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COURSE DESCRIPTION

  ENS 130 is a college level course in general chemistry designed primarily for students who have had previous chemistry training in high school. This course is designed for students to gain a better understanding of the world of matter and energy. Students will study: measurement, metrics, reactions, atomic structure, the periodic table, chemical bonding, states of matter, solutions, equilibrium, gases, oxidation-reduction, and acid-base chemistry. Most topics on this course require calculation; therefore, a solid math background is helpful. Through extensive lab writing students will examine laboratory investigations using the scientific method.

REQUIRED MATERIALS

Periodic Table Scientific calculator with exponents

and logarithms (NOT graphing/programmable)

Lab Gown ( for laboratory experiments)

Notes

Course OutlineIntroduction to Chemistry

Everyday Chemistry Measurements Significant Figures Scientific Notation Factor Label Method or Dimensional

Analysis Conversion of units Matter

Continuation…

Structure of Matter  A. Atomic theory and atomic structure            1. Evidence for the atomic theory            2. Atomic masses           3. Atomic number and mass numbers; isotopes

  4. Electron energy levels; atomic spectra, quantum numbers, atomic orbitals            5. Periodic Table History, Periodic Relationship Among Elements

B. Chemical Bonding                 1. Binding forces                     a. Types: ionic, covalent and metallic

b. Intermolecular Attractions Hydrogen bonding, van der Waals (including London dispersion forces) c. Polarity of bonds, electronegativities2. Molecular models

 a. Lewis structures  b. Valence bond: hybridization of orbitals, resonance, sigma and pi bonds                         c. VSEPR Theory                3. Geometry of molecules and ions; structural isomerism of simple organic molecules and coordination complexes; dipole moments of molecules; relation of properties to structure

Science Systematized body of knowledge From the Latin word “scientia”

meaning knowledge Greek word “scire” meaning to

know Combination of processes and

products

Technology From the Greek word

“technologia” “techno” meaning art and skill and “logia” meaning study of

Applied science

Chemistry Branch of science that deals with

the study of matter, its composition, properties and changes it undergo.

Considered core or central science.

Who am I? I determine the structure, composition,

and nature of substances by examining and identifying their various elements or compounds.

ANALYTICAL CHEMIST

I study the chemistry of the vast number of carbon compounds that make up all living things.

ORGANIC CHEMIST

I study compounds consisting mainly of elements other than carbon, such as those in electronic components

INORGANIC CHEMIST

I develop a fundamental understanding at the molecular and atomic level of how materials behave and how chemical reactions occur, knowledge that is relevant in nearly every area of chemistry.

PHYSICAL CHEMIST

I am identifying substances' chemical and physical properties in biological systems that is of great importance

BIOCHEMIST

SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS: BASIC AND INTEGRATED

Observing Communicating Classifying Measuring Inferring Predicting

Making a model Defining operationally Investigating *Asking a question *Collecting data *Reporting data *Comparing results *Making a conclusion

OBSERVING Using one or more of

the senses Extending the power

of the senses by using equipment/gadgets

Gathering information: objects and/or events

Comparing and contrasting

Looking for similarities and differences

COMMUNICATING Giving or

exchanging information

Describing: object, action, event

* Words: oral or written * Graphic

symbols

COMMUNICATING:Graphic Symbols

Drawings Diagrams Maps Tables Charts Graphs

COMMUNICATING:Graphic Symbols

COMMUNICATING:Graphic Symbols

CLASSIFYING Observing

similarities and differences

Sorting according to a predetermined set of properties or schemes

Labeling the common characteristics

Classifying Animals:Dichotomous Key

MEASURING

Comparing objects to arbitrary units that are standardized

Comparing objects to arbitrary units that are not standardized

*Estimating– Approximately calculating a quantity or value based on judgment

MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

Length

Mass and weight

Volume

Temperature

Ruler, tape measure, meter stick

Equal-arm balance, weighing scale

Measuring cups and spoons, graduated cylinder, beaker, dropper

Thermometer

Using the Equal-Arm Balance

See if the pointer points to the zero mark. If not, adjust it to its initial zero reading.

Protect the platforms with paper/plastic containers.

After using, wipe the platforms with a clean tissue paper.

MEASURING INSTRUMENTS:Weighing Scales

ESTIMATING Dali (cm), dangkal (cm), dipa (m) Estimate: drops in 1 cc or mL Estimate: heaviness/mass of solids

by *using hands *improvised balance *non-standard masses

INFERRING Developing

ideas based on observations

PREDICTING Forming an

idea of an expected result, based on inferences

Observing,Inferring, or Predicting?

The bean’s seed coat is broken.

The seed is sprouting.

If the seed would have enough water, air, warmth, and nutrients, it would grow into a healthy bean plant.

Observing, Inferring, or Predicting?

There is a bee on a flower.

A bee is pollinating a flower.

The flower will be fertilized.

Observing, Inferring, or Predicting?

DEFINING OPERATIONALLY

Stating specific information about an object or phenomena based on experiences with it

Telling what you do and what happens

Describing what will be observed or measured

MAKING MODELS Developing a

physical or mental representation to explain an idea, object, or event

INVESTIGATING Asking a question Hypothesizing Designing

investigation Collecting data Reporting data Comparing results Making conclusion

SCIENCE IS INQUIRY Fair test

Observe

Look for a pattern

Make things

Make models

Control and experimental

Unfolding of events; do tests

E.g.: Where are snail habitats in the school campus?

Process: e.g., make soap

Physical, abstract; working or not

ASKING QUESTIONS

INVESTIGATING: DESIGNING AN INVESTIGATION

Identifying variables Controlling variables *Manipulating one factor that

may affect the outcome of an event while other factors are held constant Setting up an experiment

INVESTIGATING:COLLECTING DATA

Keeping a record notebook Making a tabulation

INVESTIGATING:REPORTING DATA

Making a graph *Converting numerical

quantities into a diagram that shows the relationships among the

quantities

INVESTIGATING:COMPARING RESULTS

Reviewing literature *Books *Science Magazines *Internet

INVESTIGATING:MAKING CONCLUSIONS

Writing the investigation Answering the question raised

SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT

A system of measurement is a set of units which can be used to specify anything which can be measured and were historically important, regulated and defined because of trade and internal commerce. 

ENGLISH SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENTThe English system of measurement

grew out of the creative way that people measured for themselves.  Familiar objects and parts of the body were used as measuring devices.  For example, people measured shorter distances on the ground with their feet. 

ENGLISH SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT They measured longer distances by their

paces (a "mile" was a thousand paces).  They measured capacities with common household items such as cups, pails, and baskets.  The word gallon comes from an old name for a pail.    Unfortunately, these creative measuring devices allowed for different measurements to be obtained when different people measured the same items.  Eventually, a standard was set so that all measurements represented the same amount for everyone.

ENGLISH SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT

 Length:12 inches (in) = 1 foot

(ft)3 feet  = 1 yard (yd) 5280 feet = 1 mile

(mi) 

Capacity:3 teaspoons (tsp) = 1

tablespoon (tbsp) 16 tbsp = 1 cup (c)8 ounces (oz) = 1 c

2 c = 1 pint (pt)2 pt = 1 quart (qt)

4 qt = 1 gallon (gal)

Weight:16 ounces (oz) = 1

pound (lb)2000 lb = 1 ton

 

METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT

 The metric system is an international decimalized system of measurement that was originally based on the mètre des archives and the kilogramme des archives introduced by France in 1799.

METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENTFrom its beginning, the main feature of

the metric system was the standard set of inter-related base units and a standard set of prefixes in powers of ten. These base units are used to derive larger and smaller units and replaced a huge number of unstandardized units of measure that existed previously. While the system was first developed for commercial use, its coherent set of units made it particularly suitable for scientific and engineering purposes.

METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT

 Length:1 kilometer (km) = 1000 meters (m)1 centimeter (cm) = .01 meter (m)

1 millimeter (mm) = .001 meter (m) 

Capacity:1 milliliter = .001 liter (l)

Weight:1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g)1 milligram (mg) = .001 gram (g)

 

Kilo  means thousand (1000)Hecto means hundred (100)

Deca means ten (10)Deci means one-tenth (1/10)

Centi means one-hundredth (1/100)Milli means one-thousandth (1/1000)

SI BASE UNITS

SI BASE UNITSThe SI unit system consists of seven

base units, with a number of other units derived from those foundations. Below are the base SI units, along with their precise definitions, showing why it took so long to define some of them.•meter (m) - The base unit of length; determined by the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second.•kilogram (kg) - The base unit of mass; equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram (commissioned by the CGPM in 1889).

SI BASE UNITS• second (s) - The base unit of time; duration

of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state in the cesium 133 atom.

• ampere (A) - The base unit of electrical current; constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circuit cross-section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would produce between those conductors a force equal to 2 x 10-7 newtons per meter of length.

SI BASE UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

QUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL

LENGTH METER m

MASS KILOGRAM kg

TIME SECONDS s

TEMPERATURE KELVIN K

AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE MOLE mol

ELECTRIC CURRENT AMPERE A

LUMINOUS INTENSITY CANDELA cd

SI DERIVED UNITSFrom these base units, many

other units are derived. For example, the SI unit for velocity is m / s (meter per second), using the base unit of length and the base unit of time to determine the length traveled over a given period of time.

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

Very large or very small numbers can be written in scientific notation. This has the format Nx10n, with N as the whole number coefficient with a value from 1 to 9 and n is the exponent of 10 and is either a positive or a negative integer.

SIGNIFICANT FIGURESIn a measurement, all digits that we are sure of plus the one that is uncertain are called significant figures. In determining the number of significant figures, the following rules should be followed:o All nonzero digits are significant.Examples1.39 = 3 significant figures234.98 = 5 significant figures

o Zeroes between nonzero digits are significant.Examples:309.2 = 4 significant digits600.5 = 4 significant digits430.056 = 6 significant digitso Zeros before the first nonzero digit are

nonsignificant. These are called leading zeros.Examples:0.234 = 3 significant digits0.0056 = 2 significant digits0.000405 = 3 significant digits

o Zeros after the nonzero digit may or may not be significant. These are called trailing zeros.a. If there is a decimal point in the number, all trailing zeros are significant.

Examples:341.20 00 = 7 significant digits0.30 = 2 significant digits0.000609 = 3 significant digitsgits

b. If there is no decimal point in the number, the trailing zeros are NOT significant.Examples:400 = 1 significant digit324000 = 3 significant digitsoExact numbers are considered to have an infinite number of significant figures. These are numbers that we obtain be counting or multipliers in numbers that are part of a formula.Examples:

The number 2 in the formula for calculating the area of a circle, 2(pi)r(squared), is an exact number.

Significant Figure Rules for Addition and Subtraction

For addition and subtraction, the accuracy with which you quote an answer does not depend directly on the number of S.F. in the input numbers as above. Instead, it is determined by the position of the least significant digit in any of the input numbers. Here are some examples.

2.34 + 0.18 = 2.52 2.34 + 2.8 = 5.1

2.341234 - 2.0 = 0.3

In multiplication and division, the number of S.F. in the answer is the same as the number of S.F. in

the input number that has the fewest. For example, consider Person 3's measurement of

the wood. If you wanted to know the area of the wood you would use the formula

Area = Length x Width = (11.63 cm) x (5.74 cm)

The input number with the smallest number of S.F. is the width measurement, which has 3. So, the

answer must also have 3 S.F.:

Area = 66.8 cm2

UNIT CONVERSIONUnit Conversion is very important since not all measurements are expressed in the same units. Conversion of units is the conversion between different units of measurement for the same quantity, typically through multiplicative conversion factors.