Spotted Wing Drosophila: A New Pest of Cherries and …

Janet Caprile, Farm Advisor

UC Cooperative Extension

Contra Costa County

Cherry Grower Meeting, Brentwood – April 5, 2012

The Research Team Some Key Players

In California

• Bob Van Steenwyk, UCB

• Kent Daane, UCB

• Janet Caprile, UCCE

• Bill Coates, UCCE

• Joe Grant, UCCE

• Kathy Anderson, UCCE

• David Haviland, UCCE

• Frank Zalom, UCD

• Kelly Hamby, UCD

• Mark Bolda, UCCE

• David Begun, UCD

• Rachel Goodhue, UCD

In the Pacific Northwest

• Vaughn Walton, OSU Corvallis

• Amy Dreves, OSU Corvallis

• Peter Shearer, OSU Hood River

• Jeffrey Miller, OSU Corvallis

• Wei Yang, OSU NWREC

• Flaxen Conway, OSU Corvallis

• Jana Lee, USDA-ARS, Corvallis

• Denny Bruck, USDA-ARS, Corvallis

• Elizabeth Beers, WSU Wenatchee

• Doug Walsh, WSU Prosser

• Lynell Tanigoshi, WSU Mt Vernon

Summary of 2012 Findings

• Monitoring

– New trap styles

– How do they help growers?

– Seasonal flight summary

• Management Tidbits

– Are figs a host?

– Canopy height

– The promise of biological control

• Control

– Baits

– Sprays

• Do post harvest sprays help?

• Dr. Van Steenwyk’s recommendations for 2013

– Brentwood spray-flight-damage summaries

• Choose a “bucket” style trap

• Hang 3’-5’ high , in the shade

• Bait with real apple cider vinegar

Monitoring Adults

You have to count

males AND females!

Contra Costa County Phenology Site 2010

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SWD male

SWD female

In some orchards, the male flight

starts later than the female flight

5/12 Burlat harvest

5/30 Bing harvest: 20% damage

Are traps worth it?

We don’t need them to time sprays

There aren’t any trap thresholds

We know we have a significant population

Can help to gauge population pressure

High pressure - more aggressive management

Can help show how long your sprays last

In retrospect (for future planning)

Very important tool for researchers

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2011-12 Unsprayed Cherries (SJC1, CCC1)

LAB SWD male LAB SWD femaleHARVEST DAMAGE

(Larva floated/100 fruit) Early Late Burlat: 26% 28% Bing: 7-8% 11-40% Rainier: 8% 12%

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k 2010-11 Unsprayed Cherries (SJC1, CCC1, CCC2)

LAB SWD male LAB SWD femaleHARVEST DAMAGE

(%/100 fruit) Early Late Burlat: 3% 34% Bing: 9-36% 20-77% Rainier: 0.5-2% 10-22%

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/we

ek

2010 Sprayed Cherries (12-14 orchards)

SWD male SWD female

HARVEST DATES: Burlat: May 10 -20 Coral: May 20 - 30 Bing: June 1- 10

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2011 Sprayed Cherries (12 orchards) SWD male SWD female

HARVEST DATES Burlat: May 10 -20 Coral: May 20 - 30 Bing: June 1- 15

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2012 Sprayed Cherries (16 orchards)

SWD male SWD female

HARVEST DATES: Burlat: May 15 -25 Coral: May 18 - 30 Bing: May 25- June 10

Management Tidbits Brentwood Host Crops:

• Cherries

• (White nectarines) • Figs

• under shady, moist conditions • a fall host

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Figs 2012

SWD male SWD female

Har

vest

Har

vest

Management Tidbits Biological Control

In Japan Some identified Not sufficient control

In North America Pacific NW: Parasitoids found in

Oregon (OSU) & British Columbia: 2009, 2010, 2011

California: Biological control studies

begin 2013 UCB – Dr. Kent Daane, et al. CA Cherry Board funding Also SWD biology & migration patterns

Photo courtesy of Peter Shearer, OSU

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31-May 6-Jun Total

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Management Tidbits Infestation by Canopy Height

Dr. R.A Van Steenwyk, UC Berkeley

Mea

n #

larv

ae p

er

10

0 f

ruit

San Joaquin CA, 2011 Low: < 4’

Mid: 5’ - 8’

High: 9’-12’

Control: Baits Does GF-120 work?

GF-120 Trial, 2011 unreplicated, large block

(E.Beers, WSU)

• Quick application with ATV

• Can direct stream to avoid fruit

• 0 days PHI (4 hr REI)

NOT RECOMMENDED

UNTIL BAIT IMPROVED

Dow is NOT going to

change the bait formulation

Need research into additives

ACV

Yeast

Others

Sample date

GF-120 Entrust Check

Adults+

Pupae E

merg

ed/5

0 fru

it

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18 Jul

26 Jul

2 Aug

GF-120 Enhancment Trial 1: Comparing additives in traps

Brentwood 2012

• Screen top traps with kill strips

• 6 Treatments: 20 oz/A in a 1:4 dilution

1. GF 120 alone

2. GF120 + Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV)

3. GF 120 + Yeast & sugar

4. GF 120 + Monterey Insect Bait (MIB)

5. GF 120 + MIB + ACV + Yeast & sugar

6. Monterey Insect Bait alone

• 5 Replicates

• 30’ apart in a high pressure orchard

• Changed every 3-4 days & rotated

GF-120 Enhancment Trial 1: Comparing additives in traps

GF-120 Enhancement Trial 1: Comparing additives in traps

GF-120 Enhancement Trial 2: Field control demonstration

• Location: Brookside Farm – ¼ acre block of cherries

• Treatment: – GF120 + MIB + ACV + Yeast/sugar

– Entire block treated • Compare with previous year’s damage

– Begin @ straw

– spray every 3-4 days

– Hand pump sprayer, coarse droplets

GF-120 Enhancment Trial 2: Trap Suppression

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Tota

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/wee

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Total SWD Catch 2012 treated

HA

RV

EST 20

12

GF 120 +

GF-120 Enhancment Trial 2: Trap Suppression

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Total SWD Catch 2012 treated 2011 untreated

HA

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GF 120 +

GF-120 Enhancment Trial 2: Fruit Damage

.

Bait Trials for 2013

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Total SWD Catch

2012 treated

HA

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12

Start Earlier ?

• Start bait treatment earlier?

• Use Entrust instead of GF -120

• 3 day PHI

• How long does bait attract

• How long is mix toxic

SWD Control: Sprays Spray Guidelines

Protect fruit BEFORE eggs are laid in fruit

Start when earliest fruit changes from straw to blush

Spray the early pollinators to keep populations low

Burlat & Black Tartarian are very favorable hosts

Eggs laid in these will result in a large population emerging as Bings

become susceptible

Maintain the spray residue until the last variety is picked

Check with packers on materials to use for MRL concerns

Switch chemical classes to avoid resistance

Post harvest sprays won’t help control next years SWD

Dr. Bob’s 2013 Recommendations

Trade Name Class PHI REI 1 DAT 7DAT

Sevin Carbamate 1 day 12 hr 2 3

Entrust* Spinosyn 3 day 4 hr 2 3

Malathion Organophosphate 3 day 12 hr 1 5

Danitol Pyrethroid 3 day 24 hr 2 1

Ambush/Pounce Pyrethroid 3 day 12 hr 3 3

Baythroid Pyrethroid 7 days 12 hr 2 1

Success Spinosyn 7 days 4 hr 2 3

Delegate Spinosyn 7 days 4 hr 2 2

Mustang Pyrethroid 14 days 12 hr 3 2

Warrior/Lambda-Cy Pyrethroid 14 days 12 hr 3 1

Days After Treatment (DAT) Control Rating: 1 = excellent 2=good 3=fair 4= poor 5= none

* Organically acceptable Dr. Bob = Dr. R.A. Van Steenwyk (UCB)

SWD Damage Survey 2012 Conducted in 14 Brentwood orchards

– Collected trap data to show pressure

– Evaluated fruit damage at harvest

– Collected grower spray records

– Then put it all together in graphs:

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High Pressure Site # 1

SWD male SWD female

2012 SWD Flight, Sprays, Damage

Grower Sprays:

5/15 Danitol 18 oz

5/23 Danitol 18 oz

% Damage (100 fruit):

5/24 5.8% Pre-harvest color pick

5/31 3.7% I day pre-harvest

6/7 0.9% Main harvest

6/14 0.5% Post-harvest

.5% 4%

6%

•Dense canopy

•Moist orch. floor

•Previous damage

•Near exc. habitat

1%

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High Pressure Site # 2

SWD male SWD female

2012 SWD Flight, Sprays, Damage

Grower Sprays:

5/3 Danitol 13 oz

5/12 Danitol 13 oz

% Damage (100 fruit):

5/22 0.9% Main harvest

6/22 0% 2 weeks post-harvest

0% 1%

•Dense canopy

•Moist orch. floor

•Previous damage

•Near exc. habitat

2012 SWD Flight, Sprays, Damage

Grower Sprays:

5/13 LamdaCy 4 oz

% Damage (100 fruit):

5/30 1.8% 2 days pre-harvest

6/5 0.9% 2 days post-harvest

6/12 0.0% 9 days post-harvest

•Moderate canopy

•Moderate irrigation

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Moderate Pressure Site # 1

SWD male SWD female

2%

1%

0%

2012 SWD Flight, Sprays, Damage

Grower Sprays:

5/2 LambdaStar 5 oz

5/22 Danitol 21 oz

% Damage (100 fruit):

5/31 0% Main harvest

6/8 0% 3 days post-harvest

•Variable canopy

•Well irrigated

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rap

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Moderate Pressure Site # 2

SWD male SWD female

0% 0%

2012 SWD Flight, Sprays, Damage

No Sprays:

(irrigation began ~ 5/26)

% Damage (100 fruit):

5/22 24% main Burlat harvest

5/30 0.9% early Bing harvest

6/5 2.7% main Bing harvest

6/12 1.0 % late Bing harvest

•Open canopy

•Dry orchard floor

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Organic Moderate Pressure Site

SWD male SWD female

24%

1%

3%

1%

2012 SWD Flight, Sprays, Damage

Grower Sprays:

5/3 LambdaStar 5 oz

5/14 Malathion 8 1.75 pt

5/24 Fyfanon ULV by air 16 oz

% Damage (100 fruit):

5/25 5.1% Coral: main pick

5/31 0.0% Bing: Main pick

6/7 0.0 % Bing: 1 week postharvest

6/14 1.9% Bing: 2 weeks postharvest

•Dense canopy

•Well irrigated

0

10

20

30

40

50

4/9

4/1

6

4/2

3

4/3

0

5/7

5/1

4

5/2

1

5/2

8

6/4

6/1

1

6/1

8

6/2

5

7/2

7/9

7/1

6

7/2

3

7/3

0

8/6

8/1

3

8/2

0

8/2

7

9/3

9/1

0

9/1

7

9/2

4

10

/1

10

/8

10

/15

10

/22

10

/29

11

/5

11

/12

11

/19

11

/26

12

/3

12

/10

12

/17

12

/24

12

/31

SW

D/t

rap

/wee

k

Moderate Pressure Site #3

SWD male SWD female

5%

0% 0%

2%

2012 SWD Flight, Sprays, Damage

Grower Sprays:

5/2 Danitol 21 oz

5/10 Malathion8 (trunk strip) 1.75 pt

5/21 Malathion8 (trunk strip) 1.75 pt

5/23 Danitol 21 oz

% Damage (100 fruit):

6/14 33.3% Sweetheart

17.6% 1 day after collection

31.5% 4 days after collection

33.3% 6 days after collection

•Moderate canopy

•Moderate irrigation

0

10

20

30

40

50

4/9

4/1

6

4/2

3

4/3

0

5/7

5/1

4

5/2

1

5/2

8

6/4

6/1

1

6/1

8

6/2

5

7/2

7/9

7/1

6

7/2

3

7/3

0

8/6

8/1

3

8/2

0

8/2

7

9/3

9/1

0

9/1

7

9/2

4

10

/1

10

/8

10

/15

10

/22

10

/29

11

/5

11

/12

11

/19

11

/26

12

/3

12

/10

12

/17

12

/24

12

/31

SW

D/t

rap

/wee

k

Moderately Low Pressure Site

SWD male SWD female

33%

2012 SWD Flight, Sprays, Damage

Grower Sprays - organic:

5/4 Entrust 2 oz

5/21 Entrust 2 oz

% Damage (100 fruit):

5/30 0% Bing: Early harvest

6/5 0% Bing: Main harvest

6/12 0% Bing: Last harvest

•Open canopy

•Dry orchard floor

•Windy

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

4/9

4/1

6

4/2

3

4/3

0

5/7

5/1

4

5/2

1

5/2

8

6/4

6/1

1

6/1

8

6/2

5

7/2

7/9

7/1

6

7/2

3

7/3

0

8/6

8/1

3

8/2

0

8/2

7

9/3

9/1

0

9/1

7

9/2

4

10

/1

10

/8

10

/15

10

/22

10

/29

11

/5

11

/12

11

/19

11

/26

12

/3

12

/10

12

/17

12

/24

12

/31

SW

D/t

rap

/wee

k

Organic Moderately Low Pressure Site

SWD male SWD female

0%

0%

0%

0

10

20

30

40

50

4/9

4/1

6

4/2

3

4/3

0

5/7

5/1

4

5/2

1

5/2

8

6/4

6/1

1

6/1

8

6/2

5

7/2

7/9

7/1

6

7/2

3

7/3

0

8/6

8/1

3

8/2

0

8/2

7

9/3

9/1

0

9/1

7

9/2

4

10

/1

10

/8

10

/15

10

/22

10

/29

11

/5

11

/12

11

/19

11

/26

12

/3

12

/10

12

/17

12

/24

12

/31

SW

D/t

rap

/wee

k

Low Pressure Site # 1

SWD male SWD female

2012 SWD Flight, Sprays, Damage

Grower Sprays:

5/3 Danitol 13oz

5/17 Danitol 13 oz

5/27 Danitol 13 oz

% Damage (100 fruit):

6/1 0% early harvest

6/7 0% main harvest

6/14 0% 4 days post harvest

6/22 0% 12 days post harvest

0%

•Open canopy

•Dry orchard floor

•Windy

0% 0%

0%

0

10

20

30

40

50

4/9

4/1

6

4/2

3

4/3

0

5/7

5/1

4

5/2

1

5/2

8

6/4

6/1

1

6/1

8

6/2

5

7/2

7/9

7/1

6

7/2

3

7/3

0

8/6

8/1

3

8/2

0

8/2

7

9/3

9/1

0

9/1

7

9/2

4

10

/1

10

/8

10

/15

10

/22

10

/29

11

/5

11

/12

11

/19

11

/26

12/3

12

/10

12

/17

12

/24

12

/31

SW

D/t

rap

/wee

k

Organic Low Pressure Site

SWD male SWD female

2012 SWD Flight, Sprays, Damage

Bait Sprays:

5/16 + 5/19 + 5/22 + 5/25 + 5/29 + 6/1 + 6/5

GF120+ACVinegar+Yeast/Sugar+MontereyInsBait

@1:4 20oz/A

% Damage (100 fruit):

5/25 26.4% Bing: 1st color pick

6/1 15.4% Bing: main harvest

6/5 20.7% Bing: main harvest

6/8 20.0% Bing: post harvest

•Open canopy

•Dry orchard floor

26

%

15

%

21

%

20

%

2012 SWD Flight & Sprays

Grower Sprays:

5/6 Danitol 13 oz

5/13 Entrust 2.5 oz

% Fruit Damage (per 100 fruit):

5/24 3% Coral: Main harvest

5/30 0% Bing: 7 days pre-harvest

6/5 0% Bing: prime harvest

6/12 0% 4 days post harvest

6/19 0% 11 days post harvest

•Large dense canopy

•Well watered orchard floor

•Figs nearby (summer & fall flight)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

4/9

4/1

6

4/2

3

4/3

0

5/7

5/1

4

5/2

1

5/2

8

6/4

6/1

1

6/1

8

6/2

5

7/2

7/9

7/1

6

7/2

3

7/3

0

8/6

8/1

3

8/2

0

8/2

7

9/3

9/1

0

9/1

7

9/2

4

10

/1

10

/8

10

/15

10

/22

10

/29

11

/5

11

/12

11

/19

11

/26

12

/3

12

/10

12

/17

12

/24

12

/31

SW

D/t

rap

/wee

k

High Pressure Site #3

SWD male SWD female

3%

0

%

0%

0

%

0%

Life Cycle of the Spotted Wing Drosophila Hambry presentation