SPSS in a nutshell: what do my numbers tell?

Timothy Yeung DMSS, Library 14 Nov 2018

1. SPSS & Terminology

SPSS

Statistical Package for the Social SciencesThe latest version is SPSS 25Alternatives: SAS, Stata, R, MATLAB…Easy to learn, user- friendly, less programing

3

Levels of Measurement GenderMarital status

4

Nominal

Scale*

Ordinal

Undisputable order?

Equal intervals?

No

No

Yes

Yes

SES

Level of study

Height

Salaries

* Including both interval and ratio

p-value

GGiven that the null hypothesis is true, how is the probability of observing your sample results?

Rejecting the null hypothesis ifp < 0.05 *p < 0.01 **p < 0.001 ***

Chi-SquareH0: two variables are independent

T-test and ANOVAH0: no difference in means

CorrelationH0: zero population correlation coefficient

5

WWhy effect size?p is sensitive to sample size p reveals only an existence of effect

Effect SizeChi-Square: Cramer’s VT-test: Cohen's dANOVA: ²

Correlation: r

6

2. SPSS in Practice

The dataset https:/ /goo.gl/2qWS1R

8

IDGender 0 Male 1 Female

Major 1 EC Edu 2 Primary Edu 3 History 4 Physics 5 Chemistry

Salary (k)Happiness((6 point Likert scale)

HP1: You wake up energetic.HP2: You feel relaxed at home.HP3: ……HP4: ……

CCentral TendencyMeanMedianMode

Descriptive StatisticsSpread

QuartilesVarianceStandard deviation

9

Analyze Descriptive Statistics Frequencies / Descriptives

GraphBar chart

Pie chart

Histogram

Create new Variables

10

Re-Categorization and CalculationMajor: 5 groups into 3 groups

Education, History, ScienceHappiness: total score of 4 questions

SUM.4(HP1,HP2,HP3, …)Transform Compute Variable / Recode into Different Variables

Choose the correct statistical test

https:/ /stats.idre.ucla.edu/other/mult-pkg/whatstat/

11

IV DV Analysis1 Nominal 1 Nominal Chi- Square Independence Test

1 Nominal/Ordinal (2 levels) 1 Scale Independent- Samples T- test

1 Nominal/Ordinal (>= 2 levels) 1 Scale ANOVA

1 Scale 1 Scale Pearson Correlation

“ RResearch Question 1

Is there any relationship between gender and field of study?

12

IV DV Analysis1 Nominal 1 Nominal Chi-Square Independence Test1 Nominal/Ordinal (2 levels) 1 Scale Independent-Samples T- test1 Nominal/Ordinal (>= 2 levels) 1 Scale ANOVA1 Scale 1 Scale Pearson Correlation

Which test?

13

Gender and Major_G3

l 1

_

Chi-Square Independence Test

14 Analyze Descriptive Statistics Crosstabs

Chi-Square (cont.)

15

A significant association is noted between gender and field of study ( (2) = 54.627, p < .001, V = .354). While male preferred to study Science, their female counterpart chose to study Education.

of stu11 V 354) WhilV l f d t t d

ld igngngngngngngngngngngnififififififififififificicicicicicicicciciccant2) 54 627 00111 V 35V

asassssasasasasasssososososssssss ciatio27 00

onnnnn isisisisississisisisis note1111 V 35V 54) Whil l f d

d fiel54) Whil l f ded bbbbbbbbbbetetetetetetetetetetetweweweweweweweweweweweeeeeeenee gender and54) Whil l f

>0.1 = small>0.3 = medium>0.5 = large

“ RResearch Question 2

Is there gender difference regarding happiness?

16

IV DV Analysis1 Nominal 1 Nominal Chi-Square Independence Test1 Nominal/Ordinal (2 levels) 1 Scale Independent-Samples T- test1 Nominal/Ordinal (>= 2 levels) 1 Scale ANOVA1 Scale 1 Scale Pearson Correlation

Which test?

17

Gender and Happiness

l1 Scale

DVDVVDDV1 Nom

ppp

Independent-Samples T test

18

Analyze Compare Means Independent-Samples T test

T test (cont.)

19

Assumption of equal variances holdsCohen’s d = 0.553 (Mean difference/ ((SD1

2 + SD22)/2))

The result suggests that male participants (M = 14.15, SD = 3.282) reported a significantly higher level of happiness than the female participants (M = 12.25, SD = 3.569), t(429) = 5.632, p < .001, d = .553

es holerenc (((((((((e participantr leve3 569) t(42tt

dssssssssse/ ((((((((((((((((((((

ticipananaaaaaanaaa tl of hahahahahahahahahhaa

9) t(422222tt

(((((( DDDDDDDDDD222222222222)/2))

4.15,5,5,5,5,555,5, SDSSS =Dthan thehehehehehehehehehehe fe

29) 5 632 p < 0000000000

(S(S(S(S(SS(S(S(S(S(SD12 + SD

ts ((((((((((MMMMMMMMMMM = 14ppinesesssssssssssssssssssss t

29) 5 63636333333

AssummptC h ’

tAsAsAsAsAsssAsAssssusssssssss mpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmpmm t

>0.2 = small>0.5 = medium>0.8 = large

anc

“ RResearch Question 3

Do respondents with different field of study report different level of happiness?

20

IV DV Analysis1 Nominal 1 Nominal Chi-Square Independence Test1 Nominal/Ordinal (2 levels) 1 Scale Independent-Samples T- test1 Nominal/Ordinal (>= 2 levels) 1 Scale ANOVA1 Scale 1 Scale Pearson Correlation

IV

OrdinOrdin

Which test?

21

Major_G3 and Happiness DVDVVDDV

NomScaleScale

ANOVA

22

Analyze Compare Means One- Way ANOVA

ANOVA (cont.)

23

Assumption of equal variances holds² = 0.042 (SSbetween groups / SStotal)

ANOVA shows a main effect of field of study on level of happiness, F(2, 430) = 9.376, p < .001, ² = .042. Post- hoc analyses suggest respondents majoring in Science indicate a highest level of HP than the History major and Education major counterpart.

NOVA (cont.)

mption of equaalllll vavavvavavavavavavvavariances holds.042 (SSSSSS(( betwbetbetbebebebebebebebe eenSSSSSSSS groups / SSSS totalSS )

VAA shshshshshshshshshshshoooowo s a main effect of field of study on level of happiness, F(2FF , 43001 ² 042 P t h l t d t j i i S i

aaaaaaaaarrrrirr ances ho

0) 9 30i F 2FF 430i 0F 2FF 430F 2FF

Assuuummmmmm² 0

m ttttttion044444442222 (S(

tsummAsAsAsAsAsAsAssusususususususususususuummmmmmptitititittittittitttiooononononononononnono

>0.01 = small>0.06 = medium>0.14 = large

“ RResearch Question 4

Is there relationship between happiness and level of income?

24

IV DV Analysis1 Nominal 1 Nominal Chi-Square Independence Test1 Nominal/Ordinal (2 levels) 1 Scale Independent-Samples T- test1 Nominal/Ordinal (>= 2 levels) 1 Scale ANOVA1 Scale 1 Scale Pearson Correlation

minalminal/Orminal/Orle

Which test?

25

Salary and Happiness

1 N1 Sc

s) 1 Sc1 Sc

p

Pearson Correlation

26

Analyze Correlate Bivariate

Correlation (cont.)

27

Pearson correlation was run to determine the relationship between level of income and level of happiness. A significantly strong and positive correlation was noted, r(417) = .525, p < .001

un tooo dddddddddddeteeeeeeeeepipipiiipiipinenenenenenenenenenen ss. A

17) 525 00

hean

1

ttthca0

tererererererererererrmineA A A A A AA AA A AA ssis gnifi

25 00

e ttttttttttticccccccccca00

> 0.1 = small> 0.3 = medium> 0.5 = large

Important!!!

Always check if your data fulfill all assumptions of analyses

Don’t get caught up in statistics

28

3. Resources

Library

SPSS 25 are installed in L2 Academic Commons and L4 MLCData Analysis Room: http:/ / library.hkbu.edu.hk/ forms/dar.html

30

Useful Websites

https:/ /www.spss- tutorials.com/basics/https:/ /statistics.laerd.com/https:/ /stats.idre.ucla.edu/http:/ /www.statisticshowto.com/

31

THANKS! Any questions?

32 Presentation template by SlidesCarnival