOS(n) Arccosine,Float
COS(n)COS(n) Cosine,Float
ASIN(n)ASIN(n) Arc sine,Float SIN(n)SIN(n) sine,Float
ATAN(n)ATAN(n) Arctangent,Float
Tan(n)Tan(n) tangent,Float
CEILING(n)CEILING(n) Smallestinteger valuegreater orequal to n
Floor(n)Floor(n) Largest integervalue less orequal to n
DEGREES(n)DEGREES(n) Converts Radians(Radians( Converts
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Scalar Functions: Numeric Functions
FunctionFunction ExplanationExplanation FunctionFunction ExplanationExplanation
Power (x,n)Power (x,n) =x n Sign(n)Sign(n) Return -1 fornegative & +1for positive
PI()PI() Return (3.14) ABS(n)ABS(n) Absolute Value
RANDRAND Returnsrandom
between 0 - 1(float)
SQUARESQUARE
(n)(n)
SQRT(n)SQRT(n)
=n2
=n
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Scalar Functions: Date FunctionsFunctionFunction ExplanationExplanation
GETDATE()GETDATE() Returns system Date & Time
DATEPART(iDATEPART(i
tem,date)tem,date)
Returns specified item of a dateEx. Select datepart(weekday,01.01.2005)=1
DATENAME(DATENAME(item,date)item,date) Returns specified item of a date as acharacter string, Ex. Select
datename(weekday,01.01.2005)=Saturday
DATEDIFFDATEDIFF
(item,dat1,(item,dat1,dat2)dat2)
Returns the difference between dat1 & dat2 in
integer Num of itemEx. Select datediff(year,birthday,getdate())
DATEADD(itDATEADD(it
em,number,em,number,
date)date)
Adds the number of units itemto date
Ex. Select dateadd(day,3,birthdate) AS Agefrom Employee
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Scalar Functions: String FunctionsFunctionFunction ExplanationExplanation
ASCII (ch)ASCII (ch) Equivalent ASCII code of ch
CHAR(integer)CHAR(integer) Equivalent Character ofASCII integer
LOWER(z)LOWER(z) Convert all uppercase to lowercase
Ex. Select lower(BIG)=bigUPPER(Z)UPPER(Z) Convert all lowercase to uppercase
Ex. Select upper(big)=BIG
RIGHT(z,length
)RIGHT(z,length
) Returns length characters from zEx. Select right(notebook,4)=book
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Scalar Functions: Text/Image Functions
PATINDEX (%pattern%,expr) Returns an integer value specifying the position of
the string pattern in expr
Ex. Select patindex(%gs%,longstring)=4
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Scalar Operators
~ NOT
& AND
|
OR ^ XOR
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Installing SQL Server 2005 . . .
Installing Default Server
Installing Multi other Instances(NamedInstances)