Spoken Communication : Some Basic Principles

Spoken Communication

• Do you have SOMETHING to say?

Spoken Communication

North Bihar, “the Region of Deluge”

• Land of Rivers – Ghaghra, Son, Gandak, Kosi.• 76 % of the population (50 m approx.) living

under recurring floods• About 73.06% of 94160 Sq. Km is affected. • Highest number of floods in the last 30 years

The Region of Deluge

A Bridge on “The Baagmati 2”A Bridge on “The Baagmati 2”

A Bridge on “The Baagmati 3”A Bridge on “The Baagmati 3”

A Bridge on “The Baagmati 4”A Bridge on “The Baagmati 4”

A Bridge on “The Baagmati 5”A Bridge on “The Baagmati 5”

A Bridge on “The Baagmati 6”A Bridge on “The Baagmati 6”

A Bridge on “The Baagmati 7”A Bridge on “The Baagmati 7”

A Bridge on “The Baagmati 8”A Bridge on “The Baagmati 8”

A Bridge on “The Baagmati 9”A Bridge on “The Baagmati 9”

A Bridge on “The Baagmati 10”A Bridge on “The Baagmati 10”

A Bridge on “The Baagmati 11”A Bridge on “The Baagmati 11”

A Bridge on “The Baagmati 12”A Bridge on “The Baagmati 12”

Six Ganges1. Alaknanda, 2. Dhauliganga3. Nandakini4. Pindar 5. Mandakini6. Bhagirathi

Five Confluences 1. Vishnuprayag: Dhauliganga +

Alaknanda;2. Nandprayag: Nandakini joins;3. Karnaprayag : Pindar joins; 4. Rudraprayag: Mandakini joins;5. Devprayag: Bhagirathi +

Alaknanda

250 Km in the Himalayas: 10%

T E H R I D A M 260 m high, 575 m long, 20 m crest, 1128 m wide base Creates a reservoir of 52 sq km Installed Power Capacity : 1,000 MW(Addnl 1,000 MW thru’ pump storage)

Tehri dam is located in a seismic zone, 6.8 magnitude e qu in Oct 1991, Epicenter was only 500 km away Dam can survive an e qu of 8.4Over 100,000 people displaced.

Since 2005, filling of the reservoir has led to a reduced flow of Bhagirathi water from the normal 1,000 cubic feet per second (28 m3/s) to a mere 200 cubic feet per second (5.7 m3/s).

Beside the Ganga are located 29 cities with over 1,00,000 people , 23 cities with population between 50,000 and 1,00,000, and about 48 smaller towns.

The Ganga Action Plan is preparing to treat 882 mld out of 1340 mld of wastewater in 25 big towns /cities

Approved outlays for the GAP-I and the GAP-II were Rs. 462.04 crore and Rs. 1276.25 crore respectively (in) April 1997.

The river bed is rising all through its length. At Patna, depth was 10 m, breadth 2 km even in summer. Now it is hardly 3m deep and less than a km wide. The river has become shallow and narrow!

In 1852, EIC considered and rejected Sir Arthur Cotton’s plan for Farakka Barrage. The Bengal Chamber of Commerce took it up again and rejected it again in the 1930s.

Farakka Barrage : roughly 16.5 km from the border with Bangladesh. Construction began in 1961, operations began in April, 1975. The barrage is about 2.25 km long, has 123 gates. The feeder canal is about 40 km long.

The barrage was built to divert up to 1,100 m3/s of water from the Ganga into the Hooghly River through a 40 km long canal from January to June, to flush the silt at the Port of Kolkata.

Behind the barrage, the bed has risen over 7 meters, or 23 feet. Dredginge here, so that ships could use the river as usual, would require a convoy of trucks stretching 34 times the equator, and a 14 lane highway to the Bay of Bengal.

The silt has caused water hyacinth to rise and block the gates. At least 56 gates do not open, blocked by water hyacinth stretching for over 50 metres.

Dredging has increased three-fold, yet nobody today uses a vessel of less than 50 K Tonnes. Tankers and supertankers are at least twice as big. Modern ships do not go to Kolkata. They berth in Haldia.

Farakka has ruined an entire economy. Ships used to bring tea or jute to Kolkata’s factories, finished goods were brought from there up to Allahabad. Now, no boat of deeper draft can sail it .

The Ganga rebounds and sets off a current 195 km back upstream. Because the Ganga hits the barrage at a slant, it seeks outlets sideways and underground causing massive erosions. Villages have disappeared in Bengal.

In Bihar, the back rush has caused the slope of the river to fill up progressively backwards. The Kosi has a gradient of 10 m in the Himalayas, but in Bihar, nearer the Ganga, it decreases to 6 cm. Sediments settle for ever!

Flowing through Tibet, Nepal and Bihar, the Kosi is 729 km long, descends from a height of 20,000 ft.The Kosi alluvial fan is one of the largest in the world.

2008 : 15th June (160mm at Chanpatia, 141 mm at Sikanderpur and 92.2 mm at Khagaria ) There was a breach near Kussha village in Nepal on 18th August 2008. The Kosi was flowing at nearly 140,000 cusecs.

Dismantle the dam at Tehri and the barrage at Farakka, restore the free flow of the Ganga. We have made a mistake, and we must rectify it. We only need political will, it will still be cost effective.

C O S T Tehri : $ 3 bn , Farakka : Rs. 160 cr + Loss OF Life & Property, Agriculture & TradePM Relief Fund: Rs 1,000/- cr for Bihar in 2008 Bihar Govt wanted Rs 14,500 crWorld Bank (loan + aid) $ 220 million In May 2011, $ 1 bn + loan to cleanse the Ganga. Cheapest solution is the free flow of the Ganga!

Spoken Communication

• Slow Tempo : Fluency =/= Rapid Speech Fluency == No Hesitation

No False StartNo Self-Correction No Unnatural Pauses

* Speak @ 300 WPM/6WPS

Waves of Speech Air

Instances of MiscomprehensionCorrect Responses Erroneous Responses

1. Novice 1. (a) Enormous (b) Obvious (c) Nervous (d) Novelist

2. Wood work 2. (a) good work (b) book work

3. Ladies size 3. (a) Ladies’ eyes (b) Ladies’ side (c) Latest size

Your Own Words

• academic, apparatus, balloon, Berlin, Brazil, cement, circuit, component, develop, engineer, fluorescent, government, hotel, interpret, Japan, laboratory, machinery, mechanism, nineteen ninety, obsolescence, per cent, professor, quay, relative, solution…

Be Accurate

• Describe ~ Discuss• Barren ~ Fallow • Aroma ~ Fragrance• Heat ~ Temperature • Cool ~ Cold • Warm ~ Hot

Difficult in Speech to Comprehend

* Names : Places, People, Streets, Books…* Numbers : 19 ~ 90, 18 ~ 80 …* Units: weight, time, space, temperature ,

speed, price, map, sketch, drawing …

computer network :

• A computer network is a network of computer for exchange of data among themselves over a single medium.

What A Network Does• Provides reliable, fair, efficient communication

from one application to another.• Automatically detects and corrects data

corruption, data loss, duplication, and out-of-order delivery.

• Automatically finds path from source to destination.

Types of networks:

• Classification based on number of connectionsbroadcast point to point networks

• Classification based on area sizeLAN- (0-2km)MAN- (2-50km)WAN- (50+ km)

• Classification based on switching techniquecircuit switchedpacket switched

• Wireless networkingmobile computing

Advantages:

• Information access - internet • Interaction among co-operative application

programs – ATM’s, banking, etc..• Resource sharing

Sharing hardware - printers, scanners etc..Sharing software - messenger etc..

• Role in building economy.• Data transfer more efficiently and cost-

effective• Effective communication tool etc…

Disadvantages:

• Security problems.• Complex

Many different hardware terminologies.

Many different software terminologies.Different standards.New terms will be invented all the time.

• Exponential growth in computer networks every year.

• Maintaining standards.• Costly equipment etc…

Oxy-acetylene welding - Equipments

Spoken Communication

• Civility costs nothing but buys everything. • Greetings • Good Manners : offering and asking questions

& answers, advice & help expressing consent & denials expressing differences, etc

Social Aspects of Spoken Communication

• Hearts, like doors, will open with ease,To very, very little keys,And don't forget that two of theseAre, "I thank you, sir" and "If you please!"

Social Aspects of Spoken Communication

“I will give you jewels; I will make you rich and free / I will give you silken dresses Madam, will you marry me?"