Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics

Volume 63

Series Editors

Kukjin Chun, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul NationalUniversity, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)Kiyoo Itoh, Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, JapanThomas H. Lee, Department of Electrical Engineering CIS-205, StanfordUniversity, Stanford, CA, USARino Micheloni, Torre Sequoia, II piano, PMC-Sierra, Vimercate (MB), ItalyTakayasu Sakurai, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanWilly M. C. Sansen, ESAT-MICAS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven,BelgiumDoris Schmitt-Landsiedel, Lehrstuhl fur Technische Elektronik, TechnischeUniversität München, Munich, Germany

The Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics provides systematic informationon all the topics relevant for the design, processing, and manufacturing ofmicroelectronic devices. The books, each prepared by leading researchers orengineers in their fields, cover the basic and advanced aspects of topics such aswafer processing, materials, device design, device technologies, circuit design,VLSI implementation, and sub-system technology. The series forms a bridgebetween physics and engineering, therefore the volumes will appeal to practicingengineers as well as research scientists.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4076

Manan SuriEditor

Applications of EmergingMemory TechnologyBeyond Storage

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EditorManan SuriDepartment of Electrical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology DelhiNew Delhi, Delhi, India

ISSN 1437-0387 ISSN 2197-6643 (electronic)Springer Series in Advanced MicroelectronicsISBN 978-981-13-8378-6 ISBN 978-981-13-8379-3 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8379-3

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or partof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionor information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt fromthe relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regardto jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,Singapore

He who sees inaction in action, and actionin inactionIs Spiritually wise, transcendentally situateda perfect performer of all actions(Shrimad Bhagwad Gita, Chapter 4, Verse 18)

In loving memory ofHarbans Kaur, Gyan Chand, Raj Rani, andJagdish Chander

Preface

Let me try to keep this Preface short and simple so that readers can save time foractual technical content.

If Data is the question? Memory is the answer!Over the last few decades, the quanta of memory, memory-related devices, and

circuits on most silicon dies have increased manifold and will further increase in thetime to come. This leads us to the question; if the presence of memory is becomingmore and more profound, why not exploit it for multiple applications beyondsimple conventional storage? The emergence of different flavors of new memorymaterials and devices with diverse underlying physics has opened many newapplication opportunities. The contributions in this edition are an effort in thedirection of showcasing applications beyond simple 1/0 storage that can be realizedusing emerging nanoscale, non-volatile memory devices, materials, and circuits.The present volume is a work in progress, and we hope to improve it further withyour feedback. The book in its current form may be used as a research referencetext as well as reading material for advanced courses. I would like to express deepgratitude to all the contributing researchers and their teams for presenting excellenttechnical content for this project and also the project co-ordinator for sincere effortsin making this edition possible.

New Delhi, India Manan Suri

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Contents

1 Towards Spintronics Nonvolatile Caches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Zhaohao Wang, Bi Wu, Chao Wang, Wang Kang and Weisheng Zhao

2 CMOS-OxRAM Based Hybrid Nonvolatile SRAMand Flip-Flop: Circuit Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Swatilekha Majumdar, Sandeep Kaur Kingra and Manan Suri

3 Phase Change Memory for Physical Unclonable Functions . . . . . . . . 59Nafisa Noor and Helena Silva

4 Applications of Resistive Switching Memory as HardwareSecurity Primitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Roberto Carboni and Daniele Ielmini

5 Memristive Biosensors for Ultrasensitive Diagnosticsand Therapeutics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Ioulia Tzouvadaki, Giovanni De Micheli and Sandro Carrara

6 Optimized Programming for STT-MTJ-Based TCAMfor Low-Energy Approximate Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Ashwani Kumar and Manan Suri

7 Greedy Edge-Wise Training of Resistive Switch Arrays . . . . . . . . . . 177Doo Seok Jeong

8 mMPU—A Real Processing-in-Memory Architectureto Combat the von Neumann Bottleneck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Nishil Talati, Rotem Ben-Hur, Nimrod Wald, Ameer Haj-Ali,John Reuben and Shahar Kvatinsky

9 Spintronic Logic-in-Memory Paradigms and Implementations . . . . . 215Wang Kang, Erya Deng, Zhaohao Wang and Weisheng Zhao

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Editor, Project Co-ordinator, and Contributors

About the Editor

Manan Suri leads the NVM and NeuromorphicResearch Group at IIT-Delhi. He is a Professor at theDepartment of Electrical Engineering, IIT-Delhi and theFounder of CYRAN AI Solutions. His research interestsinclude Semiconductor Non-Volatile Memory(NVM) Technology and its Advanced Applications(Neuromorphic, AI, Security, Computing, Sensing etc.)He has been globally recognized as a leading DeepTechInnovator. He was selected by MIT Technology Reviewas one of the Top 35 Global Innovators Under 35(MIT-TR 35 Global List) and one of the Top 10 IndianInnovators Under 35 (MIT-TR 35 India List). He receivedthe prestigious IEEE EDS Early Career Award (2018),Young Scientist Award (2017) from The NationalAcademy of Sciences, Young Engineers Award (2016),from The Institution of Engineers, and Laureat du Prix(2014) from the French Nanosciences Foundation. He hasfiled multiple patents, authored 65+ publications anddelivered 45+ Invited talks. Dr. Suri is a visiting scientistat CNRS France. He serves as an advisor to leadingAI/Neuromorphic/NVM hardware companies. and gov-ernment bodies. Prior to joining IIT-Delhi, he has workedat NXP Semiconductors, Belgium and CEA-LETI, FranceDr. Suri received his Ph.D. from INP-Grenoble, Franceand Masters/Bachelors from Cornell University, USA.email: manansuri@ee.iitd.ac.inhttp://web.iitd.ac.in/*manansuri/

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Project Co-ordinator

Ms. Sandeep Kaur Kingra NVM and NeuromorphicResearch Group, Department of Electrical Engineering,Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

Contributors

Rotem Ben-Hur received her B.Sc. in electricalengineering from the Technion - Israel Institute ofTechnology, in 2014. In 2012, she joined Elbit Systemsas FPGA Designer. Since 2015, she is Graduate Studentworking toward a Ph.D. (direct path) at the Andrew andErna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical Engineering,Technion - Israel Institute of Technology. Her currentresearch is focused on novel architectures for logic withemerging memory technologies.

Roberto Carboni received his B.S. and M.S. inelectrical engineering from Politecnico di Milano,Milan, Italy, in 2013 and 2016, respectively, wherehe is currently pursuing his Ph.D. in electrical engi-neering. His main research interests are the character-ization and modeling of resistive switching memory(RRAM) and spin-transfer torque magnetic memory(STT-MRAM) for memory and computing applica-tions.

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Sandro Carrara is IEEE Fellow and also the recipientof the IEEE Sensors Council Technical AchievementAward. He is Faculty at EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland,and former Professor at the Universities of Genoa andBologna, Italy. He holds a Ph.D. in biochemistry andbiophysics, a Master's in physics, and a diploma inelectronics. His scientific interests are on electricalphenomena of nano-biostructured films and includeCMOS design of biochips based on proteins and DNA.Along his career, he published seven books, one asauthor with Springer on Bio/CMOS interfaces and, morerecently, a Handbook of Bioelectronics with CambridgeUniversity Press. He has more than 250 scientificpublications and is author of 13 patents. He is nowEditor-in-Chief of the IEEE Sensors Journal, Founderand Editor-in-Chief of the journal BioNanoScience bySpringer, and Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions onBiomedical Circuits and Systems. He is Member of theIEEE Sensors Council and was Member of the Board ofGovernors (BoG) of the IEEE CAS Society. He has beenappointed two times as IEEEDistinguished Lecturer. Hiswork received several international recognitions asbest-cited papers and best conference papers. He hasbeenGeneral Chairman of the Conference IEEEBioCAS2014.

Giovanni De Micheli is Professor and Director of theInstitute of Electrical Engineering at EPFL, Lausanne,Switzerland. He is Fellow of ACM and IEEE, Memberof the Academia Europaea, and International HonoraryMember of the AmericanAcademy of Arts and Sciences.His research interests include several aspects of designtechnologies for integrated circuits and systems, such assynthesis for emerging technologies, networks on chips,and 3D integration. His citation h-index is 93 accordingto Google Scholar. He is a member of the ScientificAdvisory Board of IMEC (Leuven, B), CfAED(Dresden, D), and STMicroelectronics. He is the recip-ient of the 2016 IEEE/CS Harry Goode Award forseminal contributions to design and design tools ofnetworks on chips, the 2016 EDAA LifetimeAchievement Award, the 2012 IEEE/CAS Mac VanValkenburg Award for contributions to theory, practice,

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and experimentation in designmethods and tools, and the2003 IEEE Emanuel Piore Award for contributions tocomputer-aided synthesis of digital systems. He receivedalso the D. Pederson Award for the best paper on theIEEE Transactions on CAD in 2018 and 1987, as well asseveral Best Paper Awards. He has been serving IEEE inseveral capacities, namely Division 1 Director (2008–2009), Co-founder and President Elect of the IEEECouncil on EDA (2005–2007), President of theIEEE CAS Society (2003), Editor-in-Chief of the IEEETransactions on CAD/ICAS (1997–2001). He has beenChair of several conferences, including MEMOCODE(2014), DATE (2010), pHealth (2006), VLSI-SOC(2006), DAC (2000), and ICCD (1989).

Erya Deng was born in China, 1989. She received thePh.D. degree in nano-electronics and nano-technologiesfrom the University of Grenoble Alpes, France, in2017. She received the M.S. degree in electronics fromthe University of Paris-Sud, France, in 2013. Herinterest includes hybrid CMOS/magnetic circuits formemory and logic applications.

Ameer Haj-Ali is currently a Ph.D. student in theDepartment of Electrical Engineering and ComputerScience, UC Berkeley. He completed his M.Sc. studiesat the Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of ElectricalEngineering at the Technion – Israel Institute ofTechnology in 2018. He received the B.Sc. in computerengineering, summa cum laude, in 2017, from theTechnion - Israel Institute of Technology. From 2015 to2016, he was with Mellanox Technologies as a chipdesigner. His current research is focused on hardware/software co-design, auto-tuning, machine learning, rein-forcement learning, ASIC design, high-performancecomputing, and hardware for machine learning.

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Daniele Ielmini is Full Professor at the Dipartimento diElettronica, Informazione, e Bioingegneria, Politecnicodi Milano. He conducts research on emergingnano-electronic devices, such as phase-change memory(PCM) and resistive switching memory (RRAM), andtheir application in computing. He received the IntelOutstanding Researcher Award in 2013, the ERCConsolidator Grant in 2014, and the IEEE EDSRappaport Award in 2015.

Doo Seok Jeong received his B.E. and M.E. inmaterials science from Seoul National University, in2002 and 2005, respectively, and the Ph.D. in materialsscience from RWTHAachen, Germany, in 2008. He waswith theKorea Institute of Science andTechnology, from2008 to 2018. Since 2018, he has been an associateprofessor with Hanyang University. His research interestincludes digital implementation of fully reconfigurablespiking neural networks with embedded learning algo-rithms of the locality. New learning algorithms suitablefor digital neuromorphic hardware are of particularinterest for the moment. He has authored/co-authoredmore than 90 papers that have been cited more than 5800times.

Wang Kang (S’12, M’15) received the B.S. in elec-tronic and information engineering from BeihangUniversity, Beijing, China, in 2009. He received thedouble Ph.D. in microelectronics from BeihangUniversity, Beijing, China, and in physics from theUniversity of Paris-Sud, Paris, France, in 2014, respec-tively. He is now Associate Professor at School ofMicroelectronics, Beihang University, Beijing, China.His research interest includes spintronic devices, circuits,architectures, and applications. He has authored orco-authored two chapters, more than 90 technical papers,and over 20 Chinese patents. He served as Guest Editorof Microelectronics Journal.

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Sandeep Kaur Kingra is currently pursuing Ph.D.from the Department of Electrical Engineering at IndianInstitute of Technology Delhi, India. She received herB.Tech. in electronics and communication engineeringand M.Tech. in microelectronics in 2011 and 2015,respectively. Her current areas of interest are emergingnon-volatile memories, characterization, and computingapplications of emerging memories.

Ashwani Kumar received his B.Tech. in electronicsand communication engineering and M.Tech. inmicro-electronics in 2010 and 2013, respectively. Heis currently working toward the Ph.D. in ElectricalEngineering Department with Indian Institute ofTechnology Delhi (IITD), India. His current researchinterests include emerging memristive technology forimaging applications.

Shahar Kvatinsky is Assistant Professor at theAndrewand Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical Engineering,Technion - Israel Institute of Technology. He receivedhis B.Sc. in computer engineering and applied physicsand MBA in 2009 and 2010, respectively, both from theHebrew University of Jerusalem, and his Ph.D. inelectrical engineering from the Technion - IsraelInstitute of Technology in 2014. From 2006 to 2009,he was with Intel as Circuit Designer and wasPost-Doctoral Research Fellow at Stanford Universityfrom 2014 to 2015. He is Editor of MicroelectronicsJournal and has been the recipient of 2015 IEEEGuillemin-Cauer Best Paper Award, 2015 Best Paperof Computer Architecture Letters, Viterbi Fellowship,Jacobs Fellowship, ERC Starting Grant, 2017 PazyMemorial Award, 2014 and 2017Hershel Rich Technion

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Innovation Awards, 2013 Sanford Kaplan Prize forCreative Management in High Tech, 2010 Benin Prize,and seven Technion excellence teaching awards. Hiscurrent research is focused on circuits and architectureswith emerging memory technologies and design ofenergy-efficient architectures.

Swatilekha Majumdar is currently pursuing Ph.D.from Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India. Shereceived her M.Tech. from IIIT, Delhi, in VLSI andembedded systems in 2014 and B.Tech. from IPUniversity, Delhi, in electronics and communicationin 2011. She visited National Chiao Tung University,Taiwan, in 2017 as PhD exchange student, and hasworked with ST Microelectronics from 2013–2014. Herresearch interests include NVSRAM applications. Shewas conferred with IEEE Student Fellowship at the32nd IEEE VLSID Conference and has been associatedwith IEEE WIE since 2019.

Nafisa Noor received her B.S. in electrical andelectronic engineering from Bangladesh University ofEngineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka,Bangladesh, in 2007. She started working as SystemEngineer at a leading telecommunication operatorcompany, Grameenphone Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh,from June 2007. She joined the Department ofElectrical and Electronic Engineering at AhsanullahUniversity of Science and Technology (AUST) inDhaka, Bangladesh, as Lecturer in October 2008. She iscurrently pursuing her Ph.D. in electrical engineering atUniversity of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.

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John Reuben received B.E. (Hon’s) from BITS,Pilani, in 2004 and Master’s and Ph.D. from VITUniversity, India, in 2008 and 2015, respectively. Hewas Post-Doctoral Researcher in Technion, Israel, fromJanuary 2017 to January 2018. He is currently workingas Post-Doctoral Researcher in Friedrich AlexanderUniversity, Erlangen, Germany. His research interestsare RRAMs, memristive logic, and beyond-CMOScomputing.

Helena Silva received her B.Eng. in engineeringphysics from Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Lisboa,Portugal, in 1998, and Ph.D. in applied physics fromCornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA, in 2005. She iscurrently Associate Professor in the Department ofElectrical and Computer Engineering at University ofConnecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.

Nishil Talati is currently working toward the Ph.D. inthe Computer Science and Engineering Department,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. His currentresearch interests include computer architecture, mainmemory systems, and emerging memory technologies.He received his B.Eng. in electrical engineering fromBITS, Pilani, India, in 2016, and M.Sc. in electricalengineering from the Technion - Israel Institute ofTechnology in 2018.e-mail: talatin@umich.edu

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Ioulia Tzouvadaki received her B.Sc. in physics fromNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens(UoA) and M.Sc. in microsystems and nano-devicesfrom National Technical University of Athens (NTUA).Her M.Sc. thesis concerned the computational studyand simulation of polymer nano-composite materials,within the Computational Materials Science andEngineering (CoMSE) research group of the Schoolof Chemical Engineering at NTUA. She received herPh.D. in microsystems and microelectronics at ÉcolePolytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). In herPh.D. research at the Integrated System Laboratory(LSI), she focused on the fabrication and characteriza-tion of nano-structures and their implementation asultrasensitive nano-biosensors in both diagnostics andtherapeutics. She joined Stanford University asPost-Doctoral Fellow working on the design of anelectronic platform for integration with wearable sweatbiomarker sensors for multi-panel, continuous moni-toring to enhance human health and performance.Currently, she is Research Fellow at SouthamptonUniversity.

Nimrod Wald received his B.Sc. in electrical engi-neering and physics in 2013, and his M.Sc. in electricalengineering in 2019, both from the Technion - IsraelInstitute of Technology, Haifa. Between 2011 and2016, he was with Qualcomm Inc. in a hardware designposition, and later in a hardware architecture position inthe area of performance analysis. Currently, he is with astart-up company in the field of EDA for hardwaredevelopment.

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Chao Wang received his B.S. in Electronics andInformation Engineering from Beihang University,Beijing, China, in 2018, where he is currently pursuinghis M.S. with the Department of Microelectronics. Hisresearch interests include the modeling of non-volatilenano-devices, the design of new non-volatile memoriesand logic circuits, and the optimization issue of thespintronics memory architectures.

Zhaohao Wang (S’12–M’16) received his B.S. inmicroelectronics from Tianjin University, China, in2009, M.S. in microelectronics from Beihang Univer-sity, China, in 2012, and Ph.D. in physics fromUniversityParis-Saclay, France, in 2015. He is currently AssistantProfessor at School of Microelectronics, BeihangUniversity, China. His current research interests includethe modeling of non-volatile nano-devices and the designof new non-volatile memories and logic circuits. He hasauthored or co-authoredmore than50 technical papers andholds more than 10 Chinese patents.

Bi Wu received his B.S. and M.S. from ChinaUniversity of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou,China, and Beihang University, Beijing, China, respec-tively. He is currently pursuing Ph.D. in electricalengineering at Beihang University. In 2017, he won theChina National Scholarship for doctoral students whichis awarded by Ministry of Education of China. Hisresearch interests include circuit-level and architecture-level design and optimization of STT-MRAM,SOT-MRAM, the corresponding reliability analysisand improvement, etc.

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Weisheng Zhao (M’07–SM’14-F’18) received hisPh.D. in physics from the University of Paris-Sud,Paris, France, in 2007. He was Research Associate withthe CEA’s Embedded Computing Laboratory, France,from 2007 to 2009. From 2009 to 2014, he was TenuredScientist with CNRS, France. He is currentlyDistinguished Professor and Director of the FertBeijing Research Institute, Beihang University,Beijing, China. He has authored or co-authored twobooks, more than 200 scientific papers, and holds fourinternational patents and more than 30 Chinese patents.His research focused on the hybrid integration ofemerging nano-devices (spintronics, nanotube devices,and memristors) with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor circuits toward logic and memory appli-cations. He is Editorial Board Member of ScientificReports, and he is also Associate Editor of the IEEETransactions on Nano-technology and IET ElectronicsLetters.

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