SPRAGUE ENV MATES Ecosystems: Components, Energy Flow, and Matter Cycling G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition MATES Chapter 4 G

SPRAGUE ENV MATESSPRAGUE ENV MATES

Ecosystems: Components, Energy Flow, and Matter CyclingEcosystems: Components, Energy Flow, and Matter Cycling

G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment

13th EditionMATES

Chapter 4

G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment

13th EditionMATES

Chapter 4


Key ConceptsKey Concepts

Basic ecological principlesBasic ecological principles

Major components of ecosystemsMajor components of ecosystems

Matter cycles and energy flowMatter cycles and energy flow

Ecosystem studiesEcosystem studies

Ecological servicesEcological services


The Nature of EcologyThe Nature of Ecology

Ecosystem organizationEcosystem organization

Organisms; any form of lifeOrganisms; any form of life

Populations Same species living in the same area

Populations Same species living in the same area

Communities Population of all species in an area

Communities Population of all species in an area

Ecosystems Interaction of all abiotic and biotic in an area

Ecosystems Interaction of all abiotic and biotic in an area

Biosphere zone where life is foundBiosphere zone where life is foundFig. 4-2 p. 66Fig. 4-2 p. 66


The Earth’s Life-Support SystemsThe Earth’s Life-Support Systems

Troposphere Inner layer of Atmosphere 11 mile s most of the air

Troposphere Inner layer of Atmosphere 11 mile s most of the air

Stratosphere 11-30 miles Ozone

Stratosphere 11-30 miles Ozone

Hydrosphere Water surface ground

Hydrosphere Water surface ground

Lithosphere Crust upper mantle

Lithosphere Crust upper mantle

Biosphere Living environment

Biosphere Living environment Fig. 4-6 p. 68Fig. 4-6 p. 68


Sustaining Life of EarthSustaining Life of Earth

One-way flowof energy

Low quality energy lost as heat

One-way flowof energy

Low quality energy lost as heat

Cycling ofmatter

Earth is fixed from space molecules, ions, atoms recycled

Cycling ofmatter

Earth is fixed from space molecules, ions, atoms recycled

Fig. 4-7 p. 69Fig. 4-7 p. 69


The Source of EnergyThe Source of Energy

Fig. 4-8 p. 69Fig. 4-8 p. 69

PhotosynthesisCellular Respiration


Ecosystem Concepts and ComponentsEcosystem Concepts and Components

Biomes Classified by climate

Biomes Classified by climate

Fig. 4-9 p. 70Fig. 4-9 p. 70

Role of climate

Role of climate

Aquatic life zones

Freshwater Saltwater

Aquatic life zones

Freshwater Saltwater


Ecosystem Boundaries: EcotonesEcosystem Boundaries: Ecotones

Fig. 4-10 p. 71Fig. 4-10 p. 71

Edge effectOne Ecosystem merges with another


Principles of Ecological FactorsPrinciples of Ecological FactorsAbiotic factorsAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsBiotic factors

Law of tolerance Range of tolerance of species High tolerance to some low to others

Law of tolerance Range of tolerance of species High tolerance to some low to others

Limiting factors Ex. Water

Limiting factors Ex. Water

Fig. 4-14 p. 73; Refer to Fig. 4-13 p. 73Fig. 4-14 p. 73; Refer to Fig. 4-13 p. 73


The Biotic Components of EcosystemsThe Biotic Components of Ecosystems

Producers(autotrophs)

Producers(autotrophs)

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis

Consumers(heterotrophs)

Consumers(heterotrophs)

Aerobicrespiration

Aerobicrespiration

Decomposers Decomposers Fig. 4-16 p. 75Fig. 4-16 p. 75


Trophic LevelsTrophic Levels

Primary consumer (herbivore)Primary consumer (herbivore)

Secondary consumer (carnivore)Secondary consumer (carnivore)

Tertiary consumerTertiary consumer

OmnivoreOmnivore

Detritivores and scavengersDetritivores and scavengers

DecomposersDecomposers


BiodiversityBiodiversity

Genetic diversity Variety of genetic material within a population Why is this important?

Genetic diversity Variety of genetic material within a population Why is this important?

Species diversity Number of species present in a habitat

Species diversity Number of species present in a habitat

Ecological diversity Variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems

Ecological diversity Variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems

Functional diversity The energy flow and matter cycling

Functional diversity The energy flow and matter cycling


Connections: Food Webs and Energy Flow in EcosystemsConnections: Food Webs and Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Fig. 4-18 p. 77; Refer to Fig. 4-19 p. 78Fig. 4-18 p. 77; Refer to Fig. 4-19 p. 78

Food chainsFood chains Food websFood webs


Ecological PyramidsEcological Pyramids

Pyramid ofenergy flow

Pyramid ofenergy flow

Ecologicalefficiency

Ecologicalefficiency

Pyramid ofbiomass

Pyramid ofbiomass

Pyramid ofnumbers

Pyramid ofnumbers

Fig. 4-20 p. 79


Primary Productivity of EcosystemsPrimary Productivity of Ecosystems

Gross primary productivity (GPP) Rate at which primary producers convert solar to biomass

Gross primary productivity (GPP) Rate at which primary producers convert solar to biomassNet primary productivity (NPP) Stored energy minus the rate at which they use

Net primary productivity (NPP) Stored energy minus the rate at which they use

Fig. 4-25 p. 81


Connections: Matter Cycling in EcosystemsConnections: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems

Biogeochemical cyclesBiogeochemical cycles

Hydrologic cycle (H2O)Hydrologic cycle (H2O)

Atmospheric cycles (C, N)Atmospheric cycles (C, N)

Sedimentary cycles (P, S)Sedimentary cycles (P, S)


Hydrologic (Water) CycleHydrologic (Water) Cycle

Fig. 4-27 p. 83Fig. 4-27 p. 83


The Carbon Cycle (Terrestrial)Photosynthesis/ cellular Respiration

The Carbon Cycle (Terrestrial)Photosynthesis/ cellular Respiration

Fig. 4-28 p. 84-85Fig. 4-28 p. 84-85


The Carbon Cycle (Aquatic)The Carbon Cycle (Aquatic)

Fig. 4-28 p. 84-85Fig. 4-28 p. 84-85


The Nitrogen CycleThe Nitrogen CycleFig. 4-29 p. 86Fig. 4-29 p. 86


The Phosphorus Cycle Sulfate salts OceansThe Phosphorus Cycle Sulfate salts Oceans

Fig. 4-30 p. 88Fig. 4-30 p. 88


The Sulfur CycleThe Sulfur Cycle

Fig. 4-31 p. 89Fig. 4-31 p. 89

-Stored in salts buried under ocean-Enters Atmosphere Hydrogen Sulfide “What Smells?”-Algae produce Dimethyl Sulfide “Nuclei for Clouds”-Sulfur Dioxide to Sulfur Trioxide to Sulfuric Acid

- Bacteria Anaerobic Sulfate to Sulfide and th cycle continues


How Do Ecologists Learn About Ecosystems?How Do Ecologists Learn About Ecosystems?

Field researchField research

Remote sensingRemote sensing

Geographic information systems (GIS)Geographic information systems (GIS)

Laboratory researchLaboratory research

Systems analysisSystems analysis


GIS and Systems AnalysisGIS and Systems Analysis

Fig. 4-33 p. 91Fig. 4-33 p. 91Fig. 4-32 p. 91Fig. 4-32 p. 91


Ecosystem Servicesand SustainabilityEcosystem Servicesand Sustainability

Fig. 4-34 p. 92Fig. 4-34 p. 92

Documents

SPRAGUE ENV MATES Ecosystems: Components, Energy Flow, and Matter Cycling G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition MATES Chapter 4 G