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COMPARISION CONDITION

OPERATOR MEANING

= EQUAL TO

> GREATER THAN

< LESS THAN>= GREATER THAN EQUAL TO

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PseudocolumnsROWID, ROWNUM, .CURRVAL, .NEXTVAL, LEVEL

SQLPLUS

CMDS[EP] =command separatorSET CMDSEP ~COL NAME HEADING "Artist" ~ COL CITY HEADING "Location"

COLSEP - Sets the character used between columns in a report.

ECHO - Tells SQL*Plus to either list the command before executing it (ON)

ESC[APE] - An escape character allows a command-level character to be used without executing its

inherent command.

FEED[BACK] - Determines whether to display feedback (ON), suppress feedback (OFF),

HEAD[ING] - Set to OFF for no column headings. Set to ON (the default) to display column headings.

LINE[SIZE] - The number of characters on one line before SQL*Plus starts a new line. The default in

SQL*Plus is 80

LONG - Set the default number of bytes retrieved.

MARK[UP] HTML- Vaguely, this option can be used to generate HTML script from SQL*Plus output.

NEWP[AGE] Sets the number of blank lines to print before printing the title (if any) and headings on anew page.

NULL - Sets the string displayed when a null value is returned in a report. The default is a blank space.

NUMF[ORMAT] { format } Apply a format to all output numbers.For instance, SET NUMFORMAT

'999,999,999,990.00'

NUMW[IDTH] - Reset the default of 10 for display width of numbers.

PAGES[IZE] Sets the number of lines per report page. This is most important when you are printing outa report. The LINESIZE and PAGESIZE must be set correctly to match the printable area. SET PAGES 0

to suppress formatting.

PAU[SE] - SET PAUSE ON will wait for the user to press Enter before issuing a page break and

displaying the next screen.

RECSEP - Can be set to WRAPPED to output a record separator when a line wraps. Set to OFF to

disable and EACH to include a record separator for every line.RECSEPCHAR - This option allows resetting of the record separator.

SQLP[ROMPT] - This option changes the SQL prompt.

TERM[OUT] - Turns on or off the screen display

TIMI[NG] - Turns on or off the display of elapsed time.WRAP - Word or line wrapping implies that text overflowing

SET FEEDBACK OFF such that the text rows selected.UNDEFINE CDNUM or DEFINE CDNUM=2 set variable in sql query.

SAVE CDREPORT Use the SAVE command to write the SQL buffer contents to a fileEDIT CDREPORT

@@. This tells SQL*Plus to run the script and, in addition, to look for any scripts called within this script

in the same directory.

Formatting query output.DEFINE CDNUM=9COLUMN CDTITLE FORMAT A15 WRAP

COLUMN NAME FORMAT A12 TRUNCATE HEADING "Artist Name"

COLUMN SONGTITLE HEADING "Song|Title" FORMAT A20 WORD_WRAP

BREAK ON CDTITLE NODUPLICATES SKIP 2 ON NAME NODUPLICATESCOMPUTE COUNT OF SONGTITLE ON CDTITLE

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CHARACTER MANIPULATION FUNCTION

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FUNCTION OUTPUT

CONCAT(HELLO,WORLD) or HELLO||WORLD HELLOWORLD

SUBSTR(HELLOWORLD,1,5) HELLO

LENGTH(HELLOWORLD) 10

INSTR(HELLOWORLD,W) 6

LPAD(SALARY,10,*) *****24000

RPAD(SALARY,10,*) 24000*****

REPLACE(JACK and JUE,J,BL) BLACK AND BLUE

TRIM(H from HELLOWORLD) ELLOWORLD

LOWER(expression) UPPER(expression)

INITCAP(expression)

INSTR(expression, substring [, position [,

occurrence]])TRIM([[LEADING|TRAILING|BOTH]character FROM] expression),

ORDER BY (Clouse)

Two types: 1.ASC Ascending order (By Default)

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2. DESC descending order.

SELECT .

FROM ..

ORDER BY hire_date DESC;

SQL FUNCTION: 1. SINGLE ROW FUNCTION (Return one result per row)

2. MULTI-ROW FUNCTION (Return one result per set of row)

NUMBER FUNCTION

FUNCTION OUTPUT

ROUND (49.926,2) 45.93 (Round the value to specified decimal)

TRUNC(49.926,2) 45.92 (Truncates the value to specified decimal)

MOD(1600, 300) 100 (Return Reminder of the Division)

ABS(n), CEIL(n) and FLOOR(n).

POWER(m, n). SIGN(n). SQRT(n)TO_BINARY_DOUBLE(expression, format)and TO_BINARY_

FLOAT(expression, format)

NANVL(value, replace). NANVL returns a replacement value if the

initial value is not a number.

REMAINDER(n, m).

For example: SELECT ROUND(45.923,2), ROUND(45.923,0), ROUND(45.923,-1)

FROM DUAL;

OUTPUT: 45.92 46 50

For example: SELECT TRUNC(45.923,2), TRUNC(45.923,0), TRUNC(45.923,-1)

FROM DUAL;

OUTPUT: 45.92 45 40

ARITHMETIC WITH DATE

OPERATION RESULT DESCRIPTION

Date+Number Date Add a number of days to date

Date-Number Date Substract a number of days from

date

Date-Date Number of Days Substract one date from

anotherDate+Number/24 Date Add a number of hours to date

DATE FUNCTION

FUNCTION OUTPUT

MONTHS _BETWEEN(date1,date2) NO. OF MONTHS BETWEEN TWO DATES

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ADD_MONTHS(date ,n) ADD MONTH TO DATE

NEXT_DAY(date,charachter) NEXT DAYS AS SPECIFIED BY US

LAST_DAY(date) LAST DAY OF MONTH

ROUND ROUND DATE

TRUNC TRUNC DATEFormat Characters Rounding and Truncating

CC The first year in a century.

YYYY, YEAR, YY The nearest year, rounds up on July 1st.

Q The nearest quarter, rounds up on the 16th of month two.

MONTH, MON, MM The nearest month, rounds up on the 16th.

WW The same day of the week as the first day of the year.

W The same day of the week as the first day of the month.

DDD, DD The day.

DAY, D The first day of the week.

HH, HH12, HH24 The hour (HH24 is a 24-hour clock).

MI The minute.

ASSUME SYSTEM DATE: 25-JUL-03

FUNCTION RESULTROUND(SYSDATE,MONTH) 01-AUG-03

ROUND(SYSDATE,YEAR) 01-JAN-04

TRUNC(SYSDATE,MONTH) 01-JUL0-03

TRUNC(SYSDATE,YEAR) 01-JAN-04

USING TO_CHAR function with DATE

TO_CHAR(date,date format )

For example: TO_CHAR(hire_date,dd-mm-yyyy)

USING TO_CHAR function with DATE

TO_CHAR(salary,$99,999999.00) salary

USING TO_DATE and TO_NUMBER function.

DECODE ,NVL, NVL2

FUNCTION LOGIC EQUIVALENT

DECODE(E1,E2,E3,E4,E5,E6,,En) IF E1=E2 than E3,E4,E5,., else En

NVL(E1,E2) IF E1 is NULL than E2 else E1

NVL2(E1,E2,E3) IF E1 is NULL than E3 else E2

NULLIF( , ) Compare two expression and return NULL if theyare equal, returns the first value if they are not

equal

COALESCE(E1,E2En, SUBSTITUTION) Return the first non-NULL expression from the

expression list. (if null appear then whatever we

have given input as substitution it will take the

same)

GREATEST(expression[, expression ...]) and

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LEAST(expression [,

expression ...])

NULLIF(expression, expression). eturns a null value when both

expressions are equal

VSIZE(expression). The number of bytes in an expression

SELECT STATE_PROVINCE, DECODE(STATE_PROVINCE,'CA','Surfer','NH','Snow bunny','OR', 'Tree hugger','FL', 'Retired','Whatever!')FROM ARTIST;

Is equal to

SELECT STATE_PROVINCE, CASE STATE_PROVINCEWHEN 'CA' THEN 'Surfer'WHEN 'NH' THEN 'Snow bunny'WHEN 'OR' THEN 'Tree hugger'WHEN 'FL' THEN 'Retired'

ELSE 'Whatever!' ENDFROM ARTIST;

CASE: C=Condition R=ResultCASE

WHEN C1 THEN R1

WHEN C2 THEN R2

...

WHEN CN THEN RN

ELSE RDEND

Example:

SELECT last_name, job_id, salary,

CASE job_id WHEN it_prog THAN 1.10*salary

WHEN st_clark THAN 1.20*salary

WHEN president THAN 4.10*salary

Else salary

END Revised Salary

FROM employees;

Note: DECODE is used only in oracle while CASE is ANSI CODE function can be used in both.

Regular Expression Patterns

Character What Is It?

* Zero or more.

. Any character (not null).

? Zero or one.

+ One or more.

| OR

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^ Start of line.

$ End of line.

[ ] List of elements allowing match of any expression contained within.

( ) Expression parentheses.{ i }, { i, },and

{ i, j } i matches exactly, at least i matches, and at least i matches but 0;