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P for Windows

A brief tutorial

This tutorial is a brief look at what SPSS for Windows is capable of doing. Examples will come from Statistical Methods for

Psychology by David C. Howell. It is not our intention to teach you about statistics in this tutorial. For that you should rely on yourclasses in statistics andor a good textbook. If you!re a no"ice this tutorial should gi"e you a feel for the programme and how to

na"igate through the many options. #eyond that$ the SPSS %elp Files should be used as a resource. Further$ SPSS sells a number of

"ery good manuals.

The Basics

SPSS for Windows has the same general look a feel of most other programmes for Windows. &irtually anything statistic that you wish

to perform can be accomplished in combination with pointing and clicking on the menus and "arious interacti"e dialog boxes. 'ou

may ha"e noted that the examples in the %owell textbook are performedanaly(ed "ia code. That is$ SPSS$ like many other packages$

can be accessed by programming short scripts$ instead of pointing and clicking. We will not co"er any programming in this tutorial.

Presumeably$ SPSS is already installed on your computer. If you don!t ha"e a shortcut on your desktop go to the [Start =>Programs] menu and start the package by clicking on the SPSS icon.

#efore proceeding I should say a few words about a "ery simple con"ention that will be used in this tutorial. In this point and click

en"ironment one often has to na"igate through many layers of menu items before encountering the re)uired option. In the abo"e

paragraph the prescribed task was to locate the SPSS icon in the [Start] menu structure. To get to that icon$ one must first clickon [Start] then mo"e the pointer to the [Programs] options$ before locating the SPSS icon. This se)uence of e"ents can be con"eyed

by typing [Start => Programs] . That is$ one must mo"e from the outer layer of the menu structure to some inner layer in se)uence....


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*ow$ back to the tutorial.

+nce you!"e clicked on the SPSS icon a new window will appear on the screen. The appearance is that of a standard programme for

windows with a spreadsheet,like interface.

-s you can see$ there are a number

of menu options relating to

statistics$ on the menu bar. Thereare also shortcut icons on the

toolbar. These ser"e as )uick access

to often used options. %olding your mouse o"er one of these icons for a

second or two will result in a short

function description for that icon.The current display is that of an empty data sheet. learly$ data can either be entered manually$ or it can be read from an existing data

file.

#rowsing the file menu$ below$ re"eals nothing too surprising , many of the options are familiar. -lthough$ the details are specific toSPSS. For example$ the [New] option is used to specify the type of window to open. The "arious options$ under the [New] heading

are$

• [Data] Default window with a blank data sheet ready for analyses

•

• [Syntax] One can write scripts like those present in the Howell text, instead of using the menus. See the SPSS manuals for

help on this topic.

•


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• [ut!ut] hene!er a procedure is run, the out is directed to a separate window. One can also ha!e

multiple [Output] windows open to organi"e the !arious analyses that might be conducted. #ater, these results can be sa!ed

and$or printed.

•

• [Scri!t] %his window pro!ides the opportunity to write fullblown programmes, in a &'S()*like language. %hese programmes

ha!e access to functions that make up SPSS. ith such access it is possible to write user*defined procedures * those not part of SPSS * by taking ad!antage of the SPSS functions. 'gain, this is beyond the scope of this tutorial.

•

-lso present in the ["ile] menu are two separate

a"enues for reading data from existing files. The firstis the [!en] option. /ike other application packages

0e.g.$ WordPerfect$ Excel$ ....1 SPSS also has it!s own

format for sa"ing data. In this case$ the acceptedextension for any file sa"ed using the proprietary

format is 2sa"2. So$ one can ha"e a datafile sa"ed as

2data3.sa"2. -nyways$ this format is not readable witha text editor$ it is a binary format. The benefits are that all formatting changes are maintained and the file can be read faster$ hence

the [!en] option. It is specifically meant for files sa"ed in the SPSS format. The second option$ [#ead $SC%% Data]$ as the name

suggests is to read files that are sa"ed in -SII format. -s can be seen$ there are two choices , ["ree&ield] and ["ixed Columns].

licking on one of these options will produce a dialog box. +ne must specify a number of parameters before a file can be readsuccessfully.


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4eading -SII files re)uires that the user know something about the format of the data file. +therwise$ one is likely get stuck in the

process of reading$ or the result may be a costly error. The more restricti"e format is ["ixed Columns]. +ne must know how many

"ariables there are$ whether a "ariable is in numeric or string format$ and the first and last column of each "ariable. For example$ think

of the following as an excerpt from an -SII datafile.

male 37 102

male 22 115

male 27 99

female !" 107

female 21 103

female 2" 122

-n examination of the datafile pro"ides se"eral key pieces of information$

3. There are 5 "ariables

6. &ariable 3 is a string $ &ariable 6 and 5 are numeric

5. &ariable 37 first column83$ last column89:.

o *otice that none of the columns o"erlap. The longest case for column one is the name 2female2$ that spans from thefirst column to the sixth , or$ the letter e. -s you can see$ one has to manually locate the first and last column$ of each"ariable.

;. &ariable 67 first column8


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+ne needs all of the abo"e information$ in addition to$ name for each of the three "ariables. It is a highly structured way of setting up

and describing the data. For such files I would suggest becoming comfortable with a good text editor. Failing that$ you may wish to try

*otepad or WordPad in Win


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#ata

To begin the process of adding data$ Aust click on the first cell that is located in the upper left corner of the datasheet. It!s Aust like a

spreadsheet. 'ou can enter your data as shown. Enter each datapoint then hit BEnterC. +nce you!re done with one column of data you

can click on the first cell of the next column.

These data are taken from table6.3 in %owell!s text. The first column represents 24eaction Time in 3==ths of a second2 and the second

column indicates 2Fre)uency2.

If you!re entering data for the first time$ like the

abo"e example$ the "ariable names will beautomatically generated 0e.g.$ "ar====3$

"ar====6$....1. They are not "ery informati"e. To

change these names$ click on the "ariable name

button. For example$ double click on the 2"ar====32 button. +nce you ha"e done that$ a dialog box will

appear. The simplest option is to change the name to something meaningful. For instance$ replace 2"ar====32 in the textbox with 24T2

0see figure below1.

http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/courses/c1/spss/spssi.htmhttp://www.psych.utoronto.ca/courses/c1/spss/toc.htmhttp://www.psych.utoronto.ca/courses/c1/spss/spssi.htm


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In addition to changing the "ariablename one can make changes specific

to ['y!e]( [)a*els]( [+issing

,alues]( and [Column "ormat].

• ['y!e] One can specify

whether the data are innumeric or string format, in

addition to a few more formats. %he default is numeric format.

•

•

•

• [)a*els] +sing the labels option

can enhance the readability of the

output. ' variable name islimited to a length of

characters, howe!er, by using

a variable label the length can be

as much as -/ characters. %his pro!ides the ability to ha!e !ery

descripti!e labels that will appear at the output.

Often, there is a need to code categorical !ariables in numeric format. 0or example, male and female can be codedas 1 and 2 , respecti!ely. %o reduce confusion, it is recommended that one uses !alue labels . 0or the example of gender


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coding, Value:1 would ha!e a correspoding Value label: male. Similarly, Value:- would be coded with Value Label: female.

2click on the [Labels] button to !erify the abo!e3

•

•

• [+issing ,alues] See the accompanying help. %his option pro!ides a means to code for !arious types of missing !alues.

•

• [Column "ormat] %he column format dialog pro!ides control o!er se!eral features of each column 2e.g., width of column3.

The next image reflects the "ariable name change.

+nce data has been entered or modified$ it is

ad"iseable to sa"e. In fact$ sa"e as often as possible

BFile 8D Sa"e-sC.

SPSS offers a large number of possible formats$ including their own. - list of the a"ailable formats can be

"iewed and selected by clicking on the Save as ty!e- $ on the Save$s dialog box. If your intention is to only

work in SPSS$ then there may be some benefit to sa"ing in the SPSS24.sa!3 format. I assume that this formatallows for faster reading and writing of the data file. %owe"er$ if your data will be analy(ed and looked by

other packages 0e.g.$ a spreadsheet1$ it would be ad"iseable to sa"e in a more uni"ersal format 0e.g.$

[email protected]$ 3,6,5 4el 5.= [email protected].

+nce the type of file has been selected$ enter a filename$ minus the extension 0e.g.$ sa"$ xls1. 'ou should also sa"e the file in a

meaningful directory$ on your harddri"e or floppy. That is$ for any gi"en proAect a separate directory should be created. 'ou don!t want

your data to get mixed,up.


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The process of reading alreadysa"ed data can be painless if the

sa"ed format is in the SPSS or a

spreadsheet format. -ll one has todo is$

o click on BFile 8D

*ew 8D ataCo

o

o

o click on BFile 8D

+penC 7 a dialog box

will appear o na"igate to desired

directory using the )oo

in- menu at the top of the dialog boxo select file type in the "iles o& ty!e menu

o click on the filename that is needed.

The process of reading existing files is slightly more in"ol"ed if the format is -SIIplain text 0see the earlier description

of ["ree&ield] and ["ixed Columns]1. -s an example$ the -SII data from table6.3 in the %owell text will be used. - file containing

the data should be included in the accompanying disk for the text. B*ote7 It was not present in my disk$ so I downloaded the file from%owell!s webpage.C I!"e placed the files on my harddri"e at c-/ascdat. In the case of this set of data$there are four columns

representing obser"ation number$ reaction time$ setsi(e$ and the presence or absence of the target stimulus. This information can be


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found in the readme.txt file that is also on the disk. Typically$ we are aware of the contents of our own data files$ howe"er$ it doesn!t

hurt to keep a record of the contents of such files.

To make life easier the BFile 8D 4ead -SII ata 8D FreefieldC will be used.

The resulting dialog box re)uires that

a "ile $ a Name and a Data 'y!e be

specified for each "ariable$ or column ofdata. The desired file is accessed by

clicking on the [0rowse] button$ and then na"igating to the desired location. Since the extension for the sought after file is dat there is

no need to change the "iles o& ty!e- selection. %owe"er$ if the extension is something else 0e.g.$ @.txt1 then it would be necessary toselect $ll &iles12.23 from the "iles o& ty!e- menu. Since there are : "ariables in this data set$ : names with the corresponding type

information must be specified. To$dd the first "ariable$ obser"ations$ to the list$

o type 2obs2 in the Name box

o the Data 'y!e is set to Numeric by default. If 2obs2 was a string "ariable$ then one would ha"e to click on String

o click on the $dd button to include this "ariable to the list.

o repeat the abo"e procedure with new names and data types for each of the remaining "ariables. It is important that all

"ariables be added to the list. +therwise$ the data will be scrambled.

0Please explore the "arious options by clicking on any accessible menu item.1


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The resulting data files appears in the data editor like the following.

The next section will co"er

some descripti"e statistics.

#escri$ti%e tatistics

We can replicate the fre)uency analyses that are described in chapter 6 of the text$ by using the file that was Aust read into the dataeditor , tab6,3.dat. These analyses were conducted on the reaction time data. 4ecall$ that we ha"e labelled this data as 4T.

To begin$ click on BStatistics8DSummari(e8DFre)uenciesC....

http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/courses/c1/spss/page1.htmhttp://www.psych.utoronto.ca/courses/c1/spss/page1.htmhttp://www.psych.utoronto.ca/courses/c1/spss/toc.htm


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The result is a new dialog box that allows the user to select the "ariables of interest. -lso$ note the other clickable buttons along the

border of the dialog box. The buttons labelled [Statistics...]and [Charts...] are of particular importance. Since we!re interested in the

reaction time data$ click on rt followed by a mouse click on the arrow pointing right. The conse)uence of this action is a transference

of the rt "ariable to the ,aria*les list. -t this point$ clicking on the [4] button would spawn an output window with the Fre)uencyinformation for each of the reaction times. %owe"er$ more information can be gathered by exploring the options offered by

the [Statistics...] and [Charts...].

[Statistics...] offers a number of summary

statistics. -ny statistic that is selected will

be summari(ed in the output window.

-s for the options under [Charts...] click on 0ar Charts to replicate the graph in the text.


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+nce the options ha"e been selected$ click on [4] to run the procedure. The results are then displayed in an output window. In this

particular instance the window will include summary statistics for the "ariable 4T$ the fre)uency distribution$ and the fre)uency

distribution. 'ou can see all of this by scrolling down the window. The results should also be identical to those in the text.

'ou may ha"e gathered from the abo"e that calculating summary statistics re)uires nothing more than selecting "ariables$ and then

selecting the desired statistics. The fre)uency example allowed us to generate fre)uency information plus measures of central

tendencies and dispersion. These statistics can be had by clicking directly on [Statistics=>Summari5e=>Descri!tives] . *ot


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surprisingly$ another dialog box is attached to this procedure. To control the type of statistics produced$ click on

the [!tions...] button. +nce again$ the options include the typical measures of central tendency and dispersion.

Each time as statistical procedure is run$ like ["re6uencies...] and [Descri!tives...] the results are posted to an +utput Window. Ifse"eral procedures are run during one session the results will be appended to the same window. %owe"er$ greater organi(ation can be

reached by opening new +utput windows before running each procedure , ["ile=>New=>ut!ut] . Further$ the contents of each of

these windows can be sa"ed for later re"iew$ or in the case of charts sa"ed to be later included in formattted documents. BExplore byleft mouse clicking on any of the output obAects 0e.g.$ a fre)uency table$ a chart$ ...1 followed by a right button click. The left left

button click will highlight the desired obAect$ while the right button click will popup a new menu. The next step is to click on

the co!y option. This action will store the obAect on the clipboard so that it can be pasted to Word for Windows document$ forexample.....C

&hi' (uare ) T'Test

The computation of the hi,S)uare statistic can be accomplished by clicking on [Statistics => Summari5e => Crossta*s...]. This

particular procedure will be your first introduction to coding of data$ in the data editor. To this point data ha"e been entered in a

column format. That is$ one "ariable per column. %owe"er$ that method is not sufficient in a number of situations$ including thecalculation of hi,S)uare$ Independent T,tests$ and any Factorial -*+&- design with between subAects factors. I!m sure there are

many other cases$ but they will not be co"ered in this tutorial. Essentially$ the data ha"e to be entered in a specific format that makes

the analysis possible. The format typcially reflects the design of the study$ as will be demonstrated in the examples.



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In your text$ the following data appear in section 9.. Please read the text for a description of the study. Essentially$ the table ,

below , includes the obser"ed data and the expected data in parentheses.

Fault Guilty *ot Guilty Total

/ow 3;5036H.;;


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• For each of the rows$ there are 6 corresponding columns$ that is reflected in the Count column. The Count column represents

the number of time each uni)ue combination #ow andColumn occurs.

The abo"e presents the data in an unambigous manner. +nce entered$ the analysis is a matter of selecting the desired menu items$ and perhaps selecting additional options for that statistic. Bon!t forget to use the labelling facilities$ as mentioned earlier$ to meaningfully

identify the columns"ariables. The labels that are chosen will appear in the output window.C

To perform the analysis$

• The first step is to inform SPSS that the +J*T "ariable represents the fre)uency for each uni)ue coding of 4+W and

+/J?*$ by in"oking the WEIG%T command. To do this$ click on [Data => 7eight Cases]. In the resultant dialog box$enable the 7eight cases *y option$ then mo"e the +J*T "ariable into the "re6uency ,aria*le box. If this step is forgotten$

the count for each cell will be 3 for the table.

•

•

•

• *ow that the

+J*T "ariable

has been processedas a weighted"ariable$

select [Statistics

=> Summari5e =>

Crossta*s...] to

launch the

controlling dialog box.


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•

• -t the bottom of the dialog box are three buttons$ with the most important being the [Statistics...] button. 'ou must click on

the [Statistics...] button and then select the Chi8s6uare option$ otherwise the statistic will not be calculated. Exploring this

dialog box makes it clear that SPSS can be forced to calcuate a number of other statistics in conAuction with hi,s)uare. Forexample$ one can select the "arious measures of association 0e.g.$ contingency coefficient$ phi and cramer!s "$...1$ among

others.•

• ?o"e the 4+W "ariable into the #ow1s3- box$ and the +/J?* "ariable into the Column1s3-$ then click [4] to perform

the analysis. - subset of the output looks like the following$

•

•

•

-lthough simple$

the calculation of the hi,s)uare

statistic is "ery

particular about all

the re)uired steps being followed.

?ore generally$ as


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we enter hypothesis testing$ the user should be "ery careful and should make use of manuals for the programme and textbooks for

statistics.

T'tests

#y now$ you should know that there are two forms of the t,test$ one for dependent "ariables and one for independent "ariables$ orobser"ations. To inform SPSS$ or any stats package for that matter$ of the type of design it is necessary to ha"e to different ways of

laying out the data. For the dependent design$ the two "ariables in )uestion must be entered in two columns. For independent t,tests$

the obser"ations for the two groups must be uni)uely coded with a Gruop "ariable. /ike the calculation of the hi,s)uare statistic$these calculations will reinforce the practice of thinking about$ and laying out the data in the correct format.

#e$endent T'Test

To calculate this statistic$ one must select [Statistics => Com!are +eans => Paired8Sam!les ' 'est...] after enterin the data. For

this analysis$ we!ll use the data from Table H.5$ in %owell.

• Enter the data into a new datafile. 'our data should look a bit like the following. That is$ the two "ariables should occupy

separate columns...

•

?nthsK9 ?nthsK6:

36: 33:


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339 6

35< 6

339 6

33= 636< 6

36= 6

3=; 6

6

36= 6

36= 6

339 6

3=; 6

... ...

... ...

365 356

•

*ote that the "ariable names start with a letter and are less than characters long. This is a bit constraining$ howe"er$ one can

use the "ariable label option to label the "ariable with a longer name. This more descripti"e name will then be reproduced in

the output window.

•

•

• To calculate the t statistic click on [Statistics => Com!are +eans => Paired8Sam!les ' 'est...]$ then select the two "ariables

of interest. To select the two "ariables$ hold the [Shi&t] key down while using the mouse for selection. 'ou will note that the

selection box re)uires that "ariables be selected two at a time. +nce the two "ariables ha"e been selected$ mo"e them to

thePaired ,aria*les- list. This procedure can be repeated for each pair of "ariables to be analy(ed. In this case$ select?*T%SK9 and ?*T%SK6: together$ then mo"e them to the Paired ,aria*les list. Finally$ click the [4] button.


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The critical result for the current analysis will appear in the output window as follows$

•

•

•

-s you can see an exact t,"alue is pro"ided

along with an exact p*!alue$ and this p,"alue is

greater that the expected "alue of =.=6;$ for atwo,tailed assessment. loser examination

indicates se"eral other statistics are presented in

output window.

•

Luite simply$ such calculations re)uire "ery little effortM

*nde$endent T'tests

When calculating an independent t,test$ the only difference in"ol"es the way the data are formatted in the datasheet. The datasheet

must include both the raw data and group coding$ for each "ariable. For this example$ the data from table H.; will be used. -s anadded bonus$ the number of obser"ations are une)ual for this example.

Take a look at the following table to get a feel for how to code the data.


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Group ExpKon

3


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• lik on [Statistics => Com!are +eans => %nde!endent8Sam!les ' 'est] to launch the appropriate dialog box.

•

• Select 2expKcon2 , the dependent "ariable list , and mo"e it to the 'est ,aria*le1s3- box.

•

• Select 2group2 , the grouping "ariable list , and mo"e it to the ;rou!ing ,aria*le- box.

•

• The final step re)uires that the groups be defined. That is$ one must specify that Group3 , the experimental group in this case ,

is coded as 9$ and Group6 , the control group in this case , is coded as :. To do this$ click on the [De&ine ;rou!s...] button.

lick on the [Continue] button to return to the controlling dialog box.•

• 4un the analysis by clicking on the [4] button.

The output for the current analysis extracted from the output window looks like the following.

•

•


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The p,"alue of .==: is way lower than the cutoff of =.=6;$ and that suggests that the means are significantly different. Further$ a/e"ene!s Test is performed to ensure that the correct results are used. In this case the "ariances are e)ual$ howe"er$ the calculations for

une)ual "ariances are also presented$ among some other statistics , some not presented.

In the next section we will briefly demonstrate the calculation of correlations and regression$ as discussed in hapter < of %owell. In

truth$ you should be able to work through many statistics with your current knowledge base and the help files$ including correlations

and regressions. ?ost statistics can be calculated with a few clicks of the mouse.


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&orrelations and +e,ression

This will be a brief tutorial$ since there is "ery little that is re)uired to calculate correlations and linear regressions. To calculate a

simple correlation matrix$ one must use [Statistics => Correlate => 0ivariate...]$ and [Statistics => #egression => )inear] for the

calculation of a linear regression.

For this section$ the analyses presented in the computer section of the orrelation and 4egression chapter will be replicated. To begin$

enter the data as follows$


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IL GP-

3=6 6.H;3= :.==

3=< 6.6;

33 5.==

H< 3.9H

6.6;

... ...

... ...

; 6.;=

im$le &orrelation

• lick on [Statistics => Correlate => 0ivariate...]$ then select and mo"e 2IL2 and 2GP-2 to the ,aria*les- list. BExplore the

options presented on this controlling dialog box.C

•

• lick on [4] to generate the re)uested statistics.

The results from output window should look like the following$

-s you can see$ r8=.H=6$ and p8.===. The

results suggest that the correlation is

significant.


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Note- In the abo"e example we only created a correlation matrix based on two "ariables. The process of generating a matrix based on

more than two "ariables is not different. That is$ if the dataset consisted of 3= "ariables$ they could ha"e all been placed in

the ,aria*les- list. The resulting matrix would include all the possible pairwise correlations.

&orrelation and +e,ression

/inear regression....it is possible to output the regression coefficients necessary to predict one "ariable from the other , that minimi(e

error. To do so$ one must select the [Statistics => #egression => )inear...] option. Further$ there is a need to know which "ariablewill be used as the dependent "ariable and which will be used as the independent "ariable0s1. In our current example$ GP- will be the

dependent "ariable$ and IL will act as the independent "ariable. Specifically$

• Initiate the procedure by clicking on [Statistics => #egression => )inear...]

•

• Select and mo"e GP- into the De!endent- "ariable box

•

• Select andmo"e IL into the %nde!endent1s3- "ariable box

•

• lick on the [4] to generate the statistics.

Note- - "ariety of options can be accessed "ia the buttons on the bottom half of this controlling dialog box 0e.g.$ Statistics$

Plots$...1. ?any more statistics can be generated by explore the additional options "ia the Statistics button.

•

Some of the results of this analysis are presented below$


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The correlation is still =.H=6$ and the p "alue is still =.===. The additional statistics are 2onstant2$ or a from the text$ and 2Slope2$

or & from the text. If you recall$ the dependent "ariable is GP-$ in this case. -s such$ one can predict GP- with the following$

GP- 8 ,3.HHH N =.=::@IL

The next section will discuss the calculation of the -*+&-.

-ne'Wa. A/-0A

-s in the independent t,test datasheet$ the data must be coded with a group "ariable. The data that will be used for the first part of this

section is from Table 33.6$ of %owell. There are ; groups of 3= obser"ations each , resulting in a total of ;= obser"ations. The group"ariable will be coded from 3 to ;$ for each group. Take a look at the following to get an idea of the coding.

Groups Scores

3 <



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3

3 9

... ...

3 H6 H

6 <

6 9

... ...

... ...

... ...

; 3=

; 3<

... ...; 33

The coding scheme uni)uely identifies the origin of each obser"ation.

To complete the analysis$

• Select [Statistics => Com!are +eans => ne87ay $N,$...] to launch the controlling dialog box.

•

• Select and mo"e 2Scores2 into the De!endent list-

•

• Select and mo"e 2Groups2 into the "actor- list

•

• lick on [4]

The preceeding is a complete spefication of the design for this oneway ano"a. The simple presentation of the results$ as takenfrom the output window$ will look like the following$


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•

•

•

The analysis that was Aust performed pro"ides

minimal details with

regard to the data. If you

take a look at thecontrolling dialog box$

you will find 5 additional buttons on the bottom half ,[Contrasts...]$ [Post Hoc..]$ and [!tions...].

Selecting [!tions...] you will

find$


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If Descri!tive is enabled$ then the descripti"e statistics for each condition will be generated. ?aking Homogeneity8o&8variance acti"e forces a /e"ene!s test on the data. The statistics from both of these analyses will be reproduced in the output window.

Selecting [Post Hoc] will launch the following dialog box$

+ne can acti"e one or multiple post hoc

tests to be performed.

The results will then

be placed in theoutput window. For

example$ performing

a #8


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andor orthogonal sets of contrasts. +ne can also perform trend analysis "ia this option. For example$ we may wish to contrast the

third condition with the fifth$

For each contrast$ the

coefficients must be entered

indi"idually$ and in order. +ncecan also enter multiple contrasts$

by using the [Next] present in

the dialog box. The result for the

example contrast would look likethe following$


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Further$ one can use the Polynomial option to test whether a specific trend in the data exists.

Factorial designs will be co"ered in the next section.

&ara en,,unaan SPSS 21 #en,an ambar Panduan

SPSS adalah sebuah program aplikasi yang memiliki kemampuan analisis statistik cukup tinggi serta sistem manaAemen data pada

lingkungan grafis dengan menggunakan menu,menu deskriptif dan kotak,kotak dialog yang sederhana sehingga mudah untuk dipahami cara pengoperasiannya. #eberapa akti"itas dapat dilakukan dengan mudah dengan menggunakan pointing dan clickingmouse.

SPSS banyak digunakan dalam berbagai riset pemasaran$ pengendalian dan perbaikan mutu 0)uality impro"ement1$ serta riset,riset

sains. SPSS pertama kali muncul dengan "ersi P 0bisa dipakai untuk komputer desktop1 dengan nama SPSSPN 0"ersi +S1.Tetapi$ dengan mulai populernya system operasi windows. SPSS mulai mengeluarkan "ersi windows 0mulai dari "ersi 9.= sampai

"ersi terbaru sekarang1.



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Pada awalnya SPSS dibuat untuk keperluan pengolahan data statistik untuk ilmu,ilmu social$ sehingga kepanAangan SPSS itu sendiri

adalah Statistikal Package for the Social Sciens. Sekarang kemampuan SPSS diperluas untuk melayani berbagai Aenis pengguna

0user1$ seperti untuk proses produksi di pabrik$ riset ilmu sains dan lainnya. engan demikian$ sekarang kepanAangan dari SPSSStatistikal Product and Ser"ice Solutions.

SPSS dapat membaca berbagai Aenis data atau memasukkan data secara langsung ke dalam SPSS ata Editor. #agaimanapun struktur dari file data mentahnya$ maka data dalam ata Editor SPSS harus dibentuk dalam bentuk baris 0cases1 dan kolom 0"ariables1. ase berisi informasi untuk satu unit analisis$ sedangkan "ariable adalah informasi yang dikumpulkan dari masing,masing kasus.

%asil,hasil analisis muncul dalam SPSS +utput *a"igator. Oebanyakan prosedur #ase System menghasilkan pi"ot tables$ dimana kita

bisa memperbaiki tampilan dari keluaran yang diberikan oleh SPSS. Jntuk memperbaiki output$ maka kita dapat mmperbaiki output

sesuai dengan kebutuhan. #eberapa kemudahan yang lain yang dimiliki SPSS dalam pengoperasiannya adalah karena SPSSmenyediakan beberapa fasilitas seperti berikut ini7

ata Editor. ?erupakan Aendela untuk pengolahan data. ata editor dirancang sedemikian rupa seperti pada aplikasi,aplikasi

spreadsheet untuk mendefinisikan$ memasukkan$ mengedit$ dan menampilkan data.&iewer. &iewer mempermudah pemakai untuk melihat hasil pemrosesan$ menunAukkan atau menghilangkan bagian,bagian tertentu

dari output$ serta memudahkan distribusi hasil pengolahan dari SPSS ke aplikasi,aplikasi yang lain.?ultidimensional Pi"ot Tables. %asil pengolahan data akan ditunAukkan dengan multidimensional pi"ot tables. Pemakai dapatmelakukan eksplorasi terhdap tabel dengan pengaturan baris$ kolom$ serta layer. Pemakai Auga dapat dengan mudah melakukan

pengaturan kelompok data dengan melakukan splitting tabel sehingga hanya satu group tertentu saAa yang ditampilkan pada satu

waktu.%igh,4esolution Graphics. engan kemampuan grafikal beresolusi tinggi$ baik untuk menampilkan pie charts$ bar charts$ histogram$

scatterplots$ 5, graphics$ dan yang lainnya$ akan membuat SPSS tidak hanya mudah dioperasikan tetapi Auga membuat pemakai

merasa nyaman dalam pekerAaannya.atabase -ccess. Pemakai program ini dapat memperoleh kembali informasi dari sebuah database dengan menggunakan atabase

Wi(ard yang disediakannya.

ata Transformations. Transformasi data akan membantu pemakai memperoleh data yang siap untuk dianalisis. Pemakai dapat denganmudah melakukan subset data$ mengkombinasikan kategori$ add$ aggregat$ merge$ split$ dan beberapa perintah transpose files$ serta

yang lainnya.

Electronic istribution. Pengguna dapat mengirimkan laporan secara elektronik menggunakan sebuah tombol pengiriman data 0e,

mail1 atau melakukan export tabel dan grafik ke mode %T?/ sehingga mendukung distribusi melalui internet dan intranet.


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+nline %elp. SPSS menyediakan fasilitas online help yang akan selalu siap membantu pemakai dalam melakukan pekerAaannya.

#antuan yang diberikan dapat berupa petunAuk pengoperasian secara detail$ kemudahan pencarian prosedur yang diinginkan sampai

pada contoh,contoh kasus dalam pengoperasian program ini.-kses ata Tanpa Tempat Penyimpanan Sementara. -nalisis file,file data yang sangat besar disimpan tanpa membutuhkan tempat

penyimpanan sementara. %al ini berbeda dengan SPSS sebelum "ersi 33.; dimana file data yang sangat besar dibuat temporaryfilenya.Interface dengan atabase 4elasional. Fasilitas ini akan menambah efisiensi dan memudahkan pekerAaan untuk mengekstrak data dan

menganalisnya dari database relasional.

-nalisis istribusi. Fasilitas ini diperoleh pada pemakaian SPSS for Ser"er atau untuk aplikasi multiuser. Oegunaan dari analisis ini

adalah apabila peneliti akan menganalisis file,file data yang sangat besar dapat langsung me,remote dari ser"er dan memprosesnyasekaligus tanpa harus memindahkan ke komputer user.

?ultiple Sesi. SPSS memberikan kemampuan untuk melakukan analisis lebih dari satu file data pada waktu yang bersamaan.

?apping. &isualisasi data dapat dibuat dengan berbagai macam tipe baik secara kon"ensional atau interaktif$ misalnya denganmenggunakan tipe bar$ pie atau Aangkauan nilai$ simbol gradual$ dan chart.

SPSS ini sendiri memiliki dua "iew yaitu7 data "iew yaitu memasukan data yang di analisis dan "ariabel "iew di berikan nama"ariabel dan pemberian koding buka program spss dan lakukan selanAutnya klik toolbar analy(e D lalu pilih descripti" statistic D pilih explore maka akan munul

gambar seperti ini

langkah

selanAutnya

adalah kita bisamenguAi

normalitas dari

data yang kitamasukan dengan

langkah langkah

berikut ini


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3. ?asukan "ariabel yang akan diuAi normalitasnya ke kotak dependent list

6. Olik plots

5. -ktifkan normality with plots with test. Olik continue kemudian ok

SelanAutnya klik toolbar analy(e Dlalu pilih

correlate D pilih

bi"ariate

SelanAutnya #lok kedua "ariabel$Olik tombol$-ktifkan box pearson lalu kilk +k


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?aka akan

menampilkanlayar seperti ini

lohh

SPSS 4EG4ESI-nalisis regresi adalah analisis lanAutan dari

korelasi

?enguAi seAauh mana pengaruh "ariabelindependen terhadap "ariabel dependen setelah diketahui ada hubungan antara "ariabel tersebut

ata harus inter"alrasio

ata #erdistribusi normal

klik toolbar analy(e D pilih 4egression D pilih /inearJntuk mencari nilai regresi linear


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ara Qcaranya

adalah 73. &ariabel

pendapatannasionalmasukan dalam

kotak dependen

6. &ariabel nilai

ekspor masukandalam kotak

independent

5. -baikan yanglain lalu klik

ok $maka akan berbentuk sepertidi bawah ini


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hasil nya adalah

Documents

SPSS share