springer proceedings in physics 114

springer proceedings in physics

92 Beyond the Standard Model 2003Editor: H.V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus

93 ISSMGEExperimental StudiesEditor: T. Schanz

94 ISSMGENumerical and Theoretical ApproachesEditor: T. Schanz

95 Computer Simulation Studiesin Condensed-Matter Physics XVIEditors: D.P. Landau, S.P. Lewis,and H.-B. Schüttler

96 Electromagnetics in a Complex WorldEditors: I.M. Pinto, V. Galdi,and L.B. Felsen

97 Fields, Networks,Computational Methods and Systemsin Modern ElectrodynamicsA Tribute to Leopold B. FelsenEditors: P. Russer and M. Mongiardo

98 Particle Physics and the UniverseProceedings of the 9th Adriatic Meeting,Sept. 2003, DubrovnikEditors: J. Trampetic and J. Wess

99 Cosmic ExplosionsOn the 10th Anniversary of SN1993J(IAU Colloquium 192)Editors: J. M. Marcaide and K. W. Weiler

100 Lasers in the Conservation of ArtworksLACONA V Proceedings,Osnabrück, Germany, Sept. 15–18, 2003Editors: K. Dickmann, C. Fotakis,and J.F. Asmus

101 Progress in TurbulenceEditors: J. Peinke, A. Kittel, S. Barth,and M. Oberlack

102 Adaptive Opticsfor Industry and MedicineProceedingsof the 4th International WorkshopEditor: U. Wittrock

103 Computer Simulation Studiesin Condensed-Matter Physics XVIIEditors: D.P. Landau, S.P. Lewis,and H.-B. Schüttler

104 Complex Computing-NetworksBrain-like and Wave-orientedElectrodynamic AlgorithmsEditors: I.C. Göknar and L. Sevgi

105 Computer Simulation Studiesin Condensed-Matter Physics XVIIIEditors: D.P. Landau, S.P. Lewis,and H.-B. Schüttler

106 Modern Trends in GeomechanicsEditors: W. Wu and H.S. Yu

107 Microscopy of Semiconducting MaterialsProceedings of the 14th Conference,April 11–14, 2005, Oxford, UKEditors: A.G. Cullis and J.L. Hutchison

108 Hadron Collider Physics 2005Proceedings of the iTi Conference in Tur-bulence 2005Editors: M. Oberlack, S. Guenther, T.Weller, G. Khujadze, A. Osman, M. Frewer,J. Peinke

109 Progress in Turbulence 2Proceedings of the 14th Conference,April 11–14, 2005, Oxford, UKEditors: A.G. Cullis and J.L. Hutchison

110 Titel: Nonequilibrium Carrier Dynamicsin SemiconductorsUntertitel: Proceedings of the 14th In-ternational Conference, July 25-29, 2005,Chicago, USAEditors: M. Saraniti, U. Ravaioli

111 Vibration Problems ICOVP 2005Editors: E. Inan, A. Kiris

112 Experimental Unsaturated SoilMechanicsEditor: T. Schanz

113 Theoretical and Numerical UnsaturatedSoil MechanicsEditor: T. Schanz

114 Advances in Medical EngineeringEditors: T.M. Buzug

Volumes 67–91 are listed at the end of the book.

Thorsten M. Buzug (Ed.)

Advancesin Medical Engineering

With 296 Figures

123

Professor Dr. Thorsten M. BuzugInstitute of Medical EngineeringUniversity of LuebeckRatzeburger Allee 160D-23538 Luebeck, Germany

buzug@imt.uni-luebeck.de

Professor Dr. Dietrich HolzProfessor Dr. Jens BongartzProfessor Dr. Matthias Kohl-BareisProfessor Dr. Ulrich HartmannDepartment of Mathematics and TechnologyRheinAhrCampus Remagen, Germany

Dr. Simone WeberCentral Institute for ElectronicsResearch Centre Juelich, Germany

Library of Congress Control Number: 2007920044

ISSN 0930-8989

ISBN 978-3-540-68763-4 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

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Preface

Continuous improvements in medical imaging together with advanced image processing algorithms, biomechanical simulations and interventional monitoring strategies lead to significant progress in computer-aided diagnosis, treatment planning and therapy. Navigation in image-guided surgery provides significant advantages in accuracy due to today’s sophisticated techniques of patient-data visualization in combination with the flexibility and precision of novel surgical tools like robots and laser scalpels. These tools give finer control over sensitive movements in diseased anatomical areas and therefore, allow more surgical procedures to be performed using minimally invasive techniques than ever before.

After successful launch in the years 2002 and 2004 the Third Physics Days Remagen (3rd RPT – Remagener Physiktage) together with the Second Scientific Workshop of Medical Robotics, Navigation and Visualization (2nd MRNV) is again a forum of current research and development trends in the fields of physics, engineering, mathematics and computer sciences in biomedical engineering. RheinAhrCampus Remagen, Research Centre Jülich and the University of Lübeck provide a platform for scientists from industry, clinics, universities and research labs to present the recent results of their projects. Additionally, we have encouraged students to present their diploma-, master- and PhD-projects.

Foci of the 2007 RPT – MRNV conference are medical imaging (CT, MRT, US, PET, SPECT etc.), medical image processing (segmentation, registration, visualization etc.), computer-assisted surgery (medical robotics, navigation – MRNV workshop), biomechanics (motion analysis, accident research, computer in sports, ergonomics etc.), biomedical optics (OCT, soft-tissue optics, optical monitoring etc.) and laser medicine (tissue ablation, gas analytics, topometry etc.). Additionally, clinical application studies and other interesting fields of biomedical engineering have been included as well.

As chair of the Third Physics Days Remagen (Remagener Physiktage – RPT 2007) and the Second Scientific Workshop of Medical Robotics, Navigation and Visualization (MRNV 2007) and on behalf of Karl Ziemons, Research Centre Jülich, and Dietrich Holz, RheinAhrCampus Remagen, I would like to thank the members of the program committee for the selection of works included in these proceedings.

VI

The members of the RPT – MRNV 2007 program committee are:

Til Aach RWTH Aachen Jens Bongartz RheinAhrCampus Remagen Thorsten M. Buzug University of Lübeck Hartmut Dickhaus FH Heilbronn/University of Heidelberg Olaf Dössel University of Karlsruhe Jürgen Eichler TFH Berlin Rolf Ellegast BGIA, Berufsgenossenschaft St. Augustin Werner Falkenstein StarMedTech GmbH Karin Gruber University of Koblenz Heinz Handels UKE University of Hamburg Ulrich Hartmann RheinAhrCampus Remagen Stefan Haßfeld University of Heidelberg Wolfram Hell University of Munich Peter Hering University of Düsseldorf Gerd Hirzinger DLR Oberpfaffenhofen Dietrich Holz RheinAhrCampus Remagen Alwin Kienle University of Ulm Edmund Koch TU Dresden Matthias Kohl-Bareis RheinAhrCampus Remagen Steffen Leonhardt Helmholtz Institute RWTH Aachen Tim C. Lueth Humboldt University of Berlin Heinz-Otto Peitgen University of Bremen, MeVis Bremen Siegfried J. Pöppl University of Lübeck Robert Sader University of Frankfurt Georg Schmitz RheinAhrCampus Remagen Klaus-Peter Schmitz University of Rostock Herbert Schneckenburger Hochschule Aalen Jens Steinbrink Charité, HU Berlin Achim Schweikard University of Lübeck Gudrun Wagenknecht Research Centre Jülich Simone Weber Research Centre Jülich Thomas Wittenberg Fraunhofer Institute IIS Erlangen Heinz Wörn University of Karlsruhe Waldemar Zylka University of Applied Science Gelsenkirchen

Advances in Medical Engineering

VII

Additionally, I would like to thank the following colleagues for accepting our key talk invitations:

Dr. Jörn Borgert (Philips Research Europe - Hamburg) Magnetic Particle Imaging

Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Demtröder (University of Kaiserslautern) Laser Spectroscopy in Biology, Medicine und Environmental Sciences

Prof. Dr. Olaf Dössel (University of Karlsruhe) Modelling and Imaging Electrophysiology and Contraction of the Heart

Prof. Dr. Heinz-Otto Peitgen (University of Bremen/MeVis) Challenges and Problems of Quantitative Radiology

Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Peter M. Schlag (Clinics for Surgery and Oncology, Charité) Duties of the Section CTAC of the German Society of Surgery

For financial support of the RPT and MRNV 2007 workshop I would like to thank the Research Centre Jülich.

Warm thanks go to the members of the local organization team: Tobias Bildhauer, Holger Dörle, Dimitri Geraskin, Anke Hülster, Marie-Sophie Lafontaine, Birgit Lentz, Dr. Kerstin Lüdtke-Buzug, Volker Luy, May Oehler, Gisela Niedzwetzki, Waltraud Ott and Dirk Thomsen. Without their help the conference and these proceedings would not have been possible.

Many thanks go to the following cooperating societies: DGBMT (German Society of Biomedical Engineering) of VDE, CTAC (Section for Minimally Invasive, Computer and Telematics Assisted Surgery of the German Society of Surgery), DPG (German Society of Physics) and EMB German section of IEEE.

On behalf of all authors I would also like to thank Eva Hestermann-Beyerle and Monika Lempe (Springer Publisher Heidelberg) for their help in the preparation of these proceedings.

Remagen/Lübeck, March 2007 Thorsten M. Buzug Conference Chair

Preface

Contents

Invited Paper

Modelling and Imaging Electrophysiology and Contraction of the HeartOlaf Dössel, Dima Farina, Matthias Mohr, Matthias Reumann,Gunnar Seemann and Daniel L. Weiss ...................................................................3

Part I Medical Imaging

Influence of Corrections During Image Reconstruction on the Spatial Resolution of ClearPET NeuroChristine Steenkamp, Simone Weber, Brigitte Gundlich, Patrick Musmann and Thorsten M. Buzug ................................................................................................19

Dynamic Reconstruction for the ClearPETTM Neuro using TemporalB-SplinesBrigitte Gundlich, Patrick Musmann and Simone Weber .....................................25

Local Compensation for Respiratory Motion in List-mode PETRalph Brinks and Marc Busch ..............................................................................31

Hybrid Imaging with SPECT/CT - Presentation of 5 CasesS. Berg, B.-I. Börner, H. Rasch, J. Müller-Brand and G. Bongartz .....................37

The -MLEM Algorithm: An Iterative Reconstruction Techniquefor Metal Artifact Reduction in CT ImagesMay Oehler and Thorsten M. Buzug .....................................................................42

Quantification of Tissue Microcirculation by Dynamic MRI and CT: Comparative Analysis of Signal-Time Courses Measured in Muscle TissueG. Brix, J. Griebel, S. Delorme and F. Kiessling..................................................48

X Advances in Medical Engineering

A Numerical Investigation of RF Heating Effects on Implants During MRI Compared to Experimental Measurements Jens Stenschke, Dan Li, Maike Thomann, Gregor Schaefers and Waldemar Zylka ....................................................................................................53

Real Time Neuronavigation Using 3-D Ultrasound and MRI in Patients with Brain Tumor Martin Engelhardt, Christian Hansen, Bernhard Brendel, Stephanie Hold, Christopher Brenke, Ioannis Pechlivanis, Albrecht Harders, Helmut Ermert and Kirsten Schmieder .................................................................................................59

Vasodynamics of the Murine Arteria Saphena by Optical Coherence Tomography Julia Walther, Sven Meißner, Gregor Müller, Alexander Krüger, Henning Morawietz and Edmund Koch ................................................................64

An Imaging System in the Sub Millimeter Area Christian Krebs, Thorsten M. Buzug and Dirk Nüßler .........................................69

Mutual Attraction of Oscillating Microbubbles Michiel Postema, Michał Mleczko and Georg Schmitz.........................................75

A new Imaging Data Fusion System for Application in Neurosurgery and Multimodality Phantoms for System Evaluation Julia Oestreich, Falk Uhlemann, Tobias Meyer, Annett Werner, Matthias Kirsch and Ute Morgenstern ............................................................................................81

CCD-Video Endoscope Subjected to X-Ray Lucas Pfaffmann, Ronny Hübl and Thorsten M. Buzug........................................87

MRI Based Attenuation Correction for Brain PET Images Elena Rota Kops, Peng Qin, Mattea Müller-Veggian and Hans Herzog .............93

Integration of Functional Data (PET) into Brain Surgery Planning and Neuronavigation Stefan Vollmar, Jürgen A. Hampl, Lutz Kracht and Karl Herholz .......................98

Comparison of long-T2 Suppression Techniques for 3D Ultrashort Echo-Time Imaging Ulrike Blume, Jürgen Rahmer, Peter Börnert and Dietrich Holz.......................104

Scatter Analysis of the ClearPET™ Neuro using Monte Carlo Simulations Anna M. Fulterer, Stephan Schneider, Brigitte Gundlich, Patrick Musmann, Simone Weber and Thorsten M. Buzug ...............................................................109

XI

Multi-Modality-Imaging for Radiosurgery Planning of Arteriovenous MalformationsKlaus-D. Hamm, Cornelia Eger, Gunnar Surber, Gabriele Kleinert,Rene Aschenbach and Joachim Klisch ................................................................115

Image Based Analysis of Bone Graft Samples made by 3D PrintingUsing Conventional and Synchrotron-Radiation-BasedMicro-Computed TomographyS. H. Irsen, B. Leukers, C. Tille, F. Beckmann, B. Müller, T. M. Buzugand H. Seitz .........................................................................................................121

SPECT-CT in Maxillofacial SurgeryB.-I. Boerner, S. Berg, P. Juergens, A. Robertsonand K. Schwenzer-Zimmerer...............................................................................127

Part II Medical Image Processing

High Performance 2D/3D-Registration for Patient Positioningin RadiotherapyFrank Heinze, André Kupetz and Jürgen Roßmann............................................133

Modelling Tumour Growth Patterns with Non-Rigid Image RegistrationAndreas Mang, William R. Crum, Oscar Camara, Julia A. Schnabel, Gisele Brasil Caseiras, Thorsten M. Buzug, Hans R. Jäger, Tarek A. Yousryand David J. Hawkes ..........................................................................................139

Segmentation and Navigation Support of Clinical Data Setsto Simulate the Bronchoscopy and RhinoscopyChristian Dold, Ulrich Bockolt, Marcus Roth, Claus Peter Heussel, Jan Gosepath and Georgios Sakas ............................................................................................145

Analysis of Body Surfaces in a Body-Fixed Coordinate SystemBurkhard Drerup and Stefan Kraneburg ............................................................151

Deconvolution of Medical Ultrasound Data with Consideration of the Pressure Field, the Excitation Pulse and FocussingHolger J. Hewener and Robert Lemor................................................................157

Evaluation and Enhancement of a Procedure for Generating a 3D Bone Model Using RadiographsSebastian Gollmer, Rainer Lachner and Thorsten M. Buzug .............................163

Contents

XII

High-Speed-Camera Recordings and Image Sequence Analysisof Moving Heart-Valves: Experiments and First ResultsThomas Wittenberg, Robert Cesnjevar, Stephan Rupp, Michael Weyandand Markus Kondruweit......................................................................................169

Stereoscopic 4D-Visualization of Craniofacial Soft Tissue based on Dynamic MRI and 256 Row 4D-CTCornelia Kober, Britt-Isabelle Boerner, Shinichiro Mori,Carlos Buitrago Tellez, Markus Klarhöfer, Klaus Scheffler, Robert Saderand Hans-Florian Zeilhofer ................................................................................175

Analysis of Tumor-Influenced Respiratory Dynamics Using Motion Artifact Reduced Thoracic 4D CT ImagesRené Werner, Jan Ehrhardt, Thorsten Frenzel, Wei Lu, Daniel Lowand Heinz Handels ..............................................................................................181

3D-CSC: A General Segmentation Technique for Voxel Imageswith Application in MedicineFrank Schmitt, Patrick Sturm and Lutz Priese....................................................187

An Algorithm for Automatic Stitching of CR X-ray ImagesMarkus Gramer, Wilfried Bohlken, Bernd Lundt, Thomas Pralowand Thorsten M. Buzug .......................................................................................193

Topology Correction in Brain Segmentation Using a Multiscale AlgorithmLin Chen and Gudrun Wagenknecht ...................................................................199

Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy –Quality Assurance with the Mutual Information Index (MI)Astrid Brendemühl, Stefan Ostrowitzki, Uwe Altenburger, J. Christoph Haller, Jürgen Ruhlmann and Thorsten M. Buzug..........................................................205

Image Registration of Structural and Physiological MR Imagesof Abnormal AnatomyAndreas Mang, Oscar Camara, Gisele Brasil Caseiras, William R. Crum,Julia A. Schnabel, Thorsten M. Buzug, John Thornton, H. Rolf Jäger and David J. Hawkes ..........................................................................................211

Part III Computer-Assisted Surgery (MRNV Workshop)

Video Camera Based Navigation of a Laser Beam for Micro SurgeryBone Ablation at the Skull Base – Setup and Initial ExperimentsL. A. Kahrs, M. Werner, F. B. Knapp, S.-F. Lu, J. Raczkowsky, J. Schipper,M. Ivanenko, H. Wörn, P. Hering and Th. Klenzner...........................................219

Advances in Medical Engineering

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Ultrasound Based Navigation System for Minimal Invasive Surgeryat the Lumbar Spine within OrthoMITKarin Hensel, Stephanie Hold, Susanne Winter, Claudia Dekomien, Markus Mildenstein, Bernhard Brendel, Helmut Ermert and Georg Schmitz .................224

Optimization and Quantification of Aaccuracy for Rigid Point Based Registration for Computer Aided SurgeryPhilip Oberhammer, Urs Eisenmann, Roland Metzner,Dimitrios Paraskevopoulos, Christian R. Wirtz and Hartmut Dickhaus ............230

Virtual Reality Based Training of Lumbar PuncturesUsing a 6DOF Haptic DeviceM. Färber, J. Heller, F. Hummel, C. Gerloff and H. Handels............................236

Robot-Assisted 3D-Ultrasound Volume Registration for Skull Bone SurgeryPhilipp J. Stolka, Steffen H. Tretbar, Michel Waringo, Philipp A. Federspil,Peter K. Plinkert and Dominik Henrich..............................................................241

Recent Significance of Mechatronic Support Systems in General SurgerySiegfried Beller and Felix Härtl..........................................................................247

Registration of Intraoperative 3D Ultrasound with MR Datafor the Navigated Computer Based SurgeryClaudia Dekomien, Markus Mildenstein, Karin Hensel, Stephanie Holdand Susanne Winter ............................................................................................252

Measuring the Fat Content of the Liver for Transplantation MedicineJörg Himmel, Manfred Nagelschmidt, Jürgen Treckmann, Christian Sehestedt, Sidi Mohamed Ait Sghir and Stephan Sehestedt .................................................258

Part IV Biomechanics

Influence of Modern Above-knee Prostheses on the Biomechanics of GaitJ. Wühr, U. Veltmann, L. Linkemeyer, B. Drerup and H. H. Wetz .....................267

Spinal-Load Analysis of Patient-Transfer ActivitiesMatthias Jäger, Claus Jordan, Andreas Theilmeier, Alwin Luttmannand the DOLLY Group........................................................................................273

Investigation of the Influence of Interbody Fusion on Biomechanicsof the Cervical Spine Using a Computer ModelStefan Lehner and Ulrich Schreiber ...................................................................279

Contents

XIV

Design and Testing of an Autonomous Computer Controlled LoadingDevice to Study Tissue Adaptation around Immediately Loaded Implantsin the Reindeer AntlerAlireza Rahimi, Marcus Abboud, Gerhard Wahl, Ludger Keilig, Ingo Hensch and Christoph Bourauel......................................................................................285

Numerical Simulation of the Biomechanical Properties of a Prefabricated Attachment System for Use in Prosthetic DentistrySusanne Reimann, Christoph Bourauel, Ludger Keilig, Andreas Jäger,Helmut Stark and Mathias Strazza......................................................................291

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of the Mobility of Immediately Loaded Dental Implants Using a Pig ModelAlex Meier, Alireza Rahimi, Christoph Bourauel, Thorsten M. Buzug,Susanne Reimann und Dennis Giantoro .............................................................297

Measuring System for the Comparative Ergonomic Study of Office ChairsRolf Ellegast, Rene Hamburger, Kathrin Keller and Helmut Berger .................302

3-Dimensional Foot Geometry and Pressure Distribution Analysisof the Human Foot. Visualization and Analysis of two Independent Foot Quantities for Clinical ApplicationsAnn-Kathrin Hömme, Ewald M. Hennig and Ulrich Hartmann .........................308

Assessment of Ambulatory Activity of Diabetic Patients: A Reliability TestJ. Baumeister, R. Ellegast, B. Drerup, A. Koller and H. H. Wetz .......................314

MBS-Modeling for Estimation of Stress and Strain in Human BodySabine Juchem, Lucas Pfaffmann, Franziska Eckhardt, Dirk Thomsen,Stefan Lehner, Thorsten M. Buzug and Karin Gruber........................................319

A Bicycle Simulator Based on a Motion Platform in a Virtual Reality Environment – FIVIS ProjectO. Schulzyk, J. Bongartz, T. Bildhauer , U. Hartmann, B. Goebel, R. Herpers and D. Reinert .....................................................................................................323

Inverse Dynamics in Cycling PerformanceMalte Wangerin, Syn Schmitt, Björn Stapelfeldt and Albert Gollhofer ..............329

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Part V Biomedical Optics

Determination of Alveolar Geometry by Optical Coherence Tomography to Develop a Numerical Model of the Fluid Dynamics in the Pulmonary AcinusSven Meißner, Alexander Krüger, Martina Wendel, Lilla Knels, Axel Heller,Thea Koch and Edmund Koch ............................................................................337

Combining Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)with an Operating MicroscopeEva Lankenau, David Klinger, Christian Winter, Asim Malik,Heike Hedwig Müller, Stefan Oelckers, Hans-Wilhelm Pau, Timo Just and Gereon Hüttmann.........................................................................................343

Measurement of the Epidermal Thickness with Fourier Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in an Occupational Health Study on Natural Sun Protection of the Human SkinA. Krüger, T. Schwabe, M. Cuevas, P. Knuschke and E. Koch ..........................349

Multiscale Description of Light Propagation in Biological TissueAlwin Kienle, René Michels, Jan Schäfer and Oliver Fugger.............................355

The Influence of Heterogeneous Optical Propertiesupon Fluorescence Diffusion Tomography of Small AnimalsSaskia Bjoern, Sachin V. Patwardhan and Joseph P. Culver .............................361

Cell Membrane Fluidity Determined by Fluorescence Lifetimeand Polarization ScreeningThomas Bruns, Wolfgang S. L. Strauss and Herbert Schneckenburger..............366

Cholesterol Dependence of Cell Membrane Dynamics Provedby Fluorescence Spectroscopy and ImagingPetra Weber, Michael Wagner, Wolfgang S. L. Straussand Herbert Schneckenburger ............................................................................372

Fast and Objective Classification of Tumor Tissueby Optical Vibrational SpectroscopyGerald Steiner, Christoph Krafft, Claudia Beleites, Stephan Sobottka,Gabriele Schackert, Edmund Koch and Reiner Salzer .......................................378

Algorithms for Muscle Oxygenation Monitoring Correctedfor Adipose Tissue ThicknessDmitri Geraskin, Petra Platen, Julia Franke and Matthias Kohl-Bareis ...........384

Contents

XVI

Establishment of an Optical Imaging Devicefor Intraoperative Identification of Active Brain AreasTobias Meyer, Hans Dietrich, Falk Uhlemann, Stephan B. Sobottka,Matthias Kirsch, Alexander Krüger, Edmund Koch, Ralf Steinmeier,Gabriele Schackert and Ute Morgenstern ..........................................................389

Parallel FDTD Simulation of the Scattering of Light in Media Containing Cylindrical ScatterersJan Schäfer, Alwin Kienle and Alfred Strey........................................................394

Cerebral Oxygenation Monitoring during Cardiac Bypass Surgery in Babies with Broad Band Spatially Resolved SpectroscopyJan Soschinski, Dmitri Geraskin, Branislav Milosavljevic, Uwe Mehlhorn,Uwe Fischer, Gerardus Bennink and Matthias Kohl-Bareis ..............................399

Microspectrofluorometry and Polarisation Microscopyof Membrane Dynamics in Living CellsMichael Wagner, Petra Weber and Herbert Schneckenburger ..........................405

Goniometrical Measurements of the Phase Functionof Microstructured TissueRené Michels and Alwin Kienle ..........................................................................411

Part VI Medical Laser Engineering

Comparison of Process Temperature during Laserand Mechanical Cutting of Compact BoneAstrid Brendemühl, Martin Werner, Mikhail Ivanenko, Peter Hering and Thorsten M. Buzug .......................................................................................419

Spectral Analysis of the Acoustic Signal During Ablationof Biological Tissue with Pulsed CO2-LasersHendrik Steigerwald, Martin Werner, Manfred Klasing, Mikhail Ivanenko, Daniela Harbecke, Christian Wagner and Peter Hering....................................425

Laser-Scalpel for Kidney Resection Based on 1,94 µm Fibre Laser SystemDirk Theisen-Kunde, Söhnke Tedsen, Veit Danicke, Robert Kellerand Ralf Brinkmann ............................................................................................431

Three-Dimensional Surface Measurement Using Digital Holographywith Pulsed LasersStephanie Heintz, Sven Hirsch, Andrea Thelen and Peter Hering......................435

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Laser Spectroscopic Online Monitoring of Volatile Diseasemarkersin Human BreathManfred Mürtz, Sven Thelen, Thomas Fritsch and Peter Hering .......................441

Design and Technical Concept of a Tm Laser Scalpelfor Clinical Investigation Based on a 60W, 1.92 µm Tm Fiber Laser SystemSebastian Wenk, Stephan Fürst, Veit Danicke and Dirk Theisen Kunde ............447

Laser Osteotomy with Pulsed CO2 LasersMartin Werner, Mikhail Ivanenko, Daniela Harbecke, Manfred Klasing,Hendrik Steigerwald and Peter Hering...............................................................453

T-Scan: First Experiences with Acquisition of Cleft MorphologyK. Schwenzer-Zimmerer, B.-I. Boerner, A. A. Müller, P. Jürgens,A. Ringenbach and E. Schkommodau .................................................................458

Part VII Clinical Post-Deadline Papers

Accuracy of Translation and Rotation Measurementsin Navigated ACL ReconstructionD. Kendoff, M. Citak, R. Meller, P. Bretin, J. Geerling, C. Krettekand T. Hüfner ......................................................................................................467

Stability of Different Attachment Arrays of Reference BasesAgainst Mechanical StressM. Citak, D. Kendoff, P. Bretin, J. Geerling, C. Krettek and T. Hüfner .............468

Problems of the Pre- and Postoperativ Determinationof the Antetorsionangle of the Femur by Navigation and CTM. Citak, D. Kendoff, P. Bretin, J. Geerling, C. Krettek and T. Hüfner .............469

3D-Analyses and Libraries for the Constructionof Individual Craniomaxillofacial Alloplastic ImplantsTh. Hierl, J. Hendricks, G. Wollny, F. P. Schulze, E. Scholz, G. Berti, J. G. Schmidt and Th. Schulz ..............................................................................470

Evaluation of Various Ceramic Implants after Immediate LoadingJ. Neugebauer, B. Nolte, T. M. Buzug, M. Weinländer, V. Lecovic, F. Vizethum, C. Khoury and J. E. Zöller ..................................................................................471

Author Index .....................................................................................................473

Contents