Spread of the Industrial Revolution

Ch. 21, Sect. 1

Other Nations Join the Race to Industrialization

• Mid 1800s

• British mechanics opened factories in other countries

• Germany, France, and US – had more abundant supplies of coal, iron, and

other resources than Britain– Borrowed British experts or technology

• By 1900, US was the #1 industrial nation

The Bessemer Process• Henry Bessemer, 1856

• New process for making steel from iron

• Lighter, harder, and more durable than iron

• Could be produced very cheaply

• Became the major material used in tools, bridges, and railroads.

The Bessemer Process

• http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/31814-industrial-revelations-bessemer-converter-video.htm

Innovations in Chemistry

• Alfred Nobel: Dynamite– Safer– Used in construction & warfare– Funded Nobel Prize

Electric Power

• Electricity replaced steam as the dominate source of industrial power

• Michael Faraday – 1st simple electric motor – 1st dynamo: machine that generates electricity)

• Thomas Edison– 1st electric light bulb

• Quickened pace of city life• Factories could operate after dark

thom_edison Thomas Alva Edison Darn candles! Another dinner date wasted. Will never get lucky unless I can ‘set the mood’ w/o setting bed on fire.10:01 PM November 11, 1877

New Methods of Production

• Interchangeable parts: identical components that could be used in place of one another.– Simplified both the assembly and repair

• Assembly line: workers add parts to a product that moves along a belt from one work station to the next– Made production faster and cheaper– Lowered the price of goods– Took joy out of the work

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YGF5R9i53A&feature=related

http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/31814-industrial-revelations-bessemer-converter-video.htm

FordTough Henry Ford @AssemblyLine Dudes, where’s my cars?

10:12 AM December 10, 1908

Advances in Transportation• Steamships

• Transcontinental railroad stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific

• Nikolaus Otto: 1st gasoline-powered engine

• Henry Ford: made the U.S. a leader in the automobile industry

1886 Karl Benz, 1st Automobile

Gottlieb Daimler’s Automobile

Airplanes!

• Made possible by the Otto’s engine

• 1903, Orville, & Wilbur Wright– Kitty Hawk, NC– Flying machine only stayed aloft for a few

seconds– Ushered in the air age– Commercial passenger travel did not begin

until the 1920s.

FlyBoy Wilber Wright I believe I can fly.

I believe I can touch the sky.

I think about it every night and day.10:04 PM December 16, 1903

Communication

• Samuel Morse: Telegraph (1844)-Trans-Atlantic cable

between Europe & N. America

• Alexander Graham Bell (1876) : Telephone

• Guglielmo Marconi: radio (1901)

AlexGB Alexander Graham Bell Sick of chatting with @Watson, but he’s the only other person with a phone.

11:03 AM March 20, 1876

… -- Samuel Morse .. / ..-. .- .-. - . -.. LOL

7:40 PM September 10, 1837

Rise of Big Business• New technology required more $!

• Owners sold stock to investors to get money– Stock: shares in a company – Stockholders = owner of a tiny part of the

company– Corporations: businesses that are owned by

many investors who buy shares of stock• Able to expand into many areas

Monopolies

• Powerful business leaders created monopolies & trusts– Huge corporate structures that controlled entire

industries or areas of the economy

• John D. Rockefeller: Standard Oil Company– Dominated the American petroleum industry

30Rock John D. Rockefeller Someday, I’ll be as rich as Jay-Z. #hov

6:35 PM January 30, 1868

Move Toward Regulation

• With competition gone, they were free to raise prices

• Group of corporations would join and form a cartel– Cartel: an association to fix prices, set production quotas,

or control markets

Move Toward Regulation

• “Captains of Industry” vs. “Robber Barons”• Reformers wanted laws to prevent monopolies

and regulate large corporations• Political & economic power of business leaders

hindered efforts at regulation