7/26/2019 Sponge Porifera
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Sponges are similar to other animals in that they are
multicellular,heterotrophic,
lack cell wallsand produce sperm cells. Unlike other animals,
they lack true
tissuesand organs, and have nobody symmetry. The shapes of their
bodies are
adapted for maximal efficiency of water flow through the central
cavity, where it
deposits nutrients, and leaves through a hole called the
osculum.Many sponges
have internal skeletons of sponginand/or spicules of calcium
carbonateor silicon
dioxide. ll sponges are sessilea!uatic animals. lthough there
are freshwater
species, the great ma"ority are marine #salt water$ species,
ranging from tidal
%ones to depths exceeding &,&'' m #(.( mi$.
)hile most of the approximately (,'''*+',''' known species feed
onbacteria
and other food particles in the water, some
hostphotosynthesi%ingmicroorganisms asendosymbiontsand these
alliances often produce more food and
oxygen than they consume. few species of sponge that live in
foodpoor
environments have become carnivoresthat prey mainly on small
crustaceans.-+
Most species use sexual reproduction, releasing spermcells into
the water to
fertili%e ovathat in some species are released and in others are
retained by the
mother. The fertili%ed eggs form larvaewhich swim off in search
of places to
settle.-0Sponges are known for regenerating from fragments that
are broken off,
although this only works if the fragments include the right
types of cells. few
species reproduce by budding. )hen conditions deteriorate, for
example as
temperatures drop, many freshwater species and a few marine ones
produce
gemmules, survival pods of unspeciali%ed cells that remain
dormant until
conditions improve and then either form completely new sponges
or recoloni%e
the skeletons of their parents.-1
The mesohyl functions as an endoskeletonin most sponges, and is
the only
skeleton in soft sponges that encrust hard surfaces such as
rocks. More commonly,
the mesohyl is stiffened bymineralspicules, by sponginfibers or
both.
2emospongesuse spongin, and in many species, silicaspicules and
in somespecies, calcium carbonateexoskeletons. 2emosponges
constitute about 3'4 of
all known sponge species, including all freshwater ones, and
have the widest
range of habitats. 5alcareous sponges,which have calcium
carbonate spicules
and, in some species, calcium carbonate exoskeletons, are
restricted to relatively
shallow marine waters where production of calcium carbonate is
easiest.-6The
fragile glass sponges, with scaffolding of silica spicules, are
restricted to polar
regions and the ocean depths where predators are rare. 7ossils
of all of these types
have been found in rocks dated from (&'million years ago. 8n
addition
rchaeocyathids, whose fossils are common in rocks from (1' to
63'million
years ago, are now regarded as a type of sponge.
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