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SPOKEN CHAD ARABIC
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V41Marek
I
O.
FOREWORD*
This.is an intensive course in Chad Arabic designed for1
Peace-Corps pe sOnnel: The aim of this basic course is to,'
.steaeh the'students to understand and hpeak Chad Arabic. It
should be supplementedI
by.an intermedihte course which is to44,
be studied by lindividual students on Atir own..w
The courhe is intended to be covered in approximately'. . .
360 fours insthe C2issrSom and the language laboratory.
About 90 hour should be occupied with the pre-hpeech.phase .,
ich emphasi eswpassive recognition rather than active
production. e remaining .time is occupied by the active. ..-,
phase which pits more emphasis on speaking the language.-, -.
'Even th ugh there is an ,Arabic Alphabet, it is very
seldom used or necordirig the dialects which are,verY .
,
differeOt fr m,t4e literaiy language.' For the purpose .of
this course phonemic'illphabet has been_addptedto trans -
cribe Arabic utterances.,
- f
§emii,Abu Absis,
.
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) TEACHER'S INTRODUCTION
14
4'The.materials in his cdurse have been' presented in a
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way which is.differ nt rom traditiona approaches. The4
course consists of t piases: the prespeech phase and
the active phaEte. It is suggeated thtveLthe students cover1
1
.
the pre-speech phase in a short pe'ri \od of fhree'weeks. This
ilhaSe emphasizes pasive'recognitionibut it isup to the teachen
to decide whether and how. thi students should actively_
participaTe in using the language.3,
The pre-speech lessons are/marked.P-S,followed by the.
numbeetof the,lesson. For example: P -Si, P-S2, 31(.-S3 st1nd
for pre:speech lessons 1, 2, and 3 respectively. Each lesson
contains two parts: grammar and exercises, which are re-ez,
-
spactively represented by G and g. Thus G1 stands for
grammar: lesson 1 and E3 stands for exercise: lesson 3.-
11-re exercises, particularly in the P-S'phase, sho# uld be
t...ead by therZeacher; and the students, shot;ld Ilistera0
.be, give meanings in English, or recoghtte a,grammati-7,
...tp,?1 nature. This approach can easily be baring if the teacher
joss not put some interest into if. It is very important
-'for a language learner to be able to hear the sounds andt
understand the structure before hetries' to speak the language.0 -
Tests covering materials already studied.are givip, .
., , .,,,_ -,,;$
.
.periodically in order tct give the studentskand the teacher.
..
an idea 'about the progress made in the course. .4
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STUDENT'S INTRODUCTION'
This text is probably different from ,ony book you have-
used, .thus you should expect to use 'it differently.
'The basic assumption upon lihich.this course is based, (
is that language, unlike many other fields of study,.is a
skill. A kill is acquired by, practice rather than by
thAory.r Hence, in order to cquire the sinl of speaking
a foresign language, you need to speak it Other than memorize
its grammar. Although every language has, ts own grammatical.
system; fluent speakers ofva language are not aware of the
system when they-speak. In this course, the primary emphasisA d
is on skill ratherthan grammatical theory.
. an the pre-speech phase all you are asked to do is listen,
to your instructor and try to get your ear accustomed to
hearing and recognizing new sounds and utterances. Don't
be impatient, though thid passive phase may boreyou..
ally you wi/l disdover that you have a very-good basis for
aotive"participation in the language.
ff
o
The lessons in this course`are specially prepared
you as native speakers of English. In a language learning
situation it is importan0A6 constrast the' native language
of-
..
'the learner*th the "target" language to be taught. The.
, 4 . .4,,
.
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., no,ted in the back contain explanations, examples and assump--\_
,,-
tions on the, "contrastive analysis" of two languages. This,,..
*we: hop ag wiii prove 'useful to those' of you who will be teaching,
-z',English as O foreign ,language.
.
.4*
Good'Luck.
-41i7
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rr.sr I: PRE7OTTTp'
1,. laeic Consonnnts'and'Iouel4
2, Long, Joue3.134.
Non -English.Consonn'ts
tr
14. Emphasis,
5., Double Consonants
6: mplia Pairs
Test'l
a
7. "Sun" and "Moon" Consonants
8, The Def:nite Article
9. Nciun plub Adj'ective
10. Gender .
11. Number
12. The Dual /'
13. Number: Noun.plus.Adjective 4
,14. Possegsive Suffixes
15. Possessed NoutIfi plus Adjectives,
Test 2
16. The Construct Phrase
117. "TO he" Sentences-
. 18. Perbonal Pronounb,o.
j...
9. Negation of "toipe" Senteveg',
-/e
. 20: Interrogation- of "tp bp" Sentejces s.
, .: .
. 21,' -Interrogation pius,Negation -.
. '22, .P.40 Tense of kto'be";Sentences--", ,. -,,
._ , .°...,
. :Test-3'c '1-
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23. Prepositions.
Prepositions plus Possessive Suffixes'
25. Demonstrative, 'Pronouns
26. Interrogative Pronouns
27. Relativt Pronouns
28,E Possessive ConstructiOn: "ham"o
40
29.
3q.
31.
32.
33.1
34.
35.
'36.
37.
Test 4
1st Tense of C -C_C Verbs, 45_
Past Tense Subject Suffixesoo
Present Tense of C-C-C Verbs
Present Tense Subject Affixes,
Imperatives of C-C-C Verbs.:
legation of Verbse"-
Past Tense of 41 -C-C Verbs. ,
Present-and Imperative of W-C-C .Verbs
Past Tende of &=.14-C Verbs
1
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38. 'Present and Imperative of, C-W-C Verbs
39. `Past Tense of C.-y44 Verbs
-/
404 Pysent and Imperative Of C-CJJ Verbs'
Past Tenseof C1C2C2 Verbs -.
42. Present ana, Imperative of C1C2C2Verbs
Li Quadri31teral Verbs
4h. f!.hamza" Verbs o
Test 5
145. Expressing the Future andthe'Progressive 0. .4"
h6. 'no have'. Sentences
47. The Active Participlef b
,
.
48. The Passive Participle
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. 49. Direcjt Object Suffixes
50. Indirect Object Suffixes
51. Verbs in Series
Test 6 .
52., Conjunctions'
.,
53. Cafdinal Numbers I
54.,Cardknal Numbers II
55. Ordinal Numbers. .
56. Fractions and Percentages
57. Telling Time
58. Weights and Measutei
59. Directiona
60. Greetings
4 Test 7
Rotes
1. '
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.
p-al basic Consonants and Vowels
A number of Ch.?id Arabic consonant sohnds are similar
sounds and ShOuld not be dAfficult
to learn. 'BeloWis a lispt.of these 'sounds with illustrative
examples from English:
tq English consonant
b as in big
as in day
f as in fan
,g.as in zp
h as in liow
j as'in lourp4yti
k.aa\in king
1 as in let
m as inneat
n. as
s as in send
,s as in shop
t as in tea
w as, in way
y.as in /et
z as in ,zip
The-basic..vowel sounds in Chad Arabic are: i, e, a,
o, u. When used with consonant-sounds similar to those of
English they so d as'followsl
i as in bit ,'
e as, in beta as in 'banatia, but
:) as in going
u as id- pullJ.
E.' Listen fo the-foIlowiiig words As read by yo instructor
then try.to transcribe them.
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masa 'he went'
seine' o 'good'
bes 'only'
gulta 'I said'
[/fihima 'he Understood'
jibna 'cheese'
dakar 'male'
zama:n, 'time'
1
wled .
- 'boy'
gayli 'afternoon.'
w
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7P-S2. Long Vowels
G2..< A distinction between shoYt and long vowels exists in'. .
.
Chad Arabic. The five basic.vowels i, e, a, o, u are short-.
, *. .
vowels.with long counterparts i:, e:, a:,o:, U:. Although,.
the diStinction between short audlong voweladoes not apply
.to'tlie English sound system, the following examples illustrate
whet a native speaker of Arabic- considers to be loin 'vowels:
i: as in beat, feet
e: as in naivete
a:.ag in'fanc father.
or as in. hole
u; as in pool4
$2. Listen to the follow'ng words read by-your instructor'
then try to transcribe them:
na:s
disk
yo:m
le :1 t.
fi:/
su:k
fo:-g
be :t
hurt,
sa:y
.'.people'
'rooster'_
'day'
'nigh-ft
'elephant'
'market'.
'up, above'
thotiset
'fish'
'teal
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P-53. Non-En&lish .Consonants
G3. Three Chad Arabic consonants do not have Any counterparts
in English. The symbols used for theAe sounds are x, r, and
?.
x is similar to the German ch
r is similar to the Spanish ,r
? is similar to the pronunciation of tt'in
the word 'bottle'in some American dialects.
E3.,- Listen to these words read by your ihstructor and try4-
.,
to associate the symbols with'the sounds. AfterWards, try
to',transeribe them as dicttated at random by your instrdctor.
x xo:f 'fear'.....
. .1mux , 'brain' .
. .. i,,x,aza:1 Ide4e"
r :rajul 'man'
A
..,
mara !woman'
sadar ',trees'
su?
ba?d'
?V
Elio
,equestionl
'hand'
'after'.
HI,
P
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4.
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Emphasis4
(14. 'Emphasis, is a phenomenon which is unique to Arabic.
Traditionallyb 'certain consonants have been said to be
"emphatic," but the difference between, emphatic and non-.
'emphatic consonants is-most easily perceived in the qualityof the fieighboring vowels. Chad Arabic has lost a number
,
of these emphatic consonants and s u pstitutedfor them the
similar non-emphatic ones. Emphasis very often extends over
a syllable or a whole word. An English example of what an ---,
emphatic syllable sounds like in Arabic is father, as opposed
to the non-emphatic syllable in fan. Remember: the qualityu .
of the vowel is your best clue to the perception o& emphasis.
E4. 'Listen to these words read by your instructor, then tryto transcribe them.
ba:b 'door'
dahir 'back'
duhur 'noon'
mare 'woman'
tra:b 'soil'
da:r 'house'
di
°r -
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.3)
tf
P-S5. Double Consonants
G5. Besidqs.having the,distinctionbetween short and igng
,v6wels,, Arabic also has -a stinction between shbrt and
long .consonants. Long consonants are called*"geminate
or "doub/e"-consonants,.and Usually oAe of :them ends, a
syllable 'and the other begins-'the following syllable.
k /
-E5. J4sten to the fqllowing words'read, by your instructothen try to transcribe them.
!we
marra 'once .ab
barra 'outside'
dukka:n4
b-neyya 'girl'
sitte, 'six'
?abbn 'father (dad)'
saxayyar 'Zsmall'
tujja:r Imerchant4
?alla
swiyya, 'a little'
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P-s6; ,Minimal Pairs
G6. minf44 pairs are pairs of-words which differ in one 'ound
only. In English yet and 2212, pen and 2112, bit and beat are
examples'of minimal pairs, Minimal pairs are very useful for
'the perception of-sounds,which. may sound similar.. .
t
E6.
then
A TP
Listen to your instructorread'the following minimal pairs
try to transCribe them'.
mara marra
no:m na:m
ma:si masi
barr
E .lab gallab
barad barrad
sa:Par saY'ar
r.
r s
r'r,
fl
. 15a.
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TEST 1.
'The following list is to be read by the., instructor and
transcribed by the students. The results will show whether
the students ark able to recognize the sounds of Chad Arabic
when th'ey hear them. In order to be able to produce a sound
correctly, one has, to, be able to hear it first.
masa muss .
lhes ba:b
no:m dukka:n
13&:r su?a:1
gallab mara
fihima
le:l.
xo:f
sadar
sa:y
ana-
t
abba-1
t. ba?d- e...'
marraCY
O
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P -S7.
79-
"Sun" and "Moon" Consonants
G7. Arabic consonants are traditionally claisified as "sun"
and "moon"consonants., The "sun" consonants are what we call
the "central" consonants as opposed to "peripheral". These
:11sun" consonants are producediPhitig tongue near the tbeth,
the alveolar ridge or the soft palate. They are:
j,z,r1, and A.' The following words begin' with "sun"
consonants.
te:r 'bird'
da:r 'house',
sallta . 'salad'
sadar 'trees'
jamal 'camel'
zama:n 'time'
rajul 'man'
laham
na:r 'fire'
The "moon" consonants are called "peripheral" since the /
point 'of articulation is either near. the lips, o- in the back
of the mouth. These consonants are: ?, m, f, k, g, x, h, .
v, and y.. The-following words begin,lyith 'knoon" consonants.'
Ir
?um
balad
mufta:h
farwa
kalib
galam
x'anam
huma:r
wled.
yo : m
itlothor,
'country'
'key''
'leather'
'pen'
'ewe'
,donk
'boy'
'day'
17
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E7., 'Listen to the following words 'read by your instructor.
If the word begins with a "sunlliconsonant, respond with the
word "sun." If it begins with d "moon" consonant, respond
with "moon". Try 'to: nscribe these worts` *hen the instructor
reads them for the secon time.
tra:b 'soil'
dam 'blood'
laxu 'brother'
sa :bum 'soap'
bitte:x 'watermelon'
markaba' 'boat'
fair 'mouse'
sawwa:fa "mirror'
jamba:4' 'fishing rod'.
kabis ram
.galb ',heart'
ziri 'grain field'
xari:f 'autumn'
hille 'village'
.ruMa:d 'ashes'
wa:di, 'valley'
yarda o 'yard'
18
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The Definite Article
Ga.' The nouns in P=S7 are- all indefinite. To make those
nouns definite, we, add ?al,'"the:" Nouns which begin with
a '!moon" consonant in their indefinite form, um beg
'comas ?alium in its "definite form". However,_ nouns Which
begin with a "sun".consOnapt-change the' 1 in ?al to ar,
,consonant identical to the first consonant in the word.e.g. te:r the definiile- article becomed ?atte:rd Thisphenomenonis referred to as "complete 'assimilation."
O
E8, Listen-to your instructor.use the definite a'rticle-with*
: thetwords in E7. Your instructor will then read the in-
definite forms and you should try to transcribe them and mark
those words which take ?al as a, definite article, wordswhich begin with a "moon",consonant.
fi
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P-S9. .óuiplu.sdjective.0G9. In Chad Arabic adjectivesftillow the nouns they modilfy.
Thusihe English phraie a big man has an Arabic equivalent
of rajul kabik,', which- is literally translated "man big."
If the noun,iA definite; the'adjective-which modifies
it must also e. definite. For example, the big man will '
have an Arabic equivalent of'Tarrajul ?alkari:r, literally
translated as "the man big."
E9. Listen to the following noun phrases then try to4trans'-.
cribe them. Mark those forms. which are definite.
te:r "a big bird"
t.e:t saxayyar "a small, house"
?arrajul ?attawi:l "the tall mah"
jamal ba:til "a thin camel"
?albalad,?alwesi: "tfie vast country"
. ?almuftaah ?attagi:l "the heavy key"
kelib Tabyet "a white dog"
?assawwa:fa ?annadi:f.
"the clea mirror"
kabis sami:n "a. fat ram"
1àlgalam ?algisayyar
4V
"the short pencil",.r
pj
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-13 -..
,13-S10.' Gender
''e
r" PG10. All nouns itArabic belong to two'Onder clisses:
masculine and feminine. This division has nothing to.,..sio
with sex since it also, pertains to intinimatenouns.. The
feminine masculine distinCtion is applied.to adjectives'.
when they modify human nouns, otherwise the masculine,
adjective is used with all non-human nouns. e.g. wled seine
"a good boy", but bneyya sera "a good girl."
E10. Listen to the following phrases 'and tell whether the,.!
-t edjective has a masculine'or a feminine form.,1.
. ?abbe kari:m "ea generous father',
?um katima , 'a generons.mother"
wled kabi:r -la big boy!`'t , .
. _
?albneyya ?alkabi:ra 'the big Owl'.. . .
mare semha
rajdl seine
?al?axu ?attawi:l
?uxt-tawi:la
'a good woman',-
4.4''a good man'.,'the' tall brother' .-
'a tall-sster!..%
21
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P -S11. Number
u4
G11. A noun.in Chad Arabic can;;have
three different forms
depending on whether it is singlar, dual, or plural: The
dual will be dealt with In another section. The*pluraf,-Tt,
unlike English, cannot.be formed from the singular by'simple
rules. The best way to learn plural forms is to memorize
, them as you memorize the singu1aform0.',A
Ell: Following,,is a list of singular nouns and
plural forms: Listen'to Srour instructor read these forms and
try to transcribe them. Close the book and try to identify r .
the singular and plural forms as your instructor reads.' °-.04
Singular 'Plural
te:r . tuyu:r
be:t 'houte' buyu:t
sadra:y itr+jamal ,.'camel!
rajul' mano
?dm 'mother'
?abba' 'fatiter'
sawvtatfa 'mirror'
yarda lyar
dukkaLn 'Echo
dakar 'mal
galb 'he t
yottn' 'day
wled 'boy
ptilAaadakA1.jumati
ruja:1 4
?ummahatt
?abbah
yards t`
daka:kitn 44/
dukutr
gulu:b
?ayiattn
?awlatd4_,
4
to
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A
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P-S12. The Dual
G12. The plural in Arabic applies to number thiee and above.
Number two is 'riot a plural, it is a dual and has a different
form. The Aual, unlike the plaral, ,can.be formed by a simple
ruleTIDAnuNin general, form their plural by adding e:n to.
the singular; feminine nouns ending, in /-a/ add,
' .
E12. You afe fdmiliar with most of the words presented here.
Listen to your instructor ,read these words at random. Recognize0-
the dual forms and tell whether the noun is feminine or
masculine.
Singular Dual
tear 'bird' te:re:n
be:t 'house" be:te:n,
bneyya 'girl; bneYte :n
?i:d . 'hand' ?i:de:n. .--
galb 'heart' . glIbe:n
wled ' ''boy' wledein ...-
marra 'once' Marrate:n,
r3amal 'camel' jamale:n
.1.,
yarda. 'yard' yardate:n
huma :2: 'donkey' , huma:re:n
4
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P-S13, plus
.G13. In a noun phrase, the adjective has a plural form if
the.noun modified is dual. or plural.' Again there is rib-simple
rule foi- forming the plural of adjectives--they have to be
/ memorized.
.
E13.- Your instructor will read the fol4pwing fhraseg: Try
to transcribe them and recognize the plural vs. the singular
forms 3,zcthe adjectives.
O
1'
tear kabi:r
te:rem. kuba:r
tuyu:r kuba:r
bizyu:1- wusa?or
buyu:t wasi ?i:n
ruja:1 tuwa:l
huma:re:n suma:n
kula:b ba:tili:n
mufta:he:n tugall,
?alylede:n ?alkuba:r
ral?ayya:m ?attuwa:l
'a big bird'-
'two big birds'
'big birds'
'spacious houses'
A'tall man'
'two fat donkeys'
'thin dogs'.
'two heavy keys'4
two big boys'
'the long days'
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k
Possessive Suffixes
G14. The possession of nouns (e.g. my book, your house, etc.);
'is done in Arable by' adding a suffix to the noun. The Pi,o-
nominal suffixes which Sign*fy'possession are:
- ak 'your (masculine singular)'
- ki 'your (feminine singular)'
'his'
-ha 'het"
- na our
-kum (plurtk1)1
-hum ' 'their (nasculine)
-hinna /their (feminine)/%
E14. Your instructor will give you a list of nouns with
possessive.suffixes. Listen to the words-read and identify
the possesisive suffix by giving its meaning in English. ,
e.g.
my
kita:bhum 'their (masculine)
4)
2 )
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t.,, IP
, ,:, .,
4 y
. .... .P-S15., . Possessed Nouns plus Adjective
-............--4. a .. 5- ,. s,._
. . ..-'" ,.4 uG15. Possessed nouns (i.e. 'noun& witH.pbaiessive.auffixsii-
, .,never take the definite articie.'Howevert the definite.. ....; .,--"
. "
article must be addedlo the adjective which modifiet:A".a .. o.
possessed noun.' x
e.g.
' kita:bi /alkabi:v 'my, .g boOk4 :.,
,.
.,. r
jamala ?assaXayyar 'his small camel' i
be:tha ?al?abyet', 'her White house' -:
E15. Your instructor will give you noun phraseemade up of -
possessed nouns and adjectives. Listen to these phrases
and'give' their meaning in English.
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TEST 2 .
r. , ,
Listgn tothe following words and phrases. Transcribe
What you heir qind,goi:Ve the meaning in English. This*te!st
include:, familiar, vocabulary and grammatical points covered
r
in the previous lessons.
mara semha
rajtl kaii:m
?albneyya ?alkari:ma
be:te:n, kuba:r
?attuyu:r ?assuxa:r
kula:b ba:tili:n
huma:re:n suma:n
mufta:hi ?attagiil
wledkum ?assaxayyar
?axtina ?a/kari:ma
1
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P-S 16 The 'Cont-trtc t 1Phr5se.
G 16. Chad- Arabic "cdnstict phre.seS" are. formed by Noun. phis
Definite Article plus Loun. This corresnonds to the English
"The plus Nour.1 plus of plus the plus Noun".
e.g.
kcita:b ?al wled
lo :n ?al kursisu:f ?al xanama :y
"The boot of the boy!'
"The color of the chair"
"The wool of the ewe"
E 16. Listpn to the construct phrases forme,d from previous
ulary. Transcribe and give :the Rin.glish 'translation.
r
28.
Vo cab-
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P -S 17 To be" Seintenceq_ .
G 17. The present tense of the verb "to be" is not expressed in
Chad Arabic. The construction, Definite Article Noun 4 Adjec-
tive zyn) is equivalent to the English construction
The + Noun .4. is (o-r are) Adjective (or Noun).
e
?atte:r kabi:r The bird is big."
?alwled leko:l. The boy is a student."
?albneyya kabi:ra "The girl is big."
Notice the difference between the to be" sentence and the
noun phrase consisting of a noun plus an adjective.
?alwled kabi:r "The boy is big."
wled kabi:r "A big boy."
?alwled ?al ltalyi:r "The big boy.' .
COK
E 17. Your imtructor 4Xn.qad asset of utterances some of
which are "to be" sentences and some of which are noun phrase's.
Resnond by giving the correct Englishtranslation.
ti
429
ti
pp
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-22-
1,-.S 18 .' PerscAal Pronouns
,
G.:18 The personal pronouns which function as Subjecteraret
?ana
?inta
?intt
Ryoiklmabouline)0
. .
you (feminine)"
hut "he".
his "she'"
?ani:na uwe"
?intu " you (pl u ral)":
human mtheys(masculine)"-6
hinna "they (feminine)"-
When we use the above pronouns as subjects we never use the,-
definite erticlewith them as we do with noting.
e.g.
?ana wled
his kabi tra
"1 am a boy"
"She-is big"
E 18. Listek,tothe following "to be" sentehces -constricted of a per-
sonal pronoun plus ^a noun or an 'adjective. Respond:by.giving the trans-
lation of the pronoun in English.
30
0
.
a
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g
-23-
91
P-S 19" Negattbil-of "to be" Sentences
o:G'19. "To be" sentences in the present tense.form their negative by
4
adding the negationsparticle mat "not" after the. noun phrase which
contains the subject.
?ana mat- kabi :r "I am not big"
?alwled htiliabi:r ma: kari:m "The big boy is notgenerous"
E 19. Listen to the'following "to be" sentehces, some of which are
positive and some negative. Respond to each sentence with either
"positive" or "negative".
6
31
0,
4
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-24-
*.
P -S.20 Interrogation of "to be" Sentences
0 20 Questions are formed out of "to be" sentences by adding 'the in..
terrogative particle walla "or" at the end of the sentence.
e.g.
?altded kagitr . "Is the boy big?"
?ana karirm walla?.. "Am I generous?"
S 20 Your instructor will give you a number of "to be" sentences which
,are1
either statements or questions. Respond by saying whether the
sentence is a "statement" or a "question".
32
.0
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cJ
-25-,
P-S 21 Interrogation Plus Negation
G 21- "To be" sentences can combine negation and interrogation. The
negative particle ma: and the ,interrogative particle walla (see P-S
19 and P-S 20) aii.-6.cur in the same sentence.
e.g.
?lwled ma: kabi:r walla?
?ana ma: kari:m walla?
"Isn't the boy big?"
"Am I not generous?"
E 21 The sentences in this exerciseare of four kinds. You are
su posed to listed, to each tentence and tell whether it is a statement
intemregative, or negative interrogative.
33;,
f
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-26-
P-S 22 Past Tense of "to be"
G 22. The past tense of the verb "to be", unlike the present, is
implicitly expressed°. Two words (zamatn ad karn) are used to express
I
the past notion.
e.g.
?alwled zammlikarim "The boy was generous"
?alwled ka:n kart rm "The boy was generous"
While "zarnm n" is pot inflected, "ka n" changes in form according
to the subject. We will encounter these changes later on when we
talk about subject suffixes.
E 22". This exercise contains "to be" sentences which are either present
or past. Yourjnstructor will read the sentences, and you should be
able to recognize whether they are "present" or "past"..
34
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.27.
Test 3
isten to ,,the following phrases and sentences read by your instructor.
Give the proper translation in English.
kita:b' ?arrajul
?alkita:b kabi
?albneyya semha
?ana vied
hi: mara
hu: ma: kari :m
?alkursi lahmar walla?
?inta ma: saxayyar walla?
?inti zama n semha
.zamaln kart :m
35
tr.
r
f.
....-
10.
a
4
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.)
P-S 23 prepositions,,
-28-.
2
G 23. Prepositions are used with definite and indefinite noun's to
express location oi'direction. The following are the most cannon'
prepositions in Chad Arabic. The English glossei given do not always
apply. 'Prepositions are veryoften used in anidiomatic fashion and
cannot be translated out of context.
fit "in"
*rain "from"
let 4"to"
mei r "with"
fotg "above, up"
tihit. Itunder" te
?usut "insides in the middle"
jamb "beside"
E 23. Listen to the following prepositions used with =up. Mire the
meaning of the prepositional phrases i English'
/
a
36
'41e
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P-S' 24-
.29.it
Prepositions plus PosOssive Suffixes
, 2
4) 24. Prepositicts are used with possessive suffixes (P-S 14). In
such oases, however; we very often have changes in Ueshape of both
prepositions 4--sdrfixes. Sometimes we hav two alternate forms *ich
are acceptable. Even if you use one forM,on you shoup be. able to
recognize the alternate possibilities:.
E. 24. Below is a list of prepositions used with different possessive
Suffixes. Your '4.sti-uctor.krill read the'list at random. Try to gi 've
the meaning in English.
ft: let possessive suffixes
sing.
1st per. fit.
2nd " (M) fi:k
2nd " (f.) fi:ki
3rd " fi:
3rd " (f) filhi it ft :ha
EL%
fi tna
fi tkum
fiskum
ft:hum'
fithinna
40.
.
min +losseisive suffixei. 4.
sing. . at.1st per. m nni
N minnina
2nd " (m) minnak minnukum
2nd " (f) minnik mpniki minnukum
3rd 0 (m) minhu minnum
3rd* " (f) minhinns'
37
'V4 .
e.
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1e: 4 possessive suffixesdm,
1st. per. - ley
N, 2nd. ".(m) leik
2nd. " (f) le:ki
3fd. n (m) 171.h)f%
3rd. ",.(f) le :hi
le ma
1e:kum
le :kuin
le :hum / le trn
le Minna le :m
ma7a + possessive suffixes21.2a
1st. per. ma?i ma?a :y ma?ana
2nd.
2nd.
.3rd.
3rd.
11
11
(m) ma?ak
(f) ma?a :kJ
(m) ma?ahu
(f) ma?ahi
fo :g + possessive suffixessing.
1st. per. fo rgi:
2nd. " (m) fo :gak
" (f )" fo:gki
3rd. (m) roma.
"rd. " (f4). fo :ga
tihit + possessive suffixessin
lst. per. t2nd.
2nd.
3rd.
(m) tfhtak
aqtihtik(m) tihta
3rd. " (f) tihta
R
ma?a:kum
ma?aslcun -
ma?a :hum
ma?a :hum
fo:gna
fo :Odin
fo rikum
fo :ghum
fo :ghum
tihitna
-tihitkmm
tihitkum
tihtthum
tihithum
r's
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Ala
?usut + possessive suffixes,
let. per. ?usti ?usithia
,2nd. " (In) 'histak ?usutkum
2nt. ." (f) ?usutki ?usutkunt
3rd: " (In) ?usta ?usuthum
3rd; (f) ?usta r ?usuthum
Iamb + possessive suffixes1.4
" 1st. per. Jambi jambina,
2nd. v (m) jamb* jambakuni
.2nd. " (f) jambik jambakum
3rd. " (m) jamba jarnliahura° ,
3rd. " (f) jamba
39
2
0
*
0.*
Am*
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P-S 25 Demonstrative Pronouns,
, 4G 25. Demonstrative pronouns in Chad Arabic are distinguished accord..
ing to number -sand gender. This is unlike the English demonstritive.
pronouns which, are distinguithed.accoiaing td number only. The usage
of this and these to denote something here -as opposed to that and those
a to denote something there is similar in both English and Arabic..
Following are the Arabic
(mas.) datthis (fem.) die-
,(mas.) darkalt (fem. ) disk,
forms,
do :1
; de:.
6:1a:kde rla:k
1 25. Lidten to the following sentences and give the, proper English
,translation.
.4
40
9
4
44
0
II
4
a
2
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-33-
P-S 26 Interrogative Pronouns
G 26. The follow)Ag interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions---
for which a 224,or no answer, cannot be giyap,"
sums
ya:tu
we:n
mats.
.we:n /we:nu
ke:f "kike:f
"what"
who, whom"
"where"
"when"
'which"
"how"
c
. ,.
,
2 26. Listen to your instructor ask questions. Give1161,
..
the meaning ofl the interrogative pronouns he uses.A : -. .
.ti
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te
P-S 27 The Relative PronoUn
27. There is,only one relative pronoun in Chad *rabic which corresponds
to the English who, that.which. This pronoun is ?aiN and.is,Used with
nouns regardless of.number and gender.
e.g.
?alwled ?al?axutY "
?alkursi ?al?ahmar
?Arrajul ?alja:
"The boy who is my brother. "
"The chair which is red."
"The man who came."
Notice that both the definite article and the relative pronoun
have the same form ?al.
E 27. Listen to the following relay auses and give their meaning
in English.
rt
42
Y
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-351,
P-S 28 Possessive Construction » hana
G 28. One way of showing possession in Chad Arabic is the "construct'
phrase" (P-S 16). Another way is the use of the prePositionhana to
_form phrases like "?alkita:b hana ?alwled" which means "The book of the
ri my. This has the same meaning as ukita:b ?alwled."
Since hana is a preposition, it can also take different possessive
suffixes as mentioned in (P-S 2}.). When hana is attached to different
4-4tkiy
possessive suffixes the following forms results
sing.EL.
1st per. hanary° hanama
2nd. " (in) han'a:k hana:kum
'2nd If (f) hana:kt hana:kum
3rd (r1m) hana :w hanathu hana:hUm / hana:human
3rd It (f) hana:hi hana:hum / hana:human
E 28. Listen to the following phrases and give their. aning in Eng-.
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Test
C
Listen to the following phrases and sentences, then give their
meaning in English.
fir be:ii
tihit ?Shadarary
?arrajul da: kabi:r
?al maja g: kabi:ra
we:no?inta?
?alwled ?al'?aro:y
?aasadara:y hana ?arrajul
?al kita:b hana:hi
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-37-
P-S 29 Past Tense of C.UCsIC Verbs
G 29. The past tense is the basic form of Chad Arabic verb., from1
it other verbal forms can be derived.
Arabic words in general, and specially verbs, are formed from
a root consisting of consonants which convey the basic meaning. ,Most
verbs contain three consonants, even though some of them may have two
or four. The, three consonants (C..0-C) convey the general meaning,
while the vowels in between and suffixes and prefixes convey the gram-
matical meaning. For instance, the root s-r-b has the general meaning
of drinking. When we add vowels in between the consonants to form a
/-4word we give it the meaning "he drank". The vowels tell us
that the verb is in the past tense, that the subject is singUIar, and
that the subject is a third person masculine.
The past tense of most,GOC verbs is formed by inserting i, a,
u between the consonants.
E 29. Listen to the past tense of the followingC-C-C verbs and try
to transcribe the three consonants you hear. Learn the meaning of the
verbs.
sirib
darab
katab-
fihim
ragad
daxal
libis
"he drank"
"tie hit"
"he wrote"
"he understood"
"he slept"
"he entered"
"he wore"
marag"he passed"
dihik"he laughed"
zagal"he threw"
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P-S 30 Past Tense Subject Suffixes
0 30. Verbs in the past tense indicate the person as well as the
number and gender of the subject. flit is done by suffixing subject
markers to thelierb. The subject s s aret .
-t -ta
14
"I"
you (mas)"--
you (fem)"
"he"
"she".
"we"
you (p1.4)"
"they"
Notice that the third person singular "he" is signified by the
absence of a subject market. We call thig a zero suffix.
Following is the verb Airib/ with the different subject suffixes
attached to it.
siribtAribta
*rib
.si.ribna
*ribtu
"± drank"you (mas) drank""you (rem) drank"quatdranlet
"she drank""We drank""you (p1.) drank"they drank"
I
E 30. Your inatructor will usethe following verbs with different
subject suffixes. Listen to the words and.give their proper translations.'
katab_fihimdihikdaxalraged
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O
P-S 31 Present Tense of C-04 verbsN
0 31. There is no distinction in Chad Arabic between the present and
the future tenses. One form, which we call presents serves to express
both enses For C-0-0 verbs the pattern is .t0V0 for singular sub-'
jeots and -CVCC- for plural subjects. Here V stands for-any'vowel
inserted between the root"consonants. For example, the rolot6-r-b
will have the form6r-V-b if the subject is singular andl-V-rb if the
subject is plural.
E 31. Take the past tense verbsin the previous-lesson and predict
the form in the present according to whether the subject is singular
or plural.
I
47
Alb
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P.S 32 Present Tense Subject Affixei0 V4
G 32/ In the present tense the number, person and gender* of the sub-
O
ject-Ib indicated by a set of affixes. The ,prefixes attached to the '
stem of the verb indicate the person, while the u suffix indicates plu-
#tidity.
sing.1st. per. nV,..
2nd. " (
3rd. " (m) Y11-3rd. " (f),tV.
tV
yV-yV -u
et
The symbol V refers to any vowel which may, occur with the prefix.
The vowel is different with different verbs. dk
Below is the root s -r-b in the present with different subject
affixes t
t
. Vnasrab.
V'tasrab
teigabi
)yasrab
tasrab
naysarbu
tasarbu
yasarbu
0
"I drink"
"you (mas):Arink"
"you (fem) drink"
"he drinks"
"she drinks"
"we drink "'
"yo (01)51rine
°they drink"
E 32. Your instructor will use the following verbs with different
subject affixes. Listen to the forms and give the translation'in.
k-t-bf-hmd-h-kd-x-1r-g-d
48
ti
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P-S 33 Imperatives of C-C-CVerbs
If
0 33. The imperative form of C-C-C-verbs is the same as that of the
present tense: 4CVC- or -pm-. The prefix is always 7V-. Thesuffis..
es are-zero, -i and .0 for third person maspdline singular, third per..
ion feminine singUlar, and third person plural respectively.
?asrab
?asarbi
I?asVarbu
"drink (mas)"
"drink (fem)"
"drink (plural)",
E 33. Listen to the imperative of the following verbs and identify
the person who is addressed.
katab
fihim
ragad
libis
dihik
marag -/
IIP
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PS 314 Negation of Verbs
G A. .To negate 'a verb in any tense all you have to do is add the4
negation particle.mat in front of it.
e.g.
hur ma: sirib
ma: tadhak
ma: na:kul
"he.did not drink"
"don't laugh"
"I don't eat"'
E 31.. Listen to the following sentence give their proper
gnglish translation.,
4 ca
e
v
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P-S 35 Past Tense of W-C-C Verbs
G 35. In- addition to-the strong C-CC verbs there ar some
weak verbs whit contain what is called a weak consonants.
.
The weak consonants in Arabic are /4 /1 and /y /. The W stands
for the weak consonant in the verbs -whose form is W-C-C. These
verbs behave,differentlyfrop,the,strong verbs.' The past tense
of this class of verbs is not diffelint from the regular pattern.
Thus /4-j:d1 and A-1.:4/ have the past forms /wajad/ and /wilid/.
E 35. Listen to the following-verbs in the past tense as used
with different subject suffixes.- Try to give the translation in
English. 'I
wasal "he arrived"
wilid
waged
a.
51
"he got a ehild.
"he lit (fire)"
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P-S 36 Present and Imperative of W-C-G Verbs
G 36. The present. and imperative forme of 41-4-C 'verbs have the forma
.4.1GVC... The rootiw-s-I/ "to arrive", for example, is conjugated
in the following manner.
Present ) Imperative
nawsal ?awsal
tawsal ?awsali
?awsalu
yaws al
tawsal
nawsalu /
tawsalu
E 36. Listen to the following verbs in the preient and -the im-
perative: Give_the meaning in English.
"arrive"
"give birth"
"light a fire"
"find"
1
52
-
0.*
I I. M.
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P-S 31 Past Tense of C..444 Verbs
G 37. This class of verbs has a weak consonant in the middle and
contains roots like 4.w..1./ "say" and /e-or-r//"walk. If the weak
consonant is a 5 the form of the past tense will beCuC--; and if
the weak consonant is a Es the form will be Thus, after
suffixing the Subject markers, we get forms like /gulna, "we said
and hirtui"you walked.
In the third peiso4 we get the forms CatC-r
"he walked"
"they.said"
E 37. Listen to. your instructor use the following C-W-C verbs
with different subject suffixes.
ga.;1 "he said'(
sa:r "he walked"
tam
sa:1
53
"he flew"
"he picked up"
t
'sr
V
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L
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P-S 38. Present and Imperative of C.W.4 Verbs
G 38. The form of C-W-C ver in the present is
-Cu:C- if the middloconsonant is a w and -Ci:C-
if'the middle consonant is a "..Thus foF /g-w-1/
we get the form /gu:l/ and for /s-y-11/ we get /Aim/.
The imperative of these verbs takes no prefilt. The
subject suffixes are the satl/as before.-
E 38:'Listen to the foliating words read bx,yeur
instructor and give their proper translations.
Present Imperative0
nagu:l gu:1
tagu:l
tagu:li 11;i1.11
yagu: Ar
,-tagu:1' /,
nagu:lu
tagu:lu
yaguriu
',Present Imperative.
sitr
si:ri
n$4.114r
tisi:r
tisi:ri
yisi:r
tisi:r
nisi:ru
tisi:ru
yisi:ru
si:rua
1
4
-.000.
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9
P-.5' 39 Past Tense of C -041 Verbs
G-30. Verbs Iof tle class C-C4W usually take ttie form CVCV- in t
but i(is-difficult to predict what the vowels "are. Below are
-two common verbs with their subject suffixes.
Ansa/ "He walked"
mase:t ligi:t
mase:t ligi:t,
ligi:ti
masva s /igiya/liga
maYat ligiyat
mt&:na
mae:tu
maze rti
"he' found"
1118.811
ligi :na
t
ligiitu
-ligyu / ligu
3 39. LitIen-to-40he_conugation of the following ierbs:in the
past tense. Give the meaning in English.
bada
.
sara
rama .
gara
4
4
"he-began"
"he bought"
he threWP
"he read"'
'444
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P.S 40 Present and Imperative of C-C.4 Verbs I
9 40. 'khe present and impertive forth of this cleiss of verbs
is ..CCV... Again there ish.telMliewat of predicting the shape
of the vowel. Following are two verbs conjugatedAn the present
and the imperative.
/mesa/s,
''/Iigiyil./
vPresent namsi-
.
, nalga."-'-
tamia . ..,t taiga,
tarok taiga-,
yam& yalga
4 am:4 : taiga
nalguv ,
- t EIVISU talguv I I
yamsu yalgu
Zjmp ative, . ?im.e;i
4 .
?alga
?amsi ?algi
?arm ?algu.
t V. namau
. \E 40,- Listen to the. conjugation of the following verbs and try,
to give the meaning in English.
.,sera , "he bought"
rama "he threw
\;
a
56
It
447
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4.
749
P-S 141 'past Tense.of CG2C Verbs
G 41. This class of verbs represents verbal roots whose medial.
aria final consonants are identical. :rhe past tense form of these
verbs is always C1aC2C2... However, before adding the subject
suffixes of the first and second persons, e: inserted. Witht
the, third person singular is inserted between the
suffix:
e.g. Ah-d-07ft'subject suffixes.
maddert
madde :t
madde :ti
smadda
maddat
madde:na
madde:tu
maddu
I'
verb and the
"I extended"
"you (mas) extended"
y.
"you (fam) extended"
"he extended"
"she extended"
"we ,extended"
"you extended"
"they extended"
E 41. Listen to the following verbs used with different subject
suffixes and give their meaning.
habba
, dagga
4
57-,
"he gathertd"
"he loved"
"he klked"
N r
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PS 42 Present and Imperative of C1C2C2 Verbs.
G 42, The present tense form of C/C2C2 verbs i always .411102C2o
.where V is either i or u. Following is the root /mdd/ "to
stretch or eXtend" as used with different subject suffixes.
Present Imperative
midda
timidda middi
'timiddi ss middu1
yimidda,
timidda
nimiddu
.timiddu
yimidduP
E 42 Your, instructor will-use the following verbs with different
subject. suffixes in the. present and the imperative. Give the
English translation of the, words.
limma
sidda
dugga
"gat
"block, lose"
"knock"
.1>
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-52-
1).6 44 The "Hamza" Verbs'
G 44. This class of verbs contains "hamza" ?-as one of its
consonants. If the ? is the-medial consonant the verb be-.,
haves life a strong C7C-C verb. If ? is the first Consonant
it is deleted in the present and the imperative resulting
.'in a long vowel. For example /?-k-l/ "to eat", + /na/---4
ina ?akepli. When the "hamza" is deleted we geb/nrakul/
which is the same as /na:kul/ eat ". The final hamza
is also deleted before the subject suffixes are tttached.
E ,44. Listen _to the following verbs read by your instructor-.
/?-k-1/ "to eat" °7-/
Past ?akalt Present na:kul
?akalta ta:kul,
?akalti ta:kuli
?akal'
?akaiat ,ta:kul
?akalna Ala:kulu
Takaltu ta:kulu
?akalu ya:kulu
Imperative
?a:kul
?a:kuli,
?a:kulu
59
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-53-
/s-?-1/ "to ask"
Past Present
'sa?alt nas?al.
sa?alta tas?al
sa?alti tas?ali
-sa?al yas?al.
sa?alat \ etas ? al
,-sa?alna nas?alu
sa?altu tas?alu
sa?alu yasialu
Imperative
?as?al.1:4).
?as?a1i
?as?alu
/b-/d-?/ "to begin"
Past Present
bade:t nabda
bade:ta 4 tabda
:badeti tabdi
bada, yabda
badlt, tabda
.bade:na nabdu
tade:tu% tabdu
badu yabduImperative?abda?abdi?abdu
GO
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54
:rest 5
The following sentences contain verbs you have studied
in previous lessons. Listen to your instructor read the
sentences and give their English translations.
?Ana ?akalt.
?ani:na nagu:lu.
hu: masa.
humaA yiti:ru.
?alwled.?akal.
.?albneyya tas?eil
'? ani:na nasrabu
!
' ?anta"bade:ta.
?as?al.
,kassiru.N
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P-S 4.5 Expressing the Future and the Progressive
, G 45. There'is no specfal form for' the verb in Chad Arabic
to express the future idea. The present*tense of the verb
is.used plus some adverb of time which expresses futurity.
Following are some time expressions which are commonly
'used to express the future.
"tomorrow'
ba?d ?amba:kir "dayafter tomorrow"
subu: ?alja:y
sanalja:y
"next week". ,
"next year"
Tht progressive tense is expresibd by using the aux- _
Piliary /ga?id/ before the main verb. /ga?id/ means "sitting",
but when used With a verb it gives the idea of progressive-
ness / ?anaor continuity. Thus ? ga?id nabVrab/ is translated
into English as "I am drinkin g".
/ga?id/ is inflected tOphow number and gender in the
following manner.
/ga?id/ is used for the masculine singular.
/ga?ida/ is used for the feminine singular.
iga?idi:ni,eis used for the plural: masculine and
feminine.
To express the progressive idea in the past a past time
expression "is used. Following a e some common past time
expressions.
?amis "yesterday"
?awwal ?athis "day before yesterday"
subu: ?alfa:t
62"last week" Hosted for free on livelingua.com
-56
sanalfa:t "last yearn
4
E 45. Listen to the following sentences* give their
meaning in English.
.1
1
63.
I
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P-S 46. "To have" Sentences"
G 46. There is no equivalent for the verb have in Chad
Arabic, but the idea is expressed by:the prepobition /?ind/.
Thus / ?ana ?indi kita!b/ is equivalent to "Ihave a book"in
English. 4
The preposition'/?ind/ can be attached to different
possessive suffixes in the followingimanner:
?indi "I have"
?indak "you, (mas) have"
?indik eyou (f em) have"
?inda "he has"
? 1 LIUa "she hasp
41i= ?indina "we have"
?indurum "you (p1) nave"
?indum "they have"
To express the past idea "had", a past time expression
is used. (see.P.6
lk
E 46. Give the proper translation of thefollowing sentences.
*W.
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P-S 47 The Active Participle
G 47. The active participle ,refers to the4one who "does"41M1*
or "is doing". e.g. /ka:tib/,is the Active participle of
/Otaba/ and it means "writer".
The active participle of C-C-C verbs has the shape
Ca:CiC : e.g. /ka:tib/.
e.g. /ma:si/ "the, one who
their active participles
For C-C-W verbs the form isCa:Ci :
walks". Qudriliteral verbs form
according to/the form CaCCa:C,
: e.g. /kassa:r/ "the one who breaks".
E 47. Follwoing is a list of active participles and their
meanings. Try to recognize the verbs from which these fprms
are derived-.
ka:tib
sari
.ga:ri
?a:rif
nagna:g
la:bis
ma:si
,fa:tih
.kadda:b
.
65
"writei."
"buyer"
"reader".
"One who knows"
-"one who Mutters"-
"one who wears"
"one who walks"
"one who opens".
"liar"
"one who asks"
6
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ft
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P-S 48 The Passive Participle
somethingG 48. The paasive'participle denotes something wh ch is.
"done". It is used as an adjective or a noun. For instance,
/maktu:b/ means something which ks written, hence "a letter".
/ Verbs of the form C-C-form their pass participles
after the fashion maCCu:C :e.g. /maktu:b/. The passive
,participle of quadriliteral verbs has the form muChCCaC
: e.g. /mukassir/ "broken",4
E 48: Below is a list op passive participles and their
meanings . Try to recognize the verb's from which thC-se
forms ar derived.
makut:b
mukassar
maksu:r
meru:f
mawju:d
masdu:d
maftu:h
muaabbas
0
murabbat
marbu:t
66
"written, a letter"
"broken up, smashed",
"brokeniC
"known"
"found, existing"
"blocked"
"open" ?
"'circled, doatedo
"4-pdp'entangled"
"tied"
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J
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49; - Direct Object Suffixes
G 49., The direct object pronouns in Chad Arabic .are suffix-
es attached after the verb anelhe'subject marker. These
suffixes are very close to the possessive suffixes discussed
earlier (see P-S 14). pllowing are the direct object- pro-+'
noun suffixes:
-ni
- ki
-u
-a/ -ha
- na
-kum
-um/ -hum
"me"
"you'(mas)"
"you (fell&
"him"
"trier "" .
"us".('
"you (plr
"them"- t
E 49. Your'iristructor will compose sentences containing,
direct object suffixes. Give the equivalent object pronoun.
In English.
O
0 . 0
cO
4
0
0
0 A
67
0
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P=S 50 -Indeirect Object Suffixes
G 5Q. The indirect object suffixes are also used after
the verb anN the subject suffix. They are similar in shape
to the pronoun /le:/0"to, for" as used with pobsessive suffix--
es tsee2P-S 24). 'Followingsare the indirect object suffix-
es:
-ley
-le:k
-le:ki
-le:hu
-le:hi
-le:na
-le Ocum
40-lum'
"to/ for me"
"to/ for you (mas)"
"to/ for you (fem)"
"to/ for him"
"to/ for, her"
"to/ fpr. us" ASaf.
"to/ for gou (p1)".
"to/ for them"
E 50. The fol./owing sentences contain indirect object suffix-.
es. Listen to your instructor read tlikase. sentences and.
give the equivalent object pronoun in EngliSb..
68
O a t
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P-S 51 Verbs In Series
F
G 51. If two verbs Linked together-n English, the second
takes the infinitive forl: esg. he camelto ieeline. In
'Arabic, however, both verbs will b' conjugated to traritlate,
literally 'she came he saw me" or "he came he sees me".
4. e.g. ,
ja:
vja: sa:fni
ytido:ra yunu:m
xalli:na namsu
V./
"he came to see me"
"he came and saw me"
"ne wants to sleep"
"lq us go"Vd
E51.GivetheproperEnglishAranslationof.the following
sent6a-es:
L.
6-9
e.
41.
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Test 6
Listen to the following Arabic,tteran6es. Give the
meanpg in English.
?ana nam'Si ?amba:kir.
?ani:na ga?idi:n nasrabu.
?indak kitaib..
?indum wled walla?
hu: ka:tib.
hu ma kaddia:b.
hi: katabat maktu:b.
?aktubley maktu:b.
xalli:na na:kulu.
humana:fo:ni.
'et
I
. 4
70
);
#
O.
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P-s 52 Conjunctions ti
.G 52. Conjunctions are function words which joial.words or phrasek
in some kind of relationship to Ach other. Following are
some of th'e most common conjunctions in Chad Arabic.
wa, virj.0 "and"
walla "or"
wala "nor"
wala---wala "neither---nor"
la:kin, wala:kin "but",
Thee conjunction /wa/ is sometimes reduced to /w/ in
fast speech. The /w/ becomes a /u/ if it falls next to
consonants.
n
E 52. The following phrases and sentences contain conjunct-,
ions. .Give the Engliih equivalentspf the conjunqtions and.
try to translate the phrases and sentences-,you,are faMitrar
with.
.4
';
SP
wf ,
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P-S 53 Cardinal Nutbers.I
G 53. The numbers "one" and "two" distinguish betweeh the
feminine and the masculine. even though the distinction is. .
not always used.
wa:hid "one (mas)"
wande " one (f em )"
tine:n
titte:n
"two (mas)"
"two (fem)"
The dual form (see P-S 12) is sometimeS, used instead of
expressinghhe word for number "two". Thus we can say
44t.-Aita:be:n/ "two books"./kita:b tiOuk
'E 53:
(1-10)
Listen to 7dUr'insiructor red.the following rpimbefs,
and .learn their meanings.,
li ?'one"wa:hid
tine:n
tala:ta
?arba
xamsa'
sitte
sab?a
tama:nya
tts?a
?asara
"six'
"!seven"
"eight"
"nine"
"ten"
. a
4
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,E Cardinal Numbers II
G 54. The lumbers 11-20 are formed in two different ways 'in
. .
Chad Arabt4 One way of doing it is to mention the word "ten"1 1--
followed:by" the word for "One"; "two", "three" etc. 'to form the'
number required.
?ash. tine :n
?asara xamsa
1
"ten two :1. e. twelve"
"ten five"; i.e. fifteen" ,
The other-way of forming numbers lip is by using the suffix.V/- a ?sar/ "ten!' plus a prefix that denotes the number which is
added to ten.
E 54. Listen to the following words and learnto associate the
word with. the meaning.4
wihda?aar
?itnaSar
talitta?sar
?arbatafgar-
xamista?gar
pitta?sar
sabata2sar
timarita?sar(
tl.sata?Var'
Ori:n
4'
7
"eleven"
"twelve"
"thirteen"
"fourteen"
"fifteen"
"sixteen"
"seventeen"
"eighteen"
"nineteen",
"twenty",,
b
>.
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Learn the following numbers and their meanings:
tala:ti:n "thirty"
?arba?i:n "forty"
xamsirn "fifty"
sitti:n "sixty"
sab ?i :n "seventy"
tama:ni:n "eighty"
tis?i:n
mite :n
?alf
.?alfe:n
milyo :n
milyo:ne:n
74
4
"ninety"
"one hundred",
"two hundred"
"olio thousand" 4-
"two thousand"
"one million
41
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4
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P-S 55 Ordinal lumbers
1 55: The Ordinal number "fir4t" distinguishes between the feminine
nu:la/and the masculine /?aw.wal/2 though /?awwal/ can be used
for both.'
/?awwal/ also has the Meaning "before, in the beginning".
Ordinal numbers above "tenth" ere not used.
E 55. Learn the meaning of the following ordinal numbers. Listen,
to your instructor use them in phrases and sentences°.
?awwal "first".
ta:ni
ta:lit
ra:bi
xa:mis
sa:dis
si:bi
ta:min
ta:si
"second"
"third"
"fourth"
"fifth"
"sixth"
"seventh"
"eighth"
"nionth".
?a sir "tenth"
75
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P-S 56 Fractions and Percentages,
G 56. The fractions Which are commonly used in Chad Arabic are:
nubs "one half"'
tilt one third"
rube "one fourth" .
.To express other fractions the wordi/Tilmiyya/ "percent"
is used.
I
E 56. Listen to the followipg phrases and give their proper Eng-N.
lish translation.
4
7 G.
4
/
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O
P-S 57. Telling Time
G 57. To ask about the time the question /sa:?a kam ?/ is used.,
The answer is /sa: ?a /. The blank being filled with the proper
time.
sa:?a ?arba "4:00 o'clock"
sa?a ?aY3ara "10:00 o'clock"
After the hour the *minutes are given., fita.7 is used before
the ntitaber of minutes "past" the hour and / ?illa/ before the number
of miiiutes "to" the hour.
e.g.
?arba wa ?asara "4:10"
sa.:?a. xamsa ?ilia ?iiiri:n "4:40"
The words /rubil'i /nussig,' e respectirly used for 15
and 30 minutes past the hour.,
e.g.
sa?a wa Aid
sa?a tala:ta wa nuss
"1:15"
"3:30"
57. Listen' to your instrudtor give the- time and. write,..ihe
.equivalent in English.
.17A
iP
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P-S 58 4eights and Measures
G 58. This section contains words relating to weights and measure.
The dual form is used with join of these words, and the plural
is used with one of them. In talking ibc4It weights- and meature
the,numbeT4recedes the unit:e.g. /7ae. kitluf"tenkilograms"..
Following are the most common units.
gram
kisli
to:n
yarda
yrdate:y1
t
yerda:t
sentimitr-
mitri
kilumitr
litr
ngram"
"kilogram, 1000 grams"
!'ton, 1000 kilograns"
"yard"
"two yards".
"yards"
"centimeter"
"meter, 100 centimeter"
"kilometer, 1000 meters"
"liter"
1111
E 58. Listen to.the following phrases off numbers and units of
measurement. Give the meaning in Englilb.
/_31
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4
4,
A
P.S 59 Directions
:\ () 59. It Chad Arabic one cannot express the ideas of north,
smith north east etc. as in English. Two words which express
east and west respectively are: /saba:h/ "morning" and /xa :rib/
"sunset" as translated literally. Following are some of the
most common words used to express the 'concept tf direction.
"east{'"east
xa:rib "west"
:dak azze :na "to your right"
?i:dak atlisra :y t! t6 your left"
fo:g "above 2 up"0
tihit "below, dowiL"A
gudda mak -"before you".wax'a:k. "behind you"
gari :b ,near"
te ?i :d "far"
(E 59.. Listen to the folloft4ing sentences gifting directions.
Translate into'English.
-
7
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P..5 60 Greetings,
60. FC1lowing are some of the common expressionapd as greet- .
ings,.
salanualetk "masculine singular"
sala:malerki "feminine singular"
sala:male:kum '"plural?
The expression, literally translat!td, means "peace on you" and
is used as a general form of greeting. Other expressiona which
are used in the same manner are:
0
.taybi:n "hope you are well"
?atfya "good health"
Expressions equivalent to "how are you?" are:
ke:fak ke:f ha:lak
ke ke:f ha tlik
ke:fkum / ke:f ha:lkurn
"masculine singular"
"feminine singular"
"plural"
The nswer to "how are you?" .is fl :/ ?alhamdulilla:h/ 'Shank God" .
Other useful expressions are:
?ahlan wa sahlan
ma?a salarMart
"welcome"
"good bye"(literally, "with safety").
an "thank you"
E 60. Listen to your instructor use the above greetings in con-
text. Ggre the English equivalent.
4'
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.1 Test T
Give the proper English translation of the following.
?axu:y,wa ?axti.
v)hu: masa wala:kin ma watal.
'?asra xamsa.
xamsa watala:ti:n
u miyya
sitte ruja:1
Huss sa:?a
sa?a ?arba wa nuss.
?isri:n graym
ma?a sala:mak
a
r
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r
NOTES
*P-S1. There are twOsoundsArTITAS lesson which ar a little different
from their counterparts in English. The /t/ and the' /d/ in Arabic re
'"dental" while in English they are "alveolar". This means that the tip
of the tongue-As closer to the teeth when.the Arab* /t/and /d/ arew
i pronounced. The same sounds are ptoduced in English wi,hrthe tip of the
tongue against tle alveolar ridge. This is a fine distiction.to make, but
it may be helpful in mastering Arabic pronunciation and teaching English
to native speakers of Arabic.
41
P-S3. Those of you who will be teaching English will,discover that Aiai2c
speakers have difficulty'in prdducihg an English "retroflex" /r/. The0
Arabic /r/ is either,"flapped" or "trilled" and sounds very much like the
Spanish /r/.
P-S5. Native,Speakers of English may not be used to hearingrand producing
"'ouble consonants. This, however, is very important for Arabic, and the
process of doubling consonants is often used as a graMmatical featureAn,o 4..
the language. Arab students may pronounce words like "stopping" and
"umbrella" in a funny way because they think there should bea 1c6ble
consonantsin these words as indicated by. the spelling. //-9
!/
P-S7. The lable given to these Consonants comesftom /sams/ and /qamar/,,
the A/-).bic.words for "sun" -end "moon". The assimilatiop of the definitev , .
`7.
article is conditivned. ht'the phdnologfr-ifhls can be more easily perceived
9
by, giving a phonemic, chart of Chad Arabic sounds According to their pointi
and manners of articulation. The consonants within the box oh. the chatt
82Hosted for free on livelingua.com
are sun consonants, and the rest are moon consonants.
1 d a p' v ga e 1 a, e 1
1,) n v 1 1 o`1 e a a' t'
(
a a o t1 1 1 a a
a 1 19
t k ?,stops b d
s sexhfricatives z
ri t n 1 ,
resonants r
X semi-vowels w yf
4111PP-S 8. -Even though the shape of the-definite article is / ?al /, it is
sometimes reduced to /al/ or somply /1/ when preceded by a vowel
P-S 10. Some nouns And adjectives form'their feminine forms by-Adding
/-a/ or /-ha/ to the masculine. Feminine nouni'ending in /-a/ usually
add a/t/ before the possessive suffix. e.g. /mare/ Ilipmanl, but /marti/
'my wife',
.
P-S It m. The shap(V.of,these suffixes may vary with different speakers and,
777with different Words they are attached to. However, there will always -be
a common element which gives a clue'to recognizing the right form. For
instance,'The suffix /-i/ 'my' may appear as /-y/ or /-yi/Yafter a vowel.-
'your (fem)' may ippear as /-ik/, / -ha/ !her' may appear as /-hi/,
4 and /-bum/ itheirlay appear as / -um /.
it 4' ' 4 ,., 4 .....'.
P-S 17. ,Arab students usually have difficulty in expressing the'verb "to be#. .
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lo
-77-`S.
in the present;5hence producing sentences like " the boy a student". If
you teach,English this will be a major problem/tdeal with.
P-S 20. Questions to which the answer/is "yes" or "no" Can also have the
sane form as statements, but with rising intonatipn.
,P-S 22. /ka:n\
/ takes subject/e/ uftixes (See PS 29)
/7the stem in the following fashion
kunt 'I was'
kunte 'you (mas) were'/
f //1/unti 'you (fen) were
/ it/ ka:n !he was'
ka:nat 'she was!
kunna 'we were'
kuntu/kuntum 'you (pl) were
ka:nu 'they were' :
a
with certain changes,of
P-S b3. The verb form C1C2C2C3is actually a triliteral verb with the
medial consonant doubled. This is a common process in most dialects of/'
Arabic, but it seems to be less common in Chad Arabic. ,To double the
medial consonant of triliteral roots is -to intensify the action or make
it passive. e.g.
kasar 'he broke'
kassar !he smashed'
.barad 'he became cold'
barred 'he cooled something'
The process, tioweverf seems to be rare in Chad Arabic;.and very often
original triliteral root is not usepin the dialect. Thus C1C2C2C3 verbs
behave like qtodriliteral verbs.
r r 7
r
4
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p-S.16., The verb have is expected to ppse a
students learning English. The probleM/witl
have as a main verb, as wellas,an auxiliary
- tense which is not existent in Aratic.
learning problem for Arab
be getting the concept of
verb to form the perfect
7P-S 59. The expression /?i:dak aze:nari/literally means:y.04r right hand'"
.
and /?1:dak al?isra:y/ Iyour'leit hand'. When talking toa.woman you should
c
use fli:dik/ and'to more thaworie 'person /?i:dkum/.,
0
/
w
6
ti
1.*
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-%, 'PHASE IIr-ACTIVE PRODUCTION
The active production phase-contains forty lessons which are.supple-',
mented with taped materials to be used in the laboratory. Each lesson
is intended to be covered inone day, but some lesions may'take longer
depending on their difficulty% and the students' progress. While the
s pre-speech phase is intended for understanding the language, the.active
A
phase emphasizes production.
Learning a language is a unique activity. Every language con-
tains the potential for an infinite number of sentencess'and speakers
of a certain:language are capable of understanding and producingrsentences they have n6ve1 heard or said. This implies that learning
a language involves more than memorizing a large number of sentences.. r
Two activities involved in language learning are imitation and
ihdtetion of the structure.O
O
Imitation is a series of attempts, at approaching a mod el which,
in. this case, is the speech of a native speaker. The main aim of
imitation is forming the articulatory habits of the language to be
arned. This is a task which is1N8he difficult to accomplish with
adults than with children who-..--
ari) more receptiyp to form new habits..
When= imitation exercises are given;the sequence to be ,followed. .
,....
-,iS teacher's model, student's repetionrteacher's model or correction.
F. Since the sentences Of a language cannot be memorizedsthe systei
of .the language has to be induced if the language 'is to be used effective
ly. Children posses the ability.ofinducing the structure of a language,
even when it ip thrown at'tham at random. Fora number of reasons
people seem to lose this ability as they grow older. Hence, adults4
need to be gilien the, rules according to which the-system of the language'
2"t
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4
0
operates-if ).earning is to be efficient
thing.here is not memorizIng the.rules,
a way to efiable the learner to use them
:
and meaningful. The important
b4 internalizing themiin such
Unconscioulsy. In other,
words, knaWing the language is more than knowing about it. Speaking
a, language involves knowing the units. which are sounds, forms and wards;
the rules by which a sentence is formed out of these units; and the
way these two elements (units .and rules) comhine.to,form the system
of the language. 1
A typical lesson in the active phase contains:the following:
0 dialogue
b) vocabulary
c) grammatical explanations
d) exercises
Genevally speaking, the function-of ttip dialogue is to serve
as an imitation model. Dialogues are not necessarily related to the
rest of the lesson, but they deal with topics of every day conversa-
tions. For efficient leai'ning the lessons:should be studied at home
. and gong over orally in,class. Classtime should be used for'practicing
-.the language rather than &xplaining the grammar.
0
ti
4'.
s'
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CONt;NTS
Phase II: Active ProdUction
1. PhcnOlo (P-S 1-:6)
21 The-D Hite Article (P-S 7-9)
3. Gender P-S.2.0)
4. Number -S 11-13)
5. Possessive Suffixes (p-S' 14, 15)
6. The Construct Phrase ,(P-8 16)
7. Present Tense of "to be" Sentence% (P-S.17)-
8. Personal Pronouns (P-S 18)..,
§. fiegationand Interrogation Oi "to, be" Sentences (P-S,19-- 21)4.
,
.
10.' Past rense (::. "to be" Sentences(P-S2,2)
11. .Prepositions 4.(P-S 23); .. ,
12; 'Prepoeitiond- plus Possessive.Suffixes (P-S A)<
.13.. Demonstrative Pronouns. (P-S 25)a
14. Interroetive:PtonOunS '(P-S'26)
15. The Vatisfe:Pron9141P-S 27)
16. Possessilie contitxliction: ./hana/ .(P-8 28)
Ast Tense 76-C-C,Verbs: °
,
.18. Past Tense ubjeet jgtffi.X6/3 (P S. 30)
ipirtent Tpnpe _40 0.-01yerbs
Tcresentn.se. qub j igt ,r4018 ('P
24. Inlperative of 0-Q-C' iferbs,,.r-Z3.
22. Negation ot Verbs \2(>P .-$ 34)?'
23e.' Past ilense-12110Ii_JEm§...23_1.1
-t
<
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4IP
24. Presen)iand Impera4tive'of W-C7C Verbs (P-.S 36).. 4
25. Past Tense of C-W-C,Verbs (P-S 37)
t26. Pre..5ent and Imperative if C-W-C Verbs (P-S 38)
27. Past Tense of C-C-W Verbs (P-S 39)
28. Present and Imperative of C-!C-W Verbs (P-S40)
29. Past Tense of C1C2C2Verbs (P-S 41)
30. Present and Imperative of C1C2C2 (P-S 42) 0
31. Quariliteral Verbs (P-S 43)
32. /hamza/ Verbs (M 44) //
33. Adverbs U
34. Expressing the 'Future and the Progressive (15.rS'45
35. "To haVe" Sentences (P -S :46)
36.. Active and Passive Participles (P -S. 47,48),
37. Direct and Indirect Object Suffixes. (PS 49,50.)
36.:Conjuncti'ons (P-S 52)
39. 'Cardinal NuMbers (P-S 53, 54)
40. Ordinal Numbers and Frac-pions (1'.-S 55,
.
44_.
.*The numbersI*.n parantheses refer to lessons iv,
thebPre-Speech Phase on which theActive.Phase lesecins.
, .4are based.
t ivHosted for free on livelingua.com
,Lessons
DIALOGUE CONTENTS
Phase II: Active Production ,
Dialogues
A
A 1 - 4 . = Greetings
4 5 - 8 Directions.,
A 9 - 11 New ,Ar#ival. %t. 4'
A 12 - 16 TheFamily0 . c
A-17 - 21 Getting Around
A 22 - 2 Telling Time1
.410A 25 - 27 Holidays
A 28 . The Carpenter
A 29 ,The Doctor
c
A 30 - 34' The Market ..
A 3j - 37 : Departuref.
.. ,
...
,4- 38 , .9 /:The Weather'
A,40 The Movies
4
a
4
e
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4
= 0,
Al. PhonoiF
I.. Dialogue: Greetings'
A. salarmale:k muhammet.ftildetb Mohammad."
B. sala:male:k ?aii. Acedak?"Hello Ali. How are you?"
k, kwayyis: Ewa ?inta'ke:f ha:lakl"Thank God, I am fine. And .how are ,you ?"
B.i' hamdulilla:h. wa.na:s be:tak?"Thank.God. And your.family?"
A. kullumion6;si:n. pa?a salimak."They are all fine. Good bye."
B.,,ma?a sala:mak."Good bye."
IC
r
II. Vocabulary .
hamduiilla:h-Thank God. Literally: praise be-toGod
?inta-You,(masculine singular).
kel-f-How?,
ke:fak-Haw are,you (masculine singular)?
ke:f ha :lak -How are you (masculine singular)? Literally:Howis your condition?
krill -All.
kulIumi-All of them.
'kwaysi:n7Fine *(plurai)".
kwaYyis-Fine (Singular).
ma?asalanmsi:665411k%masSuline singular
. 'with safety.
na:s-People
na:s be:tak4amily.
sala:male:kHello;
wa-and.to
-
Literally: The people of your\4ouse.
Literally: 'Peace be on you.
ir
gs
4."
!I
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Grammar
N.,
A. A number of Chad Arabic consonant sounds are similar
to those of English and should pose no difficulty. 'These consonants
te.
are: ,h,d,f,g,h,j,k,4m,n,s,s,t,w,y,z/..
B. The following Chad Arabic consonant sounds have'no,4 A
counterparts in .English:
. Afi similar to the German ch in "retch".
similar to the Spanish r.r./ ?/ "hamza", similar to the pronunciation
in some American dialects.
C. There are nits short
tt in "bottle"
els in Chad Arabic:0/i, e, a,
o, u/ and five long vowels: /1:, e:, a:, 0:2 u:/. The short vowels
/e/ and /0/ are not very common in the language. They are mainly
found in loan words.*
D. Emphasis is a phenomenon which affects thtwhol* syllable,
and is indicated by underlining. The clue to emphasis is the civality
of the vowel. The vowel in 'a.4 emphatic.syllabli)sounds like /a/ in
"father", as opposed to the non.emphatic /a/ in "fan".
E. Doubles consonants occur in Arabic belonging to irwo different,
p syllables when they are in word - medial. position /Mar-E2/,'but tfie
may belong to 'one syllable in word -final position hm.i.x.r
F. /i/ d it/ may change to /y/ and hi/ respectively de-.
pending on their position-,th tie syllable. Co vowels never occim46.
beside each other in Chad Arabia. .Therefore, /i/ and /du/ occur-C6A -,
' l ,
tiguous to consonants and-/y/ and Il./ contiguous to vowels. 0
-t
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IV. Exercisesit
A. Repeat the followipirrds after your teacher:
.
marra
jibna
duiddin
dakar
bneyya
.xaza:1
,rajul
na:s
Radar
yball
4
be:t
?i:d
ba:d
batb
.
Tiara
le :1.
u?a:1
da:r
B. 'Listen to the follaWinivatreof Igo.
teacher.
00
naLm
mara
mass
xa:11:
xassala
sida
?akul
ba:til
be:d
I
:y
4
k
(a
nd repeat after your,
1141,171.
' .
I mar
xaat
hassala
si:la
gu:3.
?a:kul,.
tl
be :t
4
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In this exercise we will takerwords and phrases from the dia-
. 4logue and change-them according to the person-addressed. We will
use two male proper names: /Muhamet/ and /?ali/s and two female
proper names: /fa:tima/°and /hawwe/.- Substitue the words given
by your tnstru4or and make t necessary changes in the following
key examples.
1. salamaleik muhammet
?ali
hawwa
P.
muhammet,
fa:tima
muhamet wa fa:tima
?ali
muhammet wa
2. ma?a sala:mak ?ali
fa:tima
muhammet
hawwa
fatima wa hawwa
?ali
3. wa ?inta ke:fak?
Ated,ha:14
?inti
kedip
?intu
ke:f ha:lkum?inter
?intik
c-,
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I. be:t. ?inta
?intum7')
?inta
?intum
5. ?ana kwayyis (fem. kwaysei
hur
?ali
hum,
fa:tima
?inta
2inti
?intum 4
fa:tima wa ?ali
4
C
D. Repeat the dialogue,in this,lesson making the following
substitutions in speakers:o
1. A. ?ali 1B. 'fa:tima
2. A. hawwaB. muhammet
3.' A.s fa:timaB. muhammet wa hawwa
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cf
A2, IThe Definite Article
I. Dialogue: Greetings
a.
A..
taybium ftmare'
"Hello Omar."
taybi:n. salauMale:k."Hello."
A. ke:f jildak?"How are You?"
B. hamdulillaih, wa ?inta?'"Thank God; and you?" "
A.
P.'
hamdulilla:h, wa na:s be:tak?"Thank God, and your family?",
kullum kwaysi*:11.
"Thur.-are all fine."
ter'
A. sallimum ley."Greet them,for me."
B. ?insal?alla:h."I will.----
I/. Vodabulary:
?in'sa:?alla:h- I will. Literally.
jildals-Your skin, ymir body.
ke:f jildak-,How are you.,
P
S.
ley- To me,. for me. \ .
sallimulmr. Greet them, 10, . ,
\
-,--- ,,, .
sallimuum ley- Give them my-greetings:,_ NN
. taybi:n- Hellos. ,Literally:- I hope'You are fine:
96
4. '
1 4
0,
A
.F
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ry
F
-7-
III. Grammar:
A.. Arabic consonants are classified as'"sun" and."Moon"
consonants (see-Notes: P-S 7). The sun consonants are : d,
s, j; 1, anderp/. The rest: '/ 71.b, m, f, k, g, x, h, w,
and y/ are "moon" consonants.
B, The definite article / ?a1 -/ is prefixed to nouns and adjectives..
When Mat/ is added ,to a word beginning with a "sun" consonant,
the%/1/Cisassimilated into a consonant identical to the one that
begins the word. e. t.
.F ?al ?atte:r-
but
kelb ?alkelb.,
C. The definite,article)ley have different phonetic shapes
"S...according to the' environment it is in. For instance, when / ?al/4
occurs in the middle of an utterance, it mar lose the /1/ "hamza"
in normal .speechA. e. /?arrajul ?attawi:1/' may be heard as6
/?Fralui attawi:1/.. When a vowel precedes it, the / ?al/ may be
heard as /1/. e. g. /Sane ?alja :j/' is*heird as /bane lja:y/
"th coming year."
An adjective podifiing a definite noun, must take the
definite dfttae.
rIC
IV. Exercises:
( A. listen to ffte following words 'and phrases in the indefinite
form. kespond by giving the definite form. e. g.N.1 .
teacher .Studentrs-Response
kelp b ?alkelb',
kelb kabi:r ?alkelb alkabi:r
ti
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t-
A,
sadarjamal
balad kabiyo:m twitlahamna:r
te:r s vyarhuma:rwa: di
galb
-8-
"trees"
"camel"
"big country""long day""meat"
small bird""donkey"
"valley"
Repeat the following phrase after your teacher, then
substi to the words given by the teacher in their proper place
in 't phrase.
?alkelb ?alkabi:r
huma:rba:tilsamt:njamaltaws :1
galakt,
rajulsame
kabi :r
baladbe:t?ahmar
te:r
saxayyar?abyet
°I
"donkey"
"thin"
"fat"
"camel""long, tall""pen pencil""man"
"good""big"
"ram""country""house""red" ?"bird"
"small""white"
C. Repeat the dialogue in this lesson making the following
substitutions in speakers:
2. A. fa:tima
B. ?all.
2. A. '?ahmet
B. haww.a.
3. A. ?ali
%
B.;^ muhammet wa hawwa
98
,
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I
A 3.
9
Gender
I. Dialogtie: Greetings`
A. sala:male:k.
saia:malerk.
A. min fadlak ,?usmak ya:tu?."What is your name, pldase?"
?usmi yu:suf, ma?inta?94y name is Joseph, and yours?"
?usmi muhammet."My name is Muhammad."
B. ?ana farha:n minnak."Glad to meet you."
A. sukran. ',Ita?a'salasmak.
"Thankyou. Good bye."
ma?a sala:mak."Good-bye." '
II.. idcabulatry: .
. ....
earha:n- Glad, happy (madbuline, singular) -
min From of .
....( .
min fadlalc-If you please (mas. sing, ). Literally : from your
- generousity.
minnak- From, of you (mas. sing.).
sukran- Thanks.
?usm-N. Name.
(-
?usmak- Your name (mas..., sing.).
?usmi- My name.
ya:tu- What.
i.
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4
III. Grammar:
A. Chad Arabic nouns belong to two gender classes: masculine
and femininl. This distinction applies to both animate and in-
animate nouns, and hence it is not based on sex.,.
4
) *
B. The masculine feminine distinction applies to adjectives
which modify animate nouns. e. g. /rajul seme/ "a good man", but
/marts 'semha/ "a good woman"."It
C. Many adjectives have ,the same form for the masculine and
the feminine, Examples of this class of adjectives are the words
denoting color.
?abyet
?wad?ahmar?azrag
?axdar?asfar,
"white"
"black""red""blue"
"green""yellow"
D. Another class of.adjectives forms the feminine by suffix-
ing /ralor /-ha /' to the ifiasculine orm.,.
e. g..
masculine feminine
kabia. "big" kabi:rakariG "generous" karimatawi:1 "long, tall" tawi:lasamirn "fat" sami:natarga:n "deaf" targa:na?amya:n "blind" ?amya:na.saxayyar "small" saxajyara
or saxayragisayykr "short" i
/gisayyara
or gisayra'seme "good" semha
Note that Some adjectiv s undergo certain changes. when the
feminine suffix is added to ahem.
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11
.IV. Exercises:
A. Substitution drill: make the following substitutions and
chAnge the gender of the adjectives as needed.
wled kabi:r
bneyya "girl"
saxayrarajul "man"
kari:mmara " wom an "
7017akelb "dog (mas.)
ba ;til
kelba "dog ,(fem. )
sami:nakabig "ram"
?ahmar
xanama :y "ewe"
?abyet?amya:nahuwn "horse"
tarsa:nfaras "mare"
B. Make the following substitutions/and add or delete the
definite article to fit the word which is substituted in the pattern.
?al kelb alkabi:r
?al kelba?al sami:naxanama:y?al
ba:tilfaras?al husarnrajultawi:l?al mara?amya:na
?albneyyawled?al wled?il tarsa:n
'kelb?al rajultarsa:n
0
is
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0
-12-
C. In this exercise you will be asked to respond,by substitut-
ing a giisn word in a pattern and making the necessary changes-in
the pattern. Listen to your teacher go through the exercise firSt.
I. min fadlak ?usmak ya;tt?.
min fdlik%maim,min fadlak?usmikmin fadlakum 4
?1113111a1C
ti
)
?na farhaqt minnak
farha:naminnik, I.
,Ahu:
:..
6C
minnina?inta
...-?inti
faLtima '. r-\ .
minnak t
?tea° _
,farha:n ,
4_f ' i
?ahmet .._
.
4 ,,,r
mtnnum 4 ,
D. Rep6at the dialogue in thig'lesson making the following
substitutions in the Speakers:
1. A. fa::tima
B. hawwa
2. A. hawwa' B. ?ahmet
3. A. yu:sufI B. fa:tima
O
4
w
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- A 4.:
I. Dialogue : Greetings
1
41,
Number
A. taybi:n ?abd11.a."Hello, Abdallah".
B. taybi:n se ?i ;d. faddal, ?ahlan via sahlan."Hello-, Said. welcbrhe ."
A. sukran kati :rl'Thanks, a. l6t. " ,
B. tesreb sa :y walla *gahwa?"Uoiid you drink tea or cqffee?"
A. sa :y min- -fadlak."Tee, please."
B. murr walla ?asal?"Black or sweet?"
. ?a sal min fadlak."Sweet, please."
13. -41db :re -si,7e ?
"Would you like a ci
A.1: ma : riisrab sigre"No , I don 't, smoke c
II. Vocabulary:
?ahlan wa sahlan- Welcome, feel at.homg,
garette?")A6-
:t.
igaretted."
?asal- Sweet, honey.'
faddali-' Come in.
gahwa- Co. ffee.
kati :r- alot, much,. many. .
s'
ma :- Not.
murr- Bitter,
da :y- Tea.
sigre Cigarette.
.
9
,
1
tasreb- You mes., si ng.') drink. /nisrab/- I 4rink.,
r 0
,
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L
tudo :arra.- You (ma s
walla- 'Or.:
III. Granunar.:
t
-14-
. .
sr.i.oke 'a cigarette.
si. ng. )/c`r,rant; like .
A. Nouns in Chad Arabic have three different forms
deperiding on whether they are Angular, dual or plural.
There_ are no simple rules to predict the plural forms of
nouns; and "h,e.nce., they wave to be learned.
13i, The dual, referring to mum two, is formed by.
suffixing /-e :n/ to 'the singular, eminine nouns ending
in /'-:a./ form their dual by adding the suffix /te
C. Adjec-tives modifying plUral or dual nouns are plural ,
in form. Again, the ,plurals of adjectives have to be learn-
ed since there are no simple rules for predicting them.
Note that adjectives in Chad Arabic have no *dual form.
IV. Exercise
A. Study re-Speech Ell, E12, and E13 at home,-
Do: the following exercises in class.
1. Your teacher will give you the singular form
of the following nouns. Respond by giving the plural ;forms.
to :rbe :t
dalcargalbjamalrajul
:m .
wled?um,
?abba
Vt.
I
to
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'sai,rwafa
yardasadra :ydukka:n
4
2. Give the dual 'forms of the following singular
.nouhs.
to :r/
:
be :t
?i : d
galbwledjamalhuma:rbneyyamarrayarda
3. aye
kabi:r'tawiasami:nba:tiltagi :1
_
the plural forms of the following adjectives.
st
c -
B. Substituti9n afill: pay attention to the use
of the definite .article, the number, and the noun-adjective'
aveeme4t..
te:rkabi:r
?atte:rlb ?atte:re:n
?alba:tili:njuma:1?aljamal?assami:n?arruja:1rajule:ntuwa :1
mara?assami:naxanama:y?aikabi:rabe:.teal
(
I.
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-16-
C. Substitution drill.
1. Sa:y min fadlak.
V.
1.
min fadlikgahwamin fadl kumsa:Y murmien fadl kgahwa ?asalmin fadlak JI
gahwa Turr
2. la: ma nisrab Sigre:t
?ayyegahwala:nisrabAtigrabsa,:y
nisrab?ayyesigte:tla:,
4.1
D. Repeat thOdialogue in this lesson making the
following' changes in speakers.*
1. A. fa:timaB. ?all
2. A. hasahB. hawwa
3. A. fa:tima-B. hawwa.
06
4
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c.
A5. Possessive Suffixes
I. Dialogue : Directions
A. Inin fadlak naS?alak su ?a :1 ."Please, I would like to ask you a question."
B. ha :dlr. . .
"Please do (I am ready )" .
A. ta?arfa We-:-n ga : ?id ssafa :ra hana ?amri :k? .
"Do you know where the American, Embassy is?"
. B. ?ayye. ?imsi fi : ?-i :dak al ?isra :y, ba,?de :n fi :?i :dal: azze :na.:y. ,
"Yes. Walk ito your left, then to your right."
ti
A. we :n rain ?i :di azze"Ibere about from my right ?"
: ddirib. al ?awwal"In the first 'street "-
A. sukran 1-c. ti :r.Thank you very much."
13,, ma fi : ey ?,"For 'nothing (Don 't mention it );"
I. Vo-calulary :\. .
?arari :lc- America. ',8 ,. , ?aloftwal- First. .?ayyd- Yes. . *
ba ?de :n- Afterwards, then. '1,7--d'irib-t Street, road.
.. Ii: -.In, on.,ga : ?id- ,Literally : d:tting, situated?ha :direr Literally; I am ready-tb help. ),
hana- Of . - , , /hana ?amri :k- Of pea, .Arnericft. ,
?i :d- !land ,
?J, :dak al %isra :y-,- To you? deft , Literally : you left, - hand.
?i dal: azze :ha :y-1 To your fight. L'ite rally,: your 1
tri,ght hand. 1
?imsi- Walk, goma : fi- There is no --,-;naS?al- Ask (I ). /nas ?alak/- Ask you.safa :re,- Embassy.sey?- ti thing, soirletshi-ng. /ma :fi : sey?/- Don it
- -\mention it, Literally : there ins nothing.
ta?arfa- You know. Do you know? .
we :n- Where.Hosted for free on livelingua.com
III., Grammar:
.
XA. The possession of nouns in Chad Arabic is done
,
?. . .4 .
.byqadding the following pronominal possessive suffixes:"
1.4
-i/ -yi-ak-ki. /-ik
-a-ha /-a-na-kum-hum /-umhinna(
"yo (masculine) "'(feininine)" .
"her"'Jour".
"your""their (rrisculine)."their (feminine).
B. The suffix /-yi/ occurs when 'the possessed. noun
ends' in a.vowel. The other suffixes which have two forms'
are difficult to predict since they -very with different
sPeakers.. Learn to.recognizeipoth forms. 47.
C. An adjctive modifying a possessed noun, takes the
-,definite article. Possessed noun's, however, never take the
ddfinite article. They are dePinite by virtue 9f being
possessed.
IT': Exercises:
A. Repeat after your. Vstructor.
kita:b kelbkita:bi,kita:bak kelbakkitabik a kelbilc
kita:ba kelba'kelbha .
kita :bna kelbna',-kita:bkum kelbkumkita:bum kelbumkita:bhinna kelbhinna
r
108
h
4-
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V
6
-19-
3B..' Substitution drill.
?aljamal alkbis
alba :tit'jam'alak,1
jamaLaas sami n'
jamalna,jamal kum L'ar"
j amal um'ralkabi,:r?i :di a
az ze :na
:dak?i :dik?i da
:dhaal?isra:y?i .:dna
?i :dkum?i ;glum
?i 4,"
C. ,8uh%stitution drills.
41.
41.
4
1. ta ?arfa 14e :n ?id ssafa :ra hana ?amri :k ?
.1
ssafa :ra hana tsa :dhana, faransato 6rfiTut" :1 du parkleko :1to ?arfussafa :ra hana :k )
ta?arfa
2. fi.ddirib al?awal
to :ni )be;'?aww-al
dukka :nto :litdirib?awal:u:1t :n
Pgi
ee*,
109-
:
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-20-,
* :
D. Repeat the dialogue in this lesson making the
following changes in sneakers.
1. A. ?umarB. hawwa
2. A. hawwaB. fa:tima
3. A. fa:timaB. ?ahmet
4.0
I
O
q
1 to 1
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D
1.21-
A.6. The Construct phrase
I. Dialopue: Diredtions
A. tin fadlak ta?arfa we :n gaPt.d al mu:ze':?'
"Please, do you know where the m eum
B. ?ayye. ?amsi ?adi:1 gidda' wa fi: ?i :dak,
azze:na:y."Yes. Walk straight Ahead and then
A. fe:n? fi: ddirib da: walla?"Where? i';In this street?"
your right."
B. .1a:, ?almu:ze: ga:?id fi: ddirib atfta:ni."1,o, the museumis on.the second street." 2
A. sukran ya: seyyid."Thankyou, sir."
B. ma: fi: sey?"Dontt mention it.'t
A..' ma "a sala :mak.
13. ma 'ea sala
Cu, Vocabulary: '
?adi:1- Straight.da:--This.fe:n- Where.' Same as /we:n/.gidda:mak- In front of you.?adi :1 giddamak- Straight ahead.mu:ze:- Huseum.seyyid -, Sir, Tentleman,ta:ni- Second.ya- Voca'tive particle hich recedes the name or
title of the perso adoressed,
4atilar:
A.' The construct phrase represents a possessive re-,
lationship between two nouns. The first noun in the phrase4-
is indefinite Ili ile the second is definite. c.
e. g. kita: albneyya.7 The book of the girl."
11[
1
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-2_
-22-
B. The second noun in a construct phrase can be a
posSessed noun; in which case the definite article is
not prefixed to it.
e. g).4kita:b binti 4 "Liy daughter's book.".
Exercises:
A. Substitution drill:
kita:b alwled
galamalbneyyaarrajulbe :t
?axu:y.?uxti
alwledal xanama:ysu:f
'B. Make ,a construct nhrEse out of each oP-4he ollo-
in; pairs of words.
kita:b-husa:nkursiba :b
ba :b
?i:d?i:dra : s
ra:salb
ral4v?axu:ybe :t
b:tum.maraAnartakkelbkelbkum?uxti
C. ,Substitue-the following words in their rinht posit -
ion's in the sentence:
'almu:ze: ;F`: ?id fi: ddirib atta:ni.
10?ayye r atta:ni?alute:1 , ?almu:ze?assafa:ra atta :litleko:1al?awwalla:-?assafa:ra haria ?amri :k
11 2,
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o
D. Repeat the dialogue making the' following changes
in sneakers.
1.. A. yu:sufB. maryam
2. A. hawwaB. ?abdalla
3. A. hawwaB. maryam
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A7. Present
I. Dialogue: Directions
Tense of "to/be" Sentences
A. ndofra n s?alak su?a:l."I would like to ask, you a qUestion."
B. hadir
A. ta?arf restorra:n seme gari:b min ine? N-4"Do yo knowa good restaurant cl e to here?"
B. ?ayye resto:ra:n alkabi:r da: gidda:m hanamu:ze ."Yes, thiS big restaurant in front of the.muse
A. wa min hine walla?Is the museum far ,from here?"
B. la b?i:d larkin ma: b?i:d kati:r.it is far, but riot very far."
A. gukran. ma?a sala:mak.
B. ma?a sala:mak.-
II. Vocabulark:.
b?i:d- Far.gari:b- Nearhana- Ofhine- Herela:kin- Butndo:ra- I want, I would like.resto:ra:n- RestaurantsemeGood, nice.
-III.' Grammar
A. The presenttense of the verb "to be" is not expressed
in Arabic. "TO be" sentences in the present are formed out
of a definite noun followed by an indefinite noun or adjective.
The definite nounNin a "to be" sentence cantbe
noun plus the definite article, a noun plug a possessive suffix,
or a construct phrase.
114
4.
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it
is
-25-
C. So far we have covered three diTferentConstructions
which are easy to confuse:
. 1) nouns plus adjectives
2) the construct phrase
3) present tense of "to be" sentences.
Following are distinctive grammatical features which distinguish
these three types Of constructions.
1) In anoun phrase where' an adjective modifies a noun)
both should be either definite or Indefinite. e. g.
kelb kabi:r
?alkelb alkabi:r
2) In a construct phrase where two nouns have at possessive
relationship. The first houn (which is possessed) must be
indefinite while-the second (which is the possessor) must be
definite: e. g.
kita:b alwled
kita:b ?axu:y
3) In a "to be" sentence, the first noun which ,is the
ssubject muptobe'4 definite. The complement cannot Stake the
definite article, but it can be a possessed noun or a-
construct phraser.e. g.
?alkita:b kabi:r
?alkita:b kita:bi
kita:bi ?ahmar
?axu:y ?abu :ha
-
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IV. Exercises? a, a
A.. Substitue the folloking words in the subject position.
talkita:b kabi:r ati:r
'kita:b ?axu4y.?rrajul?abu ha?ajjamai
_jamalumjamalyabu:nahu:?abu:
?alhuma:r
B. Substitute the following\words in the complement
position.,
?rrajul kabi:r
h?i:d kati:rwled xa:iikari:m?abu:hum-?axu:k
xa:lak?abu fa:timakari:mbattilmu ?allim
C. Substitution drill.
ta?arfa resto:ra:n gari:b min hine?
ta?arfi
ksinemab?i:dma: b?i:dta?arfu?ute :1
gari:bta?arfamu :ze:
resto:ra:n
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...
D. Itepeat the dialogue making the following changes
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,
A8: Personal Pronouns
,
r,
I. pialgoue: Directiols
A. saba:h ale :r ya:.seyyid."Good morning, Sir."
B. saba:h alxe:r. nagdar na ?a:wriak walla
"Good morning. Can I help you?"
A. min fadlak wen pOst?"Where is the poet office, please?"
B. ta?arfa we:n.ga:?id alute:Wde park?"Do Youknow Where The Hotel de Park is?"
a
,
, A. la: ma: na?arfala:kin na?arfa gria:,nt ?ute:l.uNo'l don't, but I know where GrantAptel is."_
B. ba?d gramt ?ute:l Timsi ft ?i:dak azse:na:y waba?de:n kanjir fi: ddirib al?awwal."After Grant Hotel go to your right then turn onthe, first, street."
A. hassa fihimta.- sukran."Now I ,understbod. Thanks?
B. ma: fi: sey% ma?a sala:mak
A. ma?a sala:ma:k.
4II. Vocabulary:
ba?d- After.ba?de:n- Afterwards; then.fihimta- I understood.Kassa- Now.kanjir- Turri
na?trwin- I help.
na?arwnak- I help younagdar:. I can.
post- Post office. ),
saba:h- Morning :11.
saba:h alxe:r- Good morning. 4terally: morning of goodness.
e
p .118'dir
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4
I
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III. Grammar:
A
A. Independentapersonil pronouns are used as subjects
of sentences,. They have to be expressed when the sentence
is S "to be" sentence. However, they may be omitted when
the sentence his a_yeri-J which carries the subject marker.
B. Following are the indepen dent forms of the-personal
pronouns:
?ana?irta /,;?inte
?inti
huthi:?ani ma?intuhuman.hinna
J
1W. Exercises:
"I"
You (masculine)""You, ( feminine )"
"He"
"She"
Ven"You" ,
"They (masculine)""They (feminine)"
A. Shbstitute the following-pronouns in the subjedt-,...
poSitio . 'Change the adjective to fit the number and
gender' of the subject: Acariall, karimal karimi:n/,
arrajul kart :m
?ana
?ihta.?intihut
?ani:ns
?intuhuman'.
hinna
.4E
B. Substitution drill: make the necessary changes
to fit the number and gender of the subject.
(:>
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C.
-.30-
'?anat.kari :m
rajul kari:mkari:m kati:rhi:
hu:human
'ktsumamhinnakubar kati:r?ani:naruja:1 kuba:rhuman '.
?intuhut
?inta.?anaxa:lakhu:
hi:?ummak?ana
Substitution.. drill:.
1. nagdar na?a:7,:rnak wa11'a , ?
na?a:wniknudo:raxalli:ninagdarna?a:winkumna?avinumna?a:wnana?a:winanudo:rana?a:winkbmna?amniknagdarna?a:wnak
.11
2. la:-ma:-na?arfa, la:kin na?arfa,gr\a:nt ?ute:11
postnisi:fa
/ niri:da.
mu:ze:?ute:1 du parkna?arfasafa:ra hana.?amri:kndo:ragrant ?ute:1na?arfa
ta
es,
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c
D.. Repeat the dialogue making the following changes
ins speakers.
1. A. maryamB. yu:suf
2. A. ?dhmad,
B. 11.6wa
3. A. hawwa -
B. maryam
AO.
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A9. Negation and Interrogation of "to be" Sentences
I I. Dialogte: New ArriAl \ .
A. ke:f min jildakZ"How are you?"
13, kw'dyyis,
Tam fne, thank Godw"
A. min we:n ja:y?'Vhere do you come from?"
B. ja:y min ?amri:k."I come from Ametica."
A. 'tikallim kala:m ?arab seine.
"You speak good Arabic:"
B. sukran kati:r."Thank you very much."
A. warn ?allamt kala:m ?arab?"Where did you learn Arabic?"
B. ?allamt kala:m ?arab fi: ?amri:k."I learned Arabic in America.,"
II. Vocabulary:
?allamt- I learned, I tatight.?arab- Arab, Arabs.ja:y-'Coming (singular).ja:yi:n- Coming (plural).jildi kwayyis- I am fine.kala:m- Speechkala:m'?araly- Arab speech, Arabic.,
ke:f How are you? (same. as /ke:f jildak /.)
min we:n ja:y- Where do'you come from? Literally: .
From where are you coming.
tikallim- Speak.
III. Gramyr:
A. "To be" sentences form their negative adding
the negative particle /ma:/ "not" between the verb phrase
and the noun,phraae which contains the subject: e. g.
?ana ma: kabi:r?arrajul alkabi:r ma: kari:m "Thal:pig man is not generous."
"I am not big."I
122,Hosted for free on livelingua.com
e-
-3,r
B. "To be" sentences form their "interrogative' by---,-
adding the interrogative particle Milo./ "or" at the
end of 'the sentence. e. g.
hu: kabi:r walla? "Is he big?"
C. "To be" sentences can combine negation and interrogation
by adding /ffia:/ and Aralla/ in their proper places as
described above. e. g.
hu: ma: kabi:rAl
walla? "Isn't he big?"'
IV. Exercises:41i
A. Your teacher will say the following sentenc46.
. Respond by giving their negative forms.
?ana rajul kabi:r.hu: ?abu:k walla?
. ?al mara di: ?ummak.human kari:mi:n.?inta ja:y walla??ana ja:y min ?amritk.?arruja :l ja:y1:n min tsa:d.
?alwled da: ?axu:ki.da: ?abu:hum walla?martak sami:na walla?
B. Give the interrogative formsof the following
sentences:
?arrajul da: ?abu:ha.hu: !pa: lekorl.
kita:b'?axu:ha?ana ja:y min -?amri:k.
?al?ute:1 ma: gt?id Nine.jildak kwayyis.humin ma: jayi:n.hinna ma: ba:tili:n.?ummum xa:lti.
human ja:yi:n min faransa.
- PR
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-34-
we
C. Substitution drills.,
1. ?ana ja:y min ?amri:k.-
min faransa?inta?abu:k?uxti
hu:hi:tsa:d?ani :na
hinna?arruja:1
2. tikallim kala :m ?arab seme.
kalarm faransetkwayyisnikallimkalarm ingli:zswiyyayikallim
' semekalarm ?arabtikallimutikallim
'3. ?allamt kala:m ?arab fi:
faransakalalm faranse:?allamna
k.Za lamta .
?a lamti rkal :m-ingli:zfi ?anglite:r?Alma s?allamat?allamu °
N
D. Repeat the dialogue making the following substitutions
in speakers.
1. A. fa:timaB. ?ahmad wa'hawwa.
2. A. ?aliB. hawwa
3. A. maryamB. fa:tima
l2
C,t
#
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O
35
A10. Past Tense of "eolbe" Sentences
I. Dialogue-: Nell Arrival
A sala :male rk.
B. -salannale:k.
A.. ?inta min wean min ?amrik?"Where are you from in America?"
B. ?ana min New York.
"I am from New York."
A. kike:f ji:t Nine?."How aid you come here?"
B. ji:t bittayya :ra.
"I came by plane."
A. ,tawwalt fir t*Sa:d wal1.a?"Have you been in Chad for long?"
B. la:, sahir"No, for one month."
II. yocabulary:,
bi- By, in. (same as Afir/).ji:t- Came.kike:f- How, (same as /ke:f /').
sahir- month. .
tawwalt- Stayed for a long time.tayyerra- Plane. ,-"N\warhid:. One.
III. Grammar:
A. The past tense of "to be" is exPressedby using
one of two words: Azama:n/ or /ka:n /. While /izarnam,
is not infleCted, Asmichanges according to the subject
.(see Notes P-S e: g.
/25. Hosted for free on livelingua.com
'?abu:y zama:n sami:n
hu: ka:n fi: leko:1
"My father was;fat."
"He was in school."
B., The past notion is sometimes ekpiessed byjusing
an expression or time which iefers to the past, e, g.
sanalfa:t ?ana fi: lekorl "Last year I was
a studentl"
IV. Exercises
A. Substitution drill:
hu: ka:n fi: leko :l.
?ana kuntalbe:t?anta kunt?anti kuntial?ute:1hi: ka:nat,?ani:na kunna
leko:l?intu kuntuhuman ka :nu
B. Substitute.the following words where they fit
in the sentence.
?ana zama :n fi:
kunt?antsfi: tda:dsanalfa:t?anti
subu: airs-rt.
?amis
zama:n?awwal ?amis?ana
, C. Substitution drills:
40'
I
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37
1. ?inta min we:n min ?amritk?
?inti
tsa :d'
?ana
MIrshi
nige :r
?ani :na
?intu?anritkhuman
2. ?ana jirt bittayyara.
?inta jilt?inti ji ;ti
but jatbiwati :r
hi: jart?anima jitnabilmarkaba?intum jirtubiljawardhuinan jot
3. tawwalt fir tsa:d walla?
, tawaltitawwalattawwalfi: misrtawwalnafi: suda:ntawwaltufi: tsa:dtawwalt
D. Repeat the dialogue making the following-
changes in speakerst
1. A. ?ayseB. maryam
2: A. fa:tima `B. ?ahmad
A. ?ali
B. hawwa.
0,
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a
f
38..
4,
Prepositions
I. Dialogue: New Arrival'
A.. min mata ,?inta ga:?id hine?"Since when are you here?"'
B. min subur tala:ta."Since three weeks."
A. ?inta min ?amri:k walla?"Are. you from America ?"
B. ?ayye, ?ana min California."Yes, I am from California."
A. kike:f safar hana:k"How was your trip."
B. pafari kwayyis xala:s."My trip was very good."
A. ?ablan wa sahlan;"You are welcome."
B. su
Vocabulary:
hana:k- Your, of you.mata- Whenmin- Since, from.min mata- Since when.safar- Trip, travel.subu:- Week. ,
tala:ta- Threexala:s- Well, very.kwayyis xala:s- Very good.
III. Grammar:
A. Prepositions are used with definite'And'
indefinte nouns to express location, direction
L
1'2 8
I
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or possession. Following are the most common. preposition.
in Chad Arabic.
ba?d- After
bi-. By, in.
fit- In, at,.
fo:g- Above, upon.
gabil- Before\.
gidda:m- In front of.,
hang- Of.
?ind- At.
jamb- Beside..
le:- To, for.
ma?a- With.0
min- From, since,
tihit- Under.
?asut- Inside, in the middle of.
ware- Behind.
B. The English glosses given above cover'only certain
areas of meaning which the Arabic prepositions have.
In most languages, prepositions are used idiomatically
and hence, cannot be translated literally or out of context.
IV. Exercises:)/ :
A. Repel)? after your teacher.
ba?d leko:1 ,
t "after school"v .
bittayys4ra "by plane" .
biljawa:d "on horseback"
..- 1 21)
e"' 4.,
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B.
fi: lbe:t
fi: tta:bl
fo:g lbe:t
gabil al?akul
gidda:m pute:1
hana ?axt:lak
jamb alkursi
le: ssafavva
ma?a ?abutk
?usut ddirib
wara lmurzel
Substitution drills:
4'
"in the houSe"
"on the table"
"above the house"
"before eating"
"in front of the.hotel"
"your sister's"
"beside the chair"
"to the' embassy"
"with your father"
"in the middle of the street"
"behind the museum"
1. ?ana ga:?id pine min subur talata.
xamsatine :n
?inta
husahir?asarawa:hid?anima ga:?idi:nsanasitte
human?arbor
sab?ahinna?ayya:m?intusubu:tamanya?ana ga:?id
tis?a
2. ?inta min ?mnrirk walla?
i 4:3 d
/VP
I
p
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?ana?inti
tga:dhu:
nige :r
hi
?ani:namasr?intu
faransahumansuda:nhinna?axu:kum?amri:k
fa:tima?ana?ahmet
humanmartak
4
D. Repeat the dialogue making the following changes
in speakers.
1. A. fa:tima wa ?aliB. ?ahmetA
2. A. hawwaB. maryam
/3. A. yu:suf
B. ?ali wa hawwa
f
13 i
Cr
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a
,1
<
Al2. Prepositions plus possessive Suffixes
I. Dialogue:" The Family.
A. ?inte 4:ndak mara walla?"Do you have rUTfe?" 4r 1J.
B. :Wye, ?indi mara."Yes, I have a wife. "_
A. min mata ?axadt mara?"Whin did yo4 get married?"
B. ?axadt mara gari:b ?asra sana."I got married about ten years ago."
A. ?indak ?iya :l walla?
"Do you have kids?"
B. ?ayye, ?indi ?iya:1 xamsa."Yes, I have five kids."
?awla:d walla bana:t?°Boys or girls?"
B. ?awla:d tine:n wa bana:t tala:ta."Two boys and three girls."
A. sallimum ley."Give them my greetings."
sukran."Thanks."
II. Vocabulary:
?ara fi?asara- Ten.?awi:n-, Women, Wives.-?awla:d- Boys. (plural of Med, walad/).?axadt- I took, I married. ,
?axadt mara- I married, T took a wife.?axadt rajul- I married, I took a husband.bana:t-Girls, daughters. (plural of- /hint,gari:b...About, clOse to.
?iya:1- Kids, Children.rajuli.. Man, husband.
rajua:1- Men, husbands.sana- Year.
. tine:n- Two.xamsa. Five.
i3'
4
bneyya/).-
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III. Grammar:.
Bes(des being'used with nouns, prepositions-are also
o used with possessive suffixes- When this is the case,
very often the shape of the preposition as well as the
suffix is chaAged. Some of the most common prepositions
have been lilted in NS 24.
IV. Exercises:
A. Substitution drills::
1.' ?ana ma?a:y kita:b.
?inta ma?akanti ma: ma?a:kihu: ma?ahuhi: ma?ahi.?anima ma?a:na walla?intum ma?akumhuman ma: ma?a:humhinna ma?a:hum?ana malihu: ma: ma?ahu
2. ?allcursi Jambi.
jambakma: Jambijambak wallajambikma: jambajambinajambakum wallajamb atta:bljambahma: jambahum
3. ?al?ute:l gari:b minnak.N
minniminnijc walla
b?i:dminhuminha walla
b?i:d minhi,
,,..
)133
11.
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gari:b minninaminnukum '
minhinnam.tnnum walla
B Your teacher will "give you two words: a preposition
and a pmcatar (or ..noun). Respond by giving the preposition
as attached o the right suffix.
tr
cher
m nma?a ?anina
le: ?anaf _?inta
n -burlap
in ?ahmet?ahmet.wa ?ali
e: ?ani:nahu
fo:g ?inta
ma?a fa:timafo:gtihit yy:suffo:g human .
tihit ?inti
?usut ?ana
lamb ?ahmet?usut hu:
e. g.
4 Student
minnita?ana
C. SubitAution drills -
1. ?inte ?inda mara,walla?
?ana ?indi?inti ?indikihu: ?axadorhumanhinne
ma ?axadna?inte ?axadthu: ?inda
4
2. ?ayye, ?indi ?iya:1 xamsa: '
la: ma:?awi:nsitte?ayye
I
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-45-
C bana:t?awla:d?a.aara
?indak
tine:n?indi
D. Repeat the dialogue making the following changes
in speakers.
1. A. hawwaB. '?ali
2. A. ?ali
13. fa:tima
3. A. maryamB. hawwa
-1111.
I 9
r
a
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s, I=46
. A13. Demonstrative Pronouns
I; ,Dialope.: The Fanny
A. ?inta ?axadt walla lissa?"Are you married, or not yet?"
B. la: lissa ma: ?axadt. wa ?inta?"No I am not married yet. And you?"
0
A. ?ana'?axadt min sAte sana."I have been married for six years."
B. ?iya :l kam ?indak?
"How many kids do you have?"
A.' ?indi walad wa:ht wa bneyya wa:hid."I have one 'boy and' one girl."
B. kam sana ?indum?!'How old are they?"
A. ?alwled ?inda ?arba sana wa lbneyya ?inda sanate:n."They boy is four years old, and the girl is two
years old,"
B. ?usmumya:tu?"What ar<their names ?"
A. ?alwled ?usma?ahmet wa lbneyya ?usma fa:tima."The boy's name is Ahmad and the girl's iw.Fatima."
II. Vocabulary:
?arba- Four.da- This (masculine).da:k- That (masculine).de:1- These (feminine).
' de:la:k- Those (femininedi:- This (feminine).di:k- That (feminine).do:1- These (masculine).do:la:k- Those (feminine).lissa- Yet, so far.kam- How much, how 'many.kam sana ?indak- How old are you? Li terally: How many. .
years do you have?
sitt e Six.
6c
6
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III. Grammar:.
A. Demonstrative pronouns in Chad Arabic are distinguished
according to number,(singular,or plural) and gender (masculine
or feminine). nee vocabulary for a list of demonstrative
pronouns.
. B. The demonstrative pronouns fun&U.o4 as adjectives
when they follow a noun. e. g.
?alwled da kabi:r.
However, unlike other adjectives, they do not take the
definite article.
<
IV. Exercises:
A. Complete the following sentences by adding the
proper demonstrative pronoun as subject.
1. Demonstrative pronouns corrispoliding tots
or these.
da rajul kari:m
markkari:ma?awi:n kari:mi:nruja:l kartmi:nbneyya kabi:rabneyya saxayrd:
wled kabi:r?awla:d kubanobana:t saxayyari:nled saxayyar
bana:t kuba:r
N-.2. Demonstrative pronous corresponding to that
or those.
da:k jawa:d ?ahmar.
faras ?ahmar
1) /
11.
ti
Aft
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6
-48-
kita00 ?abyetkutu:b bird?awi n suma:nmara sami:nabneyya bA:tilarajul ba:tilruja:l kuba:rbana:t kuba :r
?awla :d saxayyari:n
B. Substitute the following demonstrative adjectives
and change the subject and the compline t to fit in number
and gender. (Change "rajul/to tofit ;le gender).,4 4
?arrajul da: kabitr
di:de:1do :1
da:darkdirkde:1'
do:la:kde:la:kdi:de :1
da:kdo:ldi:k
C. Substitution drills: Ngtethat when a noun precedes
/kam/ it is plural, and when it follows it is singular.
1. ?iya:1 kam ?indak?.
bana:tkila:b
:.kutub
?awi:n?awla:d?indik
ruja:1buyu:trijle:n
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e
-49-
2. km sana ?indum?
yo :m
?indak
sahirsubu:
sa:Za?indiksanakita:b'indariya:1
D. Repeat the dialogue using the following as speakers:
1'
1. A. sa:lahB. ?a:se
2. A. hali:maB. hawwa
3. A. maryamB. jami:1
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-50-
A14. Interrogative Pronouns
I. Dialogue: The Family
A. keLf ha:lak?t.
B. hamdulilla:.h. de:f martak wa ?iya:lak?"Thank God, How are your wife and kids?"
A. kwaysi:n,
B. wledak yamgi leko:l wplla?"Does you kid go to school?"
A. ?ayye, hu: gara tala:ta sana fi: leko:l."Yes, he has been in school for three- years."
B. bineyti ma: tamsi fi: leko:l.- "My daughter does not go to school..."
A. ma:la?" -thy not?"
B. hi: lissa bneyya saxayra."She is still- a young girl."
II. Vocabulary:
gara- He reads.leko:t- School .3
ma:la- Why not?saxayra- Young (feminine).tamsi- Walk (she).yamsi- Walk (he).yam 4i 1eko:1- Go to school..
Grammar:
The fro/loying-interrogative pronouns are used to
ask questions for which a yes or no .answer cannot be
given.
sunu "what"
ya:tu "who, whom,Iwnat"
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we:n "where
mata "when"
we:n we:nu "which"
ke:f V kike:f "how"
Exercises:
A. Substitution drills:'
1. ?usmak yatu?
we:n?abu:kwe:nu?usmusunuya:tu?usmikwe:nsunu?usma
2. mata mage:t
we:nmagasa: farke:fsafartikike:fmatamabe:timaa.ke:f
B. Ask questions to which the following sentences
are answers.
?usmi ?ahmet.
ji:t bittayyara.?usmi fa:tima.ji:t bilmarkaba.?usfiim se?i:d wa hawwa.?usmi fi: alba:b.?axadt gari:b xamsa sana.
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-52-1.
?abu:k fi: tsp,:d. i= , , ,
?allamt kalalm ?arab fiaskA --.
?allamt kala:m ?arab min\s'Itt,g'41.6?_',-
C. Substitution drills:\ 4;,
1. ke:f martak wa?iya:lak?
we:n?ummakwa?abu:kwabana:ta:k?ubu:kwa?awla:dak,?abu.:kirajulkiwa?iya:likke:f
2. hu: gara tala:ta sana fi:
hi: garathum garusittehum masuhu: masa?amri:k,?ana mast?ana gare:ttis?ari: leko:l
D. Repeat the dialogue making the following,
changes.in speakers.
1. A. ra:kyaB. hali:ma
2. A. jami:lB. .fa:tima
3. A. ha.WwaB. mu:sa
it*
o
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A15. The Relative-Pronoun
I. Dialogue: The Family
A. ke:f na:s be:tak?
B. hamdulilla:h, kwaysi:n.
A. min tzama:n ma: siftak:"I have not seen you for a long time."
B. ga?adta,fi: ?oro:p sanate:n."I was in Europe for two years."
A. ke:f ?axwa:nak wa ?axwa:tak?"How are your brothers and sisters?"
B. kullum kwaysi:n. wa ?inta ke:f ?abu:k wa?ummak?"They are all fine. And you, how are yourfather and mother?"
A. ?abu:y sa:far le faransa."My fathei went to France."
B. ?ana ?axu:y yagra fi:-faransa."My brother studies in Frdhce."
A. ,sunu ga:?idagra?"What is he studying?"
B. hu: yagra leyabga dakto:r."He is studying to become a doctor."
II. Vocabulary:
?axwa:n- Brothers. Plural of//?axu/.?axwa:t- '&isters. Plural of ?axt?.dakto:r - Doctor.ga?adta- I stayed.ga:?id- Staying. Progressive particle.le- In order to .
min Ikama:n- For a long time.,?oro:p- Europe.siftak- I sawyabga- Become.zama:n- long time.
\".
S
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-54-
III. Grammar:
There is only one relative-.pronoun in Chad
Arabic corresponding. to the Bn lish.Who,' whom, that
ind which. The relative, pronoun is /?al/ aid is
-'9ed rith adjectives, nouns and verbs regardless
of'number and gender. Note that both.the' relative
pronoun and the definite article have the- same form.
'IV. Exercises:.t
A. Make relative clauses out of the following
pairs of words:
wled axu:ybneyya ?axtimara ?ummak'rajul ja:huma:r ?abyetkursi ?ahmardakto:r ma6abana:t jo: 0ruja:l masuwled tawi:1
B.- Substitution. drills:
1. min zama:n ma: siftak.
-'sanate:11Aiftik6ifitkumsahir9ifna:ksahre:n/._aifna:kizama:n-difna:kumtala:ta sana
2. ke:f ?axwa:nak wa ?axwa:tak?
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)
a
?axu:k wa'?axtak k
?axwa:nik wa ?axw:tik?abu:k wa ?ummak?abu:ki wa ?ummikimartak wa ?iya:lakrajulik wa ?iya:lik?axwa:nkui wa ?axwa:tkum?awi:nkum wa ?iya:lkum?iya:lkum wa ruja:lkumxa:lak wa xa:ltakxa:lik wa xa:ltik-?axwa:lak wa xa:la:tak?abbahatkum wa ?ummaha:tkum771717:dak wa bana:tak?awla:dik wa bana:tik
C. Repeat the dialogue making the following
changes 'in speakers:
0
o
1. A. jibri:nB. ra:kya
4
2. A. hali:mamu:sa
A. maryamB.e mu:sa wa
OP
,
°
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A16. Possessive Construction: /hana,
I. Dialogue: The Family
A. xallini na?arrifak le ?axu:y jami:l.a
"Let me introduce to my brother Jamil."
B. sala:male:k seyyide:-,jami:l. ?usmi ?abbakar.
"Helli, Jamil. My name is Abbakar.d
A. ?ana farha:n siftak."I am glad to see you."
. sukran kati4r."Thanks a lot."
A. tudo:rp tSi:f da:rna?"Would you like to see our house?"
°B. ?ayye.
A. ta?a:1 faddal."Please come."
B. ?indak best kwayyis waCjinena semha."You have a nice house and,a beautiftlgarden." .
e
A. sukran.
II. Vocabulary:
da:r-'Or
TaTria:11 Sifta4- Glad to see youjine:na- Garden.ni?arrif- I introduce.ta?a:1- Come (mas. sing.)ta?a:li- Come (fem. sing.)ta?alu- Come (plural)ta?a:1 faddaf- Please come, come in.
Let me.xallina- Let us.
III. Grammar:
A. One way of showing.possession in ChadArabicA
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-57-
is the use of the prepodition /01Eina/ "of" preceding
the noun which isthe,possesor. t. g..ot.
?alita:b hana ?axu:y "My brother's book"
The pr4osition /hiana/ Cis be used with .
posbes6ive suffixes resulting in the, follo ing forms:
hana:y
hana:k "yours (mas)"
hana:ki , ("yours (fem)"
hana:w / hana:hu "his".
hana:hi.
"here
hana:na "ours"
hana:h.uni "yours"
hana:hum (an) "theirs"
IV. Exercises:
.A. rut ihe following pairs of words ih a possessive'
relationship using'/hana/. The first word must be
'Po'ssessed and the second a possessor:
kita:b ?awla:djawa:d rajuldawwa:fa marakursi bana:t'?i:dra:s ?abu:ydukka:n ta:jirsafara tsa:dbe:t ?axu:ki
B. Substitution drill:
?albe:t.da: hana:y
hana:kkita:bhana:kihana:yhana:v
4
4$
4
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a
a
?ute:1hana:khana:huhana:himarku:bhana:nahana:whana:hi a
kutub coo :1hana:kumhana:nahana:humbuyu:t ) ,
hana:huthanhana:kum
C. Substitution
r 1. tudo:ra tsi:f da:rna?°
tudo:ra tSi:fitudo:ru tsi:fudari7054ra tsi:fda: au o:td. tgi:fibe:titudo:ru tsi:fu
tudoLra tsi:f
2. ?indak beet seme
kwayyisjine:na kwayysesemha?indi/indikda:r semehWiEgyiS?indak?ihdakumbuyu:'t'kwaysi:n?indum?indik?indakum?indi?inda
1
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-59-
D. Repeat the dialogue making the following
substitutions in speakers:
1. A. hawwaB. paryam
2. 4A.- jamiAB. hawwa wa ?ali
3. A. faltimaB. ?ahmet,
O
r
k,
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ti
A17. Past Tense.of C-C-C Verbs
I. Dialogue: ,Getting 'AtOund
A. min fadlak su?a:l."A question, i4ease "
B. faddal. nigdar na?a:wnak alla?71-6727Read. Can I help you
A.' ?ayye, we:n nigdar sigre:t?"Yes. 'Where can I buy cigarettes?",
B. ddukka:n alga:?id hina:k."In the shop overthere."
A. Alwe:n?"Which shop?"
.
B. jamb al ?ute:l de park%"Near Hotel de Park."
A. nigdar nibi: ?A;me:t kulla?"Can I buy a match, alsb?".
4
B. :?ayye.
A. sukran ya veyyid.
B. ma: fi: sey?
II. Vocabulary:
?alme:t- klatch`alwe:n- Whichhina:k- There, overthere.kulla- Also, toonibi:-
AIII. Grammar:
A. Arabic verbs are made out of a root contain-
ing consonants which carry th)e gerieral meaning and
vowAs which carry different grammatical meanings.
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:The word /sirib/ "he drank" contains a consonantal
root (g:.-c-c) wade out of /6-r-15/. .
It also contains vowels inserted in between
the consonants and carrying the tense of the verb
ashlell as the subject..
B. The past'tense of C-C-C verbs is formed by
inserting /i,a,u/ between the consonants. If no
Suffixes are added to the verb, it is understood
that the subject is a third person masculine singular.
IV. Exercises:F
A. Repeat the following verbs after your teacher
and learn their meanings:
sirib "he drank"
datab "he hit"'
katab "he wrote'
fihim "he understood"
ragad "he slept"
- daxal b "he entered"
libis' 914..wrote"
matag "he passed"
dihik. "he laughed,'
. zagal "he threw"
B. Substitute the following words in the sentence:
lalwled sirib gahwa.
4
4
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el
f
hu:darab ?axu:katab kita:bfihim?ahnietragad?arrajuldaxal,ibis
hu,:
marag min hinedihik
- ?assafi:rzagal alkita:bhu:
-62-1
C. Substitution .
1. Xi: claukka:n alga:?id
le:?ute:1hinefd:gmu:ze:min.daka:ki:n ga:?idi:n
waradukki:nfi:hinagablZote:1hina:k
2. nigdar nibi: ?alme:t kulla?
tigdar tibi:sigre:tkutub?agla:m?akulyigdar yibi:kursiwati:rnigdarkita:b
, Repeat the dialogue making the folluing.I
changes in eakdre:
1.3
nsar
4
4
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1. A. ?aliB. hawwa .
2. A. fatima.B. lahmet
. A. maryam-B. ?a:ge
S.-
I
.14
.4
O
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A 18. Past Tense Subject Suffixes
I. Dialogue: Getting Around
A. naorra pake:t hana sigre:t min fadlak."I want a pack of cigarettes, pleaak."
B. nafar sunu?"What kind?"
A. sigre:t hana ?amri:k walla?"Do you have Arprican cigarettes?"
B. la:r ?illa agre:t hana tSa:d."No, only Chadian cigarettes."
.A. ?alti:ni pake:t hana basto:r wa ?alme:t kulla.
"Give me _pack of Bastour and a match too."
B. do:I human kullum."Here they are."
A. sukran. kam?"Thanks. How mach ?"
B. ?asara riyarl."Ten riyals."
A. faddal."Here it is."
II. Vocabulary: .
?anti- Give.
?anti :ni - Give
. do:1= These.human- They
Onlk, except.hafar-, Kind, brand.
pake:t- Pack, package.
Owe
GTammar:
A. Verbs in the past tense express the subject by
re.a
41,
I
4
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-65
adding the following subject suffixes:
-t- ta
-ti
- at
-na-tu-u
4
0
"I"
"you (mas)""you (fem)""he"
"she"'
"we".
"you""they"
B. Two of the above suffixes may have variations which
you should be ,able to recognize, even if you don't use
them. The first person singular suffix can be /-t/or
/-fa/2 aid the third personjasculine singular suffix scan
be Ae, "zero" or /-6./..
Iv, Exercises:
A. tRepeat after your teacher..'
?ana siribt 4
?inta siftbtasiribti
hur siribhi: siribat?an :na' siribna?intu 4irihtuhuman siribuhinna siribu
?ana fihimta?inta fihimta?ipti fihimtihur fihimahi: fihimat?ani:ha fihimna?intu fihimtuhuman fihimu
ff -
B. Use the correct form of the following verbs with
different subject suffixes:
-
n.
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4
I
-66-
drabkatabragaddaxallibismaragdihikzagal
r
C. Substitution drill.
?anti:na pake:t hana sigre:t.
?anti:ni?antu:ni
pake:t tine:nhana basto:r?stiti4s4 -?anti:hum -
,
?anti:° ?antur 1
?antuma,'hana sigre:tpakerttftla:ta pakert
Vantimapake:t
Repeat the dialoguemakrng the Allowing,eubstitutions:
.1. A. jami:1,B. maryam
2. A. maryamB. fm:ttma
ar
) 3
4;.
oY
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e."
-67-
A19. Present Tense of C-C-C Verbs
I. Dialogues Getting Around
A. taksii
"Taxi l"
B. ?ayye. tudorra we :n nviaddi:k?
"Yen. Where do you want me to take you?"
A. waddi:fii fi: grasnt ?utesl.
"Take me to Grant Hotel."
B. ?aI?ute :l ga:?id we :n? ?ana ma:ni ?a:rfa.'There is the hotel?' I don't know it."
A. ?al?ute:1 g : ?id. jamb almu:ze:."The hotel s beside themuseum."
B. ?ayye, fihimta,"Yes, I .understo0."
A. da: hu:, wisilAa. kara"flere At is, we arrived. How much?"
B. ?arbi:ft riys:l.
"Forty riya1s;"7 1$ c*1 I
A. da: hu: ?arbi:n"This.is forty riyals."
B. sukran. ma?a salasmak."Thanks. Good bye."
II. Vocabular10
?asrfa- knowing it: active participle of arafa?
"he knew".?arbic:n- Forty.
fihimta- I understood,ma:ni t'aM not: /ma:/ plus the possessive suffix.
°
4.0P nwaddi- I-take.taksi- Taxi.wavidt-,,Take. (imperative).144...',' He arrived.
wintlAa- We arrived.
*V "4
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-68.
III. Grammar:
There ip no'distinction in Chad Arabic between the
present and the future tenses, and the form which 'expresses
both is called the present. The pattern of0C-C-C verbs
in the present is -CCVC- for singular subjects and 4VOC-
for plural subjects. Here the V stands for any vowel which
may be inserted between the root consonants. The hyphens
indicate that prefUes and suffixes are attached to the stem
to express the subject.
IV. Exercises:
A. Learn the present tense formsof the following-
verbs: 7 ', ,
,:,,j,,. .1
root present singular present _plural
.. . ...
a-r-b -srab- - earb..
d-rub, -drub- -duib-:
k-t-b -litub- -kutb-
f-h=m -fham-.
"tahm-
ir-g-d -rgud- -rugd-
d-x0a. -dxu1- -duXi-
-1 -b-s -lbaa- -libs-
m-r-g -mrug- '..murg-
d-h-k -Oak- -dahlk-'
ti -g -1 -ziu/- -zagl-
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B. Substitution drill:
waddi:ni fi: grant ?ute:1,
waddu:nialmu:ze:agsafa:ra hana ?amri:k.waddu:naarresto:ram al ahl.:rwaddiinawaddi:hawaddi:humbe:takwaddi:lekorlwaddi ?ahmetwaddu ?iya:lkumalbe:twaddi:ni
4
C. Repeat the dialogue with the followin changes in
speakers:
1. A. jami:IB. I' a : tima
2. A. ?ali
P. B. ?ahmet wa htwwa.
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-70..
A20. Present Tense Subject Affixes
I. Dialogue: Getting Around
A. taxi, nudorra !cask fir alpo:n."Taxi; I want to go to the bridge."
?ayye la:kin ga:si ka:n nimsi fi alpo :n.
"Yes, but it is expensive to go to the bridge."
B.
A. kam?"How much?"
B. xamsi:n riyall."Fifty riyals."
A. xala:s namsuO. we go."
B. we:n'ga:?id alpo:n da?"Where is this bridge ? "'
A. jamb assafa:ra, ma: b?i:d min hine."Near, theOfibassy, not far from here."
B. da: hu: walla`?
"Is this it?"
A. ?,ayye, da: hu: xamsi:n"Yes, this is fifty."
10B. -tukran."Thanks."
A
II. Vocabulary:
ga:si- Expensive, costly.ka:n- To, if.porn- Bridge.xamsi:n-
III. Grammar:
A set of affixes are attached to the present form
of the verb to indicate the subject. While the prefixes
J
I-
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-71-
tell us about: the person, the suffixes indicate the number
or. gender. Tbmb stands for' the feminine form of the
second person silikar, and /-u/ stands for the plural
form.. Following are the present tense subject affixes:
singular plural
1st. person nV- nV.. -u
2nd. *,___Irl.,} tV... tV - -u.
2nd. " (f tV.. -i tV - -u
3rd. " .)' yV- yV-...gu
3rd. it (f.) tV -s. yV- -Ai
4
IV Exercises:
z.
A. Use the verbal'roots,in the previous lesson (III4(i.)\--
with different present tense subject affixes.
S. Substitution drill:
?assafa:ra ma: b?i:d min hine..*
?anute:1gari :b
min be:tna'min ddirib al?awwal?arrajulb?i:dmin hina:k?almume:b?i:d kati:rmin assafa:ra
!:.11
C. Repeat the dialogudmaking the following changes
in speakers:
1. A. ?ali
B. fa:tima
2. A. JandaB. maryam wa rahmet
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0
".72..
A 21. Imperatives of 0...0 -0 Verbs
Dialogue : Getting Around
A. sa:Ttak kam ?
'What tine do you have?'
B. sa:?a talasta wa nuss.
'It is 3:30.1
ma: ?indak sa:?amalla ?
'Don't you have a watch?!
A. las' laszim nibis wathid.
'No, I should buy one,'
B. fi: dukka:nSeme ?inta sa:?ast kwaysi:n. ,
'There is a nice shop which has good watches,'
A. ga:si walla hayyid ?
'Is it expensive or cheap?'
?attaman mas.battatl.
'The price isnot bad.'
A. la:zim nam;i hinuk alyo:m.
'I should go there today.'
B. namk ma?a:k.
'I will go with you.'
na?ai"fa baka:n da: .
know this Place.'
10'
j
<14
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0
II. Vocab4ary :
-.73-
baka:n Place.
batta:l Bad.
fi: There is, there are.
hayyin Cheap inexpensive.
la:zim Must, should.
' sa:?h Hour, watch, clock, olclock.
sa:?a kam -What time, what time is it?
sa:?tak kam What time do you have?
taman Price.
yo:m Tay. /alyo:m/ 'Today.'
III.
(
Grammar:
A. The imperative form of,C-C-C verbs is the same_
as that of the present: -CCVG- or -GVCC-. The prefix which.
Ls always used with the imperative is ?V -.
B. The suffixes used for the imperative ire: zero
and -u for the thirdperson masculine siDgular, thea.,0 0
7
third person feminine singular,_ and the third person plural
respectively.
2
.t.
o
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0-4
fd
N. Exerdises:
A. Learn the imperative form of the following verbs:
.E
Root Masculine Feminine Plural-
)
gar-b ?agrab ?agarbi ?agarbu
d-r-b,.2 ?adrub ?adurbi ?adurbu
k-tb ?aktub ?akutbi ?akutbu
f-h-m ?afham ?afahmi ?afahmu
rg-d - ?argud ?arugdi ?arugdu
le.
d-x-1 ?adxul ?aduxli ?adux111
1-b-s ?albas -?allb ?alibsu
m-r-g ?amrug ?amupti ?amurgu
d-h-k ?adhak ?adahki ?aleffku
z-g-1 ?azgul ?azagli ?azaglu7
40
B. Substitution Drills
1. sa.7a tala:ta wa nuss
wa ruba
?arba
?ilia rubs,
xamsa
wa ?isrim
164
00
A
e A
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4
wathid
waqagara
tina:n
x
wa ?asra wa xatisa
2. fit dulcka:n seTe?inda
baka:n
-75-
kwayyis
b atfa: 1
dukkitn
some
tabla: t
semhitn
battatlign
sat?att
kwaysi:n
sat?a:t kaysitn
3. la:zim namgi hinatk alyotm 2
taai
hire
?amb:kir
fit lbe :t
yamsu
ba ?a batkir
namgi
4
1
A
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I
fit ssu:k
alyotm
hinatk
6.."
C. Rep6at the dialogue making the following
substitutions in speakers:
1. A. fa:tima
B. hawwa
2. -A. fa:tima wa rahmat-
B. ?ali
tz.
166 .0
O
4
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*
-11
A 22. Negation of Verbs
I. Dialogue : Telling Time ti
f
,
A. sat?a kam min fadlak ?
'What time is itl.please?'
B. sat?a 2agara.
lit is.ten o'clock.:
A. sefii: walla ?.
'Are you sure?'
B. la: xallitai nisi: fa sal ?ti.
'No) let me look at my uatch."
sat ?a ?agara wa ?agara tama:m.
'It is Tan past ten) exactly.'
04
1r.
A.4v1atzimnaMgt fi: ssinema fi: siaaa ?agora wa nuss.
tI have to go to the movies at 10:30.!
.?arja gwiyys.) nainsi meatk.
Nait,a little) I will go with you.'
A. nigi:lu taksi walla ?,,
'Shall we take a cab?'
B. la: ssinema nine.
llloy the movie theatre is doorsill
A. xallitna namgu
'Lit us go.'
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II. Vocabulary:
. ?arja Wait.
see.
nikau We take,
sehi: Sure, right.
sinema Cinema;
.6.14iyya A little, little.
tama:m Exactly;
xafli Let me.
III. Grammar :
A. The negation of verbs is accomplished' by adding
the negation particle /ma:/ in front of the verb.
B. _The negative imperative is accomplished by
adding the negation particle /ma:/ to the present form of
the Verb, e.g. /?a'grab/ 'drink* but /6.:.ta'grab/ 'do not
drink'.
IV. Exercises:
A. Put the following. sentences in
?ana
. 0
'hu:
168 N
negative t.
t,
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.0^
?a;rab gahwa,
?a;arbu ;aty,
?adahku.
?ana na :kul.
?intu ta:kului
human ya
?a:kuli.
?anima na;arbu.
B.. Substitution Drill
?arrajui ;irib gahwa.
;a:y
ma:
?akal
?e:;
hut
,tama:ttm
hi:
siribat
gahwa
sa:y
C. Substitution Drills"
1. let xallitni nth:fa sa:?ti
Jayye
,sa:?tak
se
r
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x .
a
,
0
be:tak
x)411ina nigitfu
be:tum
1
sa:?atum
xallini nIsmfa.
da:ri
sa:?ti
2. sa:?a ?agara wa ?agara tamatm.
tagrisban
xamsa wa ruba
xamSa7wa nuss
?agara wa:hid ua tilt
tama:m
tamalnya.wa tis?a
tagri:ban,
wa:hid wa sitte
tama:m
takeaa wa tilt
3, 1a:zim namt fi
ba:lik
ssu:k
ddukka:n
tamgi
Id
,e
4
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It
r
t
k
NI---i--
1a:zim
ka:n
namsu
ddirib
1a:zim
lbe:t
.s
it
C
,a.
c
namsii
/
.
I,e
:e
o
..,
.4.
0
e
.
#
.1
'...,........
."
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4
eA 23. ?get Tense of W-C-C Verbs
I. Dialogue t Telling Time
V
O
A. ma:si we:n alyo:m ?
'Where are You going today?'
B. ma :si fi: ?ibe;e:
'I am going to Abeche,'
A. fajur walla ?asiyya ?
'In the morning or the afternoon?'
v
B. fajup fi: ssa:?a)?asara wa:hid wa nuss.
,'In the morning sat 11:30./
A. sa: ?a kam hassa ?
\!What time' is it now?'
B. hassa ssa:?a ?asara wa:hid ?illa rubu.
'Now it 4:s 10:45.'
. A. ma: ff: wakit, la:zim ni;i:lu taksi
e 'We don't have time, we should take a cab.'
B. kala:mak ?adi:l. sala:male:k.
'You are right.1Good-by.'
IT Vocabulary:
? adi:l4
-)Straight, right,
7asiyya Afternoon, meaning;
fajur Morning, dawn.
L
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-83-
O
.4
?illa Minus,
kalamak Your speech, what you say.
kala:mak ?adi :l You are right;.
Literally: What you sai-laright.
ma:si Active participle of /ma5a /: r
going, walking.
wakit Timer- /fit wakit/ There is time.
III. Grammar :
A. The W-C-C verbs in Arabic contain an initial
weak consonant whiCh is either /w/ or /y/. These verbs
behave differently from the previous C-C-C verbs.
B. The past tense form of W-C-C verbs,
however, is the same as thait-of the C-C7C-verbs.
IV. Exercises
A. Listb:i tp.your acher suhititute the
' correct form of /wasal/ in the following sentence.
Repeat after your teacher.
.?ahmat was 1 fi: lbe:t.
?ana,
?iota
?inti
hu:sit
hi:a
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-84-
?ali
?intu
human
hinna 0
B. Do the same as in A,with the following
sentences:
. ?ali-wilid.
mu:sa wagad na:r.
C.' Substitution Drills:
1. ma:si we :n alyo:m ?
tamsi
ba?d ba:kir
?amba:kir
. tamsu
A-
sanalja:y
°yamsu
ma:si
subu: alja:y
al
2. tRa:si fi: ?abess.
ma:si:n
masr
ma:sye
fra:ns
tamsi,
4
.174 Hosted for free on livelingua.com
-85-
tamsu
ddirib
namsi
namsu
ssu:k
yamsi
lbe:t
ma:si
?abase
cs
J,
4
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-80..
A 24. - Present_ and verbs
(
Dialogue: Telling Time
. v
A. sa:?a kam ga:?id tamsi fi: wadda:y"?
'What time are you going. to Ouddai?'.
B. sa:?a ?asara w nuns fi: ?asiyya.
'At 10:30 in the evening.'4
A. wakit da: ma: muta?axxir walla ?
.'Isn't it late now?'
B. la: lissa badri,
!No, it is still early.'
A. la:zim namsi fi: lbe:t
fi: ssa ?a sitte wa ?isri:n.
s should go home at 6:20.'
B. ma:la ?
'Why?'
A. ?azzamta rufga:ni fi: 1 ?asa
'I have invited some of my friends
for-dinner.l.
B, nwaddi:k hina:k
'I shall tike you there in my Car.,
A. sukran kati:r.
ThaAks a lot.'
II. Vocabulary:
?asa Dinner (evening meal).4
s, ?azzamta I invited.
/N.
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e
-87-
badri Early.
ga:?id Going to (future particle).
4
alissa Yet, still.
muta?axxir Late.
rufga:ni My friends' (singu]ar : /rafi:gin
wati ')r Car.
Grammar:
The imperative as well as the present
form of the W-C-C verbs is always - WCVC -. The
affixes Iihicleaccompany this form are the same
as in the case of C-CSC verbs.
IV. Exercises: ..
0
A. Listen to your teacher.subistitute
the correct form of /wagal/ in the following
sentence. Repeat after your teacher:
?ahmat yawsal fi: lbe:t.
?ana
?inta
?inti
hu:
hi: ,
?ali-
?ani:na
?intu
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le°
war
O-88-
human
fa:tima
*bp
B. Repeat the same as in A using-the
following sentences:
?ali wind.
mu:sa wagad na:r,
C. "Substitution Drills:
1. sa:?a kam ga:?id tamsi fi: wadda:y ?
mata
ga:?dt:n tamsu
abase:
sa:?a kam
fra:ns
?amri:k
ga:?ida tamsi
mata
ga:?di:n namsu
ga:?id namsi
fi: tsa:d
sa:?a kam
ga:?id yamsi
fi: wadda:y
tamsi
e
'*;.. s.
4
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I
.:89-,
v .,
2. sa:?a ?asara w nuss fi: ?as
...
?asara tine:n
pallta w tilt
fi: fajur
v Vxamsa wa ?asara
sitte wa tama:nya
e
?arba w ruba , .
fi fajur ___//
0...
sab ?a ?illa ?isri:n
iamsa ?illa tilt
fi: ?ai;iyya
v
3. ?azzamta rufga:ni fit.l?asa.
rafi:gi
fi: lxada
rafi:gti
fi: 1?a;a
?abu:y/
rufga:fii
rufga:ti
fi: lfutuir
?abu:y
?Etxu:Ii
I
is
.;
/
,
e
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A 25. 3ast Tense of Verbs
"I. Dialogue: Holidays
A. ?amis ?i:d hana sunu ?
'What feast was yesterday ?''
B. ?amis
'Yesterday was the big feait.,'
A. lisd bixe:r.
'Happy feast.'
B. yanti:k alxe:r.
'Happy feast.0
A. sunu sawwe:ta ?
'What dli you do?'
B. mase:na ruxna.140.
'We, went,for a walk.'
A. mase:tu wean ?
'Where did. you go?
B. mase:na fi:
. 11..Te went to the bridge.'
A A. ga?adtu lyo:m kulla hina:k walla ?.
'Did you stay there the whole day?'
B. la: ga?adna hina:k ?aiiyya bes..
-1Nol we spent the afternoon there only.0
t 0
11
C
4
4
a
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II. Vocabulary:
?alla God.
'bes Only. /
ga ?adtu You (pl.) stayed; sat.)
, . . e rga ?adna We sto.yed, sat. 4
74:1i) Feast (Religious or, national holiday).
?i:d alkabi:r Byram. Literally: the big feast.
?1:d bixe:i HapPy feast., Literality: May
your feast be good.
mase:na We walked.
matp:tU you (1510 walked.
ruxna... A walk.
sawwe:ta You did.
.xe:r 'toodness, bliss.
yanti:k He gives you.
III. Grammar:
A. This class of verbs has a weak cottenarit
in the middle. If the weak.corisonant is 101w/1
as in /g-w-1/ Isayll-the form- of the past wilpl
be CuC.... , e.g. /gulna/owe said'.
B. If the weak consonant is. a /y /,
/s-y-r/ Ilwalkv, the form of the past will. be
CiC- e.g. /sirta/ 'you walked'f
C. The above kules apply to the first and
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'second persons only. The third,peiscai, in
different numbers and genders, has the form
Xalt . Thus we get the following: /gd',11/ 'he
said', /sa:ru/ 'they walked!":'solo
S.
IV. 'Exercises:
A. Listen to your''instructor read the
different forms of the verb, and repeat after
him.
?ana gult
?inta gulta
?inti'gulti
hu: ga:l
hi; ga:lat
?ani:na gulna
?intu gultu
'human ga:lu,
hinna ga:lu
B. Do the same as' oosi* A with the
4verbs: '4104
1. sa:r -
2. to :r 'flew'
3. sa:l 'took'
4. ja:b. 'brought'
5. sa:f - 'saw'-
1
following
Lire
O
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0
-93-
C. Substitution Drills:.
1. ga?adtu lyalm-kulla hina:k walla
ga?adta
ssubu:
hine
fi: tpa:d
lle:l
ga?adi0 .
ssana
hina:k
ga?adna
fi: '1136:t
ga?adat
Eisahiro
giOadtu
hina:k
lyo
2..la: ga?a hina:k Tasiyya bes.
?4YY43
ga?adtaP
hine 4
fajur
kama4in
la:
ga?adti
r.
4
V
,a-
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z
1 11
fi : ssu :k
iyo
ga?ad
hine
bes
h a:k
asiyya
a7adna
-94-
..
a
r
.1
ti
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a
0
-95-.
6,A'26. Present and Imperative of C-W-C rbs
I. Dialogue: Holidays
A. fa4ddal si:1 ka:k.
'Have some cake.1
B. aukran. sunu dd:
A. da: ka:k hana ?i:.
'tibia is the feast cake.'
B. ?i:d bixe:r.
'Happy feast.'
A. xe:r ?insa:?aila.
1Sameto you.'
B. ka:k same wa halu.
"The cake is nice and sweet;'
A. si:1 ziya:da.
'Take some-more.'
B. kaTas ?akalt kati:r.
'That is)
enough. Iate a lot.
A. tudo:ra kubba:ya°hang'airo: ?
'Would you like some syrup?'
B. la: ibkran. nudo:ra
'No, thanks. I prefer coffee.'
II. Vocabulary:
halu, Sweetsnice.
?insa:?a114 If God please
185
4
j
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e. *
Pr
401k
kafa .Enough,..
cka:k Cake, cookies.
A glpss, cup,
si:1 Take'(iinperative).
siro: Syrup, soft drink.
ziya:da More.
III. Grammar:
A. The form of C-W-C verbs In tho present
and the imperative is -Cu :C- whcn the medial
consonant is /14 and tiCt:C= whnix the media'.
consonant is a /y/. Thus f /g-,Arli we get
/gu:l/ and for /s-yur/ we et fai:r/.
0 B. 'The imperqtive of this clas of vprbs
takes no prefix, but the suffixes are the
same as for previousli-studied Verbs:,zero,
and /-u/..The present tenae affixes Are'' the
same as' those mentioned before.
IV. Exercises:
A. 'Repeat the followin4aft." your
a
teacher.
?int& tagu:l.
?inti
hu:yagua.
/-±/
A
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-97-
hi: tagua.
?ani:na' nagu:1u.1
?intu tagu:lu.
human yarlau.
gua.IP
gu:li.
gu:lu.
B. Substitute the) following words in thekey_
sentence. Make the,necessary chAnges in the verb
td' agree with thd"subject.i,
?ana nisi:1a kita:b.
?inta
tisi:fa
?inti
tisi :li
hu:
hi:
tisi:1
?ani na
.4
nisi:fu
?into,
human
yisi :fu
4,
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1
%
fa :tima
tisi:f
-98-
?ali wa,fa:tima
yi;i:lu
C. Substitution Drills:
#
I,
.1. fagdal si:1 ka:k.
t
faddali
?a:kuli
?e:s
?Aatbi sirol
faddalu
?a:kulu ?e:s:"
si:lu
faddal
?e:s
?a:kul.
2 ?asrab siro:
p
1"
-
gahwa
sa:y
faddali
faddalu
2 la : sulcr an ,
?ayy
sa:
Biro:
,
nudo:ra gahwa.
1881
off141
-or
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la :
*re :s
:k
ma : nudo :ya.$041(
sa 1 y
kubba:ya hana siro :
gahwa
D. Repeat the dialogue
substitutions" in speakers.
9 1. A: ?ahMad. *
B. fa : tima
-99-
2.- fa : timai
B. hawwa
3. A. hawwa wa
maki the following
*t.
13; fa : tima wa
S
A
a
SO I
L,
4
It
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A 27. PaIst Tense of C.4.4f Verbs
Holidays
A. ?amba:kir xidma ma: fi:.
1Tomoerow is a holiday.'
B. ?
' 'Why?'
t vA. fi: sa:n ?amba:kir ii:d alhurriyya.
'Bebause tomorrow is Independence Day.'
P B. sunu tisawwi ?amba:kir ?
'What are you going to do tomorrow?'
A. namsi nsi:fa ?ahli.
,'I am 'going to see my parents.'
B., ga?idi:n b?i:d min hine.
'My parents are far from here.'
A. tudo:ra taji ma?a:y walla ?
'Would you like toicOme with me?'
B. sukran. ?ayye nai ma?a:k.
Thanks. I will go with you.
A. kwayyls. ta?a:1 n ?arrifak ?ahli.
'Good. I will introduce you'to my parents.'
II. Vocabulary:
e
r ?ahli . MY parentsil-elatives.r . 1
.. .
fi.: sa:p Bedause. 1
rhurriyya Independence. Literally: freedom.'
190
Y.
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-101-
naji I come.
na?arrifak I introduce you.
ta?a:1 Come (Imperative).
taji You come.
xidma /, xidme Work.
xidma ma: fi: Holiday. Literally: there is
no work.
III. Grammar:
Verbs containing a final weak consonant usually
take the form CVCV- in the past. It is diffiOUlt to (
predict what the vowels are, but the second vowel i
for the third person is short while it is ong for
the other persons.
IV...Exercises:
A. Your teacher will substitute the following
pronouns in the key sentences. Listen and repeat.
1. mu:sa masa fi: lbe:t.
hu:
?ana
?inta
?intr
hi:
?ani:na
?intu
hUman
hinna
P.
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-4102=
,2. ?ali ligiya kita:b.
hu;
?ana
?izita
hi:
?ani:na
?intu
human
hinna
13. Substitution drill:
?ana badevt.r
sareevt
'hu
bads
rama
?ana
gare:t
rame:t
baddt
sarate r J
?ani:na -..---- .
10
rame:na
hi:
q 2,
7
4.
Y
-Ss
lr
er
4,
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/**7\
N.(
Low..
-103.
garat .
r
7inta
bade:t
sare:t
human
badu
garu
hi:'badat
human
saru
ram'.:
C. Substitrution drills:
1. sunu tisawwi ?an:km:kir ?
1
tasrab
alyo:mC
tasarbi
ba?d ba:kir
ta:jeul
ta:kulf
?amba
vyasrab
tasrab
tisawwi
1 9 3
.
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4
2. namsi nisi:fa ?ahli.
4
ni?azzima
'rufga:ni
rufga:tZ
nzu:ra
rafisgti
rafi:gi
nL. allim
?ahli
?axu:y
ni;i:fa
3. ?ahli ga:?idi:n b?ird min.hine.
sa:kini :z
. ma: b?i:d
-s;
gari:b
?axwa:nia
?axwa:ti
min leko:1
ma: b?i:d
ga:?di:n
rufga:ni
?ahli
0
194Hosted for free on livelingua.com
so
105-
A 28, Present and Imperative of C-C-W Verbs
I Dialogue,: The Carpenter
4
ma: xidme ?asiyya walla ?
cDonit yoti have anything to do. in the evening?'
B. ?indi xidme. la:zim namsi fi: lbe:t.
II have some work. I have to go home.,
A. ma:la ?.
!Whys?" . .
v Pa4,,
fi: -sa:n annalja:r ja:y ya?addila
hana be:ti..-1Because'the,carpwater is coming to fix
the door-q my house.
A. ilunu bigi ?
!What happened?!
B. ba:bi,kassar wd la:zimiva?addila,
trly door brOke'and I have to fix it.!
A. )471:tu naka:rak,?
!Who is your carpenter?!
jatrak ?ahmat:., .
!Yovi. neighbor Ahdad.!
A. ?ahmat.najjasi kwayyis.
!Ahmad is'a gbod carpenter.
B. CZayiel kwayyis kati:r.
!Yes, he is very gobdel
Ii
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a . )
II. Vocabulary:.
a.
e".
-106,
,ba:b
bigi
.
.
ja:rak Your neigh or.a
ja:y4Coming (active participle).
kassar. Broke as broken. .
'najja:r Carpe ter.
y?addila He fixed.
a
Door, ,
,Happened.
III. Grammar:
Past / ?addal /..
C-C-td Verbs in the present and imperative.
have the orm -COY, Again 'it is difficult-to4
predict the shape-:of the voWel..
IV. Exercises:
A. Listen to your instructor' making substitutions.
in the following key sentences. Repeat afier your.
instructor.
1. ?Ana namsi fi: lbe:t.
Viiota
tint i
yam;i
hi:'
'
namsu
?intuV
yamsu
,
196 Hosted for free on livelingua.com
?ahmad
?ana
hi:
2. ?ana nalga kita:b.
?inta
Ointi .
yalga
hi:
?ani:na
talgu
hfiman
rahmad
?ana
?intu
B. Substitution drills:
4
v .1. ma: ?indak xLdme fi: ?asiyye walla ?
f
?indi
ruxna
?inda
ft /fajur
?amba:kir
?indum
?indi
ba?d ba:kir
fi: ?a;iyye
197
rr
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IN
ti
-108-
<'2. ?ahmat najia:r kwayyis
?aliNN
da15to:r
seme
mu:sa
sulta:n
kwayyis
?abbiiker
mu?allim
seM.,
C. Repeat, the dialogue making the foilosang
Itubstitutfons: S
I /
1. te. favelinSi
B. hawwa4-,1
/26 A. ?ali ,
- -14
fa :tima'wa hawwa
241
1
I,r'
C.
4
9
) .
40 4
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ti
se'
01...
A29,,
C
.109
Past tense of C verbs1 2 2
Dialogde:
ti
A.
°
,The Doctor
'?amba:Uir la:zim namsi fi: ddokto:ry
'Tomorrow I should go to the dOptorel
B.sfr sunu ja:k ?
O 'What the'matterifith you ?'
A,. ?i:di yo
'What is
A. wage:ta,
rti
:ja?nie
'I have pain .in my hand
the matter with your arm ?''.
.
wa ?i:di kassar.,
B., sums
(arm).'t p
II fell, and my arm waebroken0
B. ?indak waja kati:r walla ?.
'Does it hurt very much ?'
hassa ma: katiLro la:kin ?awwal yo:ja:ni
kati:r.
!Now it ,does not hurt much, but `at first
B. yiji:ba 17a:fya.
'God hive you he.alth.I
A, sukran. ?alla yanti:k 1?a:fya,
'Thanks,. God keep you, healthy.'
196
f
.
0.
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-110-..
r.
11. Vocabulary:
?a:fya Health.
ddkto:r / dakto:r Rector.
?i:d , Arm, hand.
- Came.
ja:k Happened to-you. Literally:
camt /to you.
sunu ja:k' What happened to you?
What is the matter with you?g-
waie:ta 1 fell- down.
waja Pain.,
yanti He gives. Past /?anta/.
yo:ja?
yiji:ba
III. elloe: II II't
A. C1C2C2verbs contain and final
, . r '
consonants which"are identical. The pant tense
form of such verbs is C1aC2C2 -.
B. The vowel /e:/ is inserted be1ween the. -.
.
stem of the 'verb and the subject suffixes of that
Hurts
He lmrivgs. Past /ja:b/.,
"V
first and second persons. /a/ is inserted between'
the 0e:if-and-the third perion singular.
1Vb Exercises:
listen to your teacher and repeat after him.
200 Hosted for free on livelingua.com
r
4
?ana maddest
madde:t ?i:dak.
?inti padde:ti ?i:dik4
hu: madda ?irda.
hi:.maddat ?i:da.
. viani:na madde:na 7i:dna.
?intu madde:tu ?i:dkum. /I
human mdddu ?i:dum.'
?ali madda ?i:da.40
fa;tima maddat ?i:da.
B. Substitution drills:
following:
1. ?ana lamme:t.
hu:
hi:
mahammat
hawwa
(?iota
?inti
?ani:na
?inti
human
?ana
2.' Do the same as in B.1. with the
?ana habbe:tak.
?ana dagge:t lbabt
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-112-'
C. Substitution drills:
v1, ?amha:kir ia:'iim namsi fi: daokto:r.
(ba:lik '
leko :lf
L sanaljas.Y
?amri:k
ba?d batkir
ssinema
,la:zim
subulalja:y
tsa:d
sa?a ?asara
2. ?indak waja kati:r walla ?I.
?indik
swiyya
kutub
?inda
guns
kati:r
?indum
buyu:t
?indi
waja
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1
,A 30. Present and Imperative of C1C2C2 Verbs
. I,. Dialogues o The Market
A. ta?arfa we:n ssu:k ga:?id?
'Do you know where the market is?'G
vB. ?ayye, sunu tOo:ra tibi: ?
'Yes, what do you want to buy?'
A. nudo:ra nibi: marku:b.
'I wailt to buy shoes.'.
B. tudo:ra tibi: biga:si walla ?
LDo you want to buy something expensive?'
la:, nudo:ra soxol ma: ga:si.
'No, I want something'not expensive.'
B. na?arfa baka:n yi7/ajjibak.'
'I know a place you will like.'-'tagdar tuwaddi:ni baka :.n da: walla ?
'Can yo take me to that place ?',,
//,B. Tayye, lulumMu fi: .ssq:?a ratba,?illa rubu.
'Yes, w4i will meet at 3 ;45.'
A. kwayyis,
'Good, I will see you.''
B. mOassala:mak.
'Goodbye.'
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I
"yr
II. Vocabulary:
biga:si
-114-
With an expensive (price).
marku:b A pair of shoes.
nulummu We meet'..*Past'71amma/.L4 p
soxol Thing, something.
tsu:k Market.
yi?ajjibak Pleases you. Past /?ajjab/.
III. Grammar:
The present and imperativ) form ofC1C2C2%
verbs is always -C1VC2C2-1 and V is either
/i/ or /u/, e.g. the third person singular imperative'
for /madda/ is:)Midda/, and for /dagga/ is /ftggai. .
IV. Exercises:
A. Repeat after our teacher.
?ana nimidda ?i:di.
?inta timidda ?I:dak
?inti timiddi ?i:dik.
hu: yimidda ?i:da.
hi: timidda ?i:da.
?ani:na nimiddu
?intu timiddu ?i:dkum.
c
human, yimiddu ?i:dum.
midda ?i:dak.
middi
middu ?i:d)cumt
- `104
fJ
A
p
I
. e"
C,
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.4115-
B. Substitue the following for /nimidda ?i:dij
in exercise A.
L. nilimma,
2. nisidda.ddiriba
3. nadugga lba:b.
C. Substitiitlbn drilks:
4
1. ta?arfa we:n ssu:k ga:?id ?
ta?arfi
ddirib
ta?arfu
leko :l
almu:zd:
na?arfa
ddakto:r
na?raf
ya?raf
ddukka:n
tagdar twaddirni-baka:n da: walla ?.4re
1fi: ddukka:n
tagdari twaddimi.
twaddi:ha 4
tagdar
twaddi:hum
fi: ddirib
nagdar nwaddi:k
.1 ,
I
0
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nwaddi:ki
nwaddi:kum
l'aka:n*
nwaddi :ha
tagdaru twaddlyina
twaddu:ni
tagdari twaddi:ni
tagdar
D, Repeat the dialogue( making the follOwing
substitutions in speakers.
1. A. ?ali
B. hawwa
2. A.r hawwa
B. ?ali wa ?ahmat
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A 31. Quadrilateral VAits
I. Dialogue: The Market
A. sala:male :k.
B. sala :male:k.'nagdar na?a:wnak ?
*Hello. Can I1:13.1pyau?* .
A. ?ayyes n udo:ra marku:b seine.
) sYeps I would like a good pair of shops.*
B. da yi?ajjibak walla ?
'Do you like this One?*
- A. ' da: stmes la:kin ma nudo:ra lama.
*This is fines but I don't care for its color.
It.
B, alweln tudo:ra ?
114h/A color do you want?*
A. ?erswad walla ?ahmar.
'Black or red,(brown),*
B. da markU:b ?aswad wa tamana hayyin.
This is a black pair of shoes which is cheap.
A. tamana ka ?
'What is its price?*
B. Aiyya riya:l.
*One'hundred riyalss'
II. 'Vocabulary:.
?ahmar Red or brown.
?aswad . Black* The word / ?azrag/ *blue*
is also used in, Chad Arabic to
mean 'black*,
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-118-
lo:n Color.
lo:na Its.colo
miYyit One h a.dred.
tamana Its price.
III. Grammar:
A. Quadril teral ver s contain four
consonants in tie root. e shape of such roots
can be: C1C2C 'C3,,C1C2C2
or C1C2C3C4°
The
form of qua iliteral erbs in the past is Ca.oCaC-.
B./form the present and, the imperative
is -CaC C ./.The s b ,ject suffixes are the same
as for tlitora verbs.
IV. xercises:
A. L =ten to your teacher use the following
erbil with different pronouns: /kassart42 /nagnag/I
blaglab, e.g
kassart ba:bi.
? nta kassarta ba:bak.
inti.kassarti ba:bik.-
hu: kassar ba:ba.
hi: kassarat
?ani:na kassarna ba:bnal.,;
?intu kassartu ba:bkum.
human kassaru ba:bum.
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B.
exercise
v,/saglab/.
C
-119-
i.
in the following
/laglag/ and
For the verbikassari
substitute /nagnag/l
?ana nikassir.
?inta tikassir.
?inti tikassiri.
hu: yikassir.
hi: tikassir.
nikassiru.
?intu tikasiru.
human yikassiru.
kitssir.
kassiri.
/ kassiru.
C. Substitution drills:
lo:n alwe:n tudo:ra
marku:b
tudo:ri
tudo:ru
kita:b
cinema
hudo:ra
tabl
mu:ze:
yudo:ra
04,
2O9
).*
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al
-10
yudo:ru
tudo:ru
dukka:n
tudo:ri
lo:n
tudo:ra
4,
ft'
D. Make the following Substitltions in
the dialogue:
1. A. fa:tima
B. hawwa
2. A. ?all wa fa:tima
B. mu:sa
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4
-121-
A 32. "hamza" V rbb
I. Dialogue: The Ma ket
A. Itam tudo:ra ttabl da ?
:How much o you want for this table?'
B. Miyyavi ? srien riya:l.
'One hun ed and twenty riyals.'
4.
A. da: ga:si kati:r.
'This Ls very expensive.'
B. nanti:k be miyyaw
'I'll give it to you for one hundred and ten.'
A. la:, nikaffi:k tis?i:n riya:l.
\
S.
''No,' pay you' ninety riyals.'
B. la:, ?antily. miyya. da: ?a:xir taman.-
'No, give me one hundred. This 1s the
last mica.'
A. a: lissa ga:si.,nanti:k xamsa wa, I ,
'This is still expensiVe. give you
ninety-five.,
B. kwayyis,
0.K.1\take it.r
Vocabulary:
?anti:ni
?a:x0a.
be / bi
Give me.
Last.
For, in, with..
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t,
=122:
le For.
nanti:k I give you.
nipaSfi:k I par you. Past /kaffa/.
tabl t Table:
(III. -Grammar:
A. Iliamze- verbs contain /?/ 'glottal stop' .
as one Of their consonants. If the /?/ is medial
the verb behaves like a strong C-C-C verb. Final. .
/?/ are not common in7Chad Arabic verbs, and
they are usually deleted before subject sufgixes.
B. If the /7/ is the first consonant it is
deleted in the preient and the imperative, resulting
in a long vowel. For example, /?-kT1/ + /nat-2--,V .
/na + ?akul/. When the lhamzett is deleted we get
/na+akul6 which is the same ,as /nAkul/.
IV. Exercises:
C A. Listen. to your teacher make the ,following
substitutions and repeat after hill. 04
1. ?ana ?akalt mange seme. 'Sw.1,
?inta ?iitkalta ..
?inti ?akalti
hu: ?akal
hi: ?.akalat
?ani :na ?akalna
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A
-123-
?intu ?akaltu
human ?akalu..
?umar ?akal
falmata ?akalat
2. ?ana na:kul Wanga4seme..
?inta ta:kul
?inti ta:kutli
hu: ya:kul
hi: ta:kul
?ani:na na:kultC.
7intu ta:kulu
human 'ya:kulu
?a:kul
?a:kuli
?a:kulu
4
B. Do the same as in A with the followtia.g.
1. 44ana sa ?alt su?a:l.
2. ?ana nas?al su?a:l.
2": ?amabade:t xidme.
?ana nabda xidme.
C. Substitution drills:
1. kam tudo:ra le ttabl da ?
tudo:ri
.marku:b
kilo .lmanga
tudo:ru
kilo tama:tum
-4
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e
;
L
-12 k-
tpaks?' hat a sigre:t
tuici:ra
gami:s
surwa:1
tudo:ri. 0(
sa:?a
2, nanti:k ttabl da: be miyya.,
nanti :ki
marku:b
tis?i:n
0
,
nanti:kum
sapa
miyya w ?isri:n
nanti:ha
paket
-minte:n w ?asra
nan.ti :hum
kiLlo ?anab
xemsa w sitti:n
tabl
sab?a w fama:nirn
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A 33.
-125-
Adverbs
I. Dialogue: . The. Market
bi:ta t'tabl da: f
'I bought this ,tabfe at the market
B. bikath bitta 4-
,'For hdW mucki did 06 buy
A. xamsa wa tis ?i:n riya:1,
'For ninety-fi've riyals.'
B. da: galst kati:r.
'This is too expensive.'
A. la:kin da: tabl,seme.
-4 'Silt this is a nice table.'
B. fi: tabla:t ?a:xari:n fi: baka:n.da: walla ?
'Are there other tables in that place?'
A. 7ayyel fi: tabla:t nafar ke,tpr.
'Yes, there are many kinds of tables.'
,tudo:ra wa:hdi:n walla ?.411
'Do you want some?'
B. ?ayyet tagdar tsawwifni baka:n da: walla ?
'Yes, can you show me tha4t place?'
A. ?gyyel nwaddi:k lamba:kir.
'Yes, I'll take you to orrow.-1
21
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C
-126-
tI. Vocabulary:
?a:xar Other,, -another,
?a:xari:n Others, other.
bikam For how-much?
bi:ta I bought (it), or you bout (it).
nafar Kind.4
tsawwifni
III. Grammar:
A. Adverbs in Chad Arabicf-lip in English,) ,
tell us something aboUtthe verb or the adjective.
You show me. Past /;awwaf/.
Some. Plural of /wa:hid/
t.
Four main-categories of adverbs are those which
indicate manner, time, pIaCe and quantity.
B. 'Adverbs of manner ars,u0ed after the
verb to tellsomething about the way the action took
pltice or was performed. In the following examplesy y
/bise:s/ and /?ajala/ are adverbs:y y
?amsi bise:s walk valloicly.$
ya:kul ?ajala .11.1e eats in a hurry.'
. C. Adverbs of time can be' used anywhere in- A ,
the sentence even though they ale related to the
verb. They can be single words likes /fajur/
l'morning' or /?asiyya/ 'evening', a combination
of two words like Panyal ?amis/ 'the 'day before
yesti:rdayf or /subu: alfa:t/ 'last weeks, or they
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-127-
Thfl
can be prepositional phAse like /fi: lle :l/
'at night' and /ba?d ba:ki / 'the day after tomorrow.'
b. Adverbs of place J can be single word' as
./gA4:b/ 'close' and /baii:d/ 'far', a combination
of words as /ma: ba?i:d/ 1nd:fir', or-a prepositional
phrase as in /fi: lin the house'.
E.. Adverbs of vanfityk like /kati:r/ 'much,
and4wiyya/ 'little' modify verbs and adjectives,
e,g, hu:,kabi:r kati:r "He is very big'(1
hu: ?akala swiyya ate fa l*ttle1
IV. Exerciacei
A. Substitute the following words and phrases
in the follo4ng serttence:
mu:sa ja: ?ajala.
ja:ri
be rijla
bise:s
?akal
?ajala
masa
fi: lbe:t
Tahmat
N\ fajur
.?asiyya
ja
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fi: Ile:1
?amba:kir
na:m4
lamis
gayll
masa
sana lfaA
?amis
?ajala
B. Substitute the following words in the
sentence:
?aiaa gare:t kwayyis.
same
hus'gara
?ajala
kwayyis
?akal
some
libis
?ana libist
?ajala
.kwayylsti -
C. Substitution drills: 0
1. da: gatsi kati:r.
swiyya
hayyin.
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N'
0,
1
-129-
helu
di:
ga:si
swiyya
da: kwayyis
kati:r
seine,
swiyya
2. ?ayye, nwaddi:k ?amba:kir©
nwaddi:ki
ba?d.ba:kir
sub: 1,/aly
?asiyya
nsi:lik
fajur
sa:?aV
nsi:lak
?amba:kir
sanalJaty
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A 34. ressin
1-
=130=
Future and the P essive
I. Dialogue : The Market.
A. ?indak zra: jadi:d walla ?
'Do you have flOsh vegetables ?'
B. ?ayye, tudo:ra sunu ?
'Yes, whet would you like?'
A. nudo:ra tama:tusm wa basaiwa faggu:s.
'I want tomatoes, onions and cucumbers.'
B. ?indi manga wa. lemu:n wa ?anab kulla.
'I also have mangoes, lemons and grapes.'
A. bekam alki:lu liana tama:tum ?
'How much is a kilo of tomatoes?'
B. ?isri:n riya :l.
'Twenty riyals.'
A. dat Bassi
'This is very expensive.'
B. da: tama:tum same.
'But these are good tomatoes.'
A. nakaffi:k xamista?;ar
'I will give you fifteen rigials.'
B. ?ayye, ?azzila altudo:ra.
'O.K., pick what you want.'
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J.%
II. ,vocabulary
?azzila
basal
Grapes.
Pick, choose.
Onions.
faggu:s Cucumbers.
1jadi:d New, fresh.
ki:lu kilogram.
lemu:n Lemons.
mange Mangoes.
tama:tum Tomatoes.1
xamista?sar. , Fifteen.
zra: Vegetables.
III. Grammar:
A. . The future idea is expressed in Chad
Arabic by using soy.kadverb of time,which refers 1
,/N
to the futVre, with the present tense of the verb;
B. , The progressive idea is expressed, by
using the auxiliary iga:?id/ with the present form
of the verb. /ga:?id/ is inflected for .gender` and
number in the following manner:
/ga:?id/ (masculine singular)
/ga:?ida/ (feminine singular)
/ga:?idi:n/ (feminine plural)
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IV. gxercises:
,1A. Substitute the fblApwing words and phrased
in the key sentence:
?ali yamsi fi: lbe:t alyo :m.
?iMba:kir
bead ba:kir
sanalja:y
subu: alja:y
Vssa?a ?asara
fi: ?amri:k
B.
sahr alja:y
sanalja:y
?amba:kir
fa:tima tamsi
ba ?d ba:kir
sanalja:y
fi: lbe:t
subu: alja:y
ssa?a ?asara w nuss
Repeat the followidg sentences after
your teacher.
?ana ga:?id nagra darsi.,
?inta ga:?id tagri darsaki-
.,
?inti ga:?ide tagri darsiki
hu: ga?id yagri darsa.
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O
?ali ga?id yagri darsa.
hi: guaide tagra darsa. .
.fa :time ga:?ide tagra darsa.
?ani:na nagru darisna.
?intu ga:?idi:n tagru dariskum.
human ga:?idi:n yagru darsum.
C. Substitution drill:
wala :kin da: tama:tum seine.
?anab
kwayyis
la:kin
zra:
jadi:d
same
wala:kin
basal
jadi:d
faggu:s
seme
lemu:n
kwayyis
jadi:d
manga
D. Repeat the dialogue making the following
substitutions in speOari:- ,
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-134-*
1. Q. fa:tima
B. hawwa
2. A. ?ali wa fattima
B. mu:sa
1
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y
A 35.
-135
"To ei.v " Sentencese
I. Dialogue: Departure
A. mata ttayya, a hana:k yamsi ?0
'When does, plane leays/4-
\iga:711 sab ?a wa nuss fi: ?a;iyya.
'At 7:30 p.m.'
0A. bissa:?a kam la:zim tamsi fi: mata:r ?
'What time do you have to go to the airport?'
.8. sa:?a sitte wa rubu.
'At 6 :15.'0
?ahsan tamsi min be:tak fi: ssa?a sitte.
'You'd better leave your house at six.'
B. ?ayye, nabga ja:hiz fii ssa:?a-xamsa w nussg
'Yes, ready at 5:30.'
0A. ?indak soxel altudo:ra kulla walla ?
'Do you have everything you need?'
B. ?ayyd, ?indi taskara, paspo:r, kart
hang dokto:r, kulla Eley?.
Yes,, I have a ticket, passport, medical
certificate, everything.'
A. ma:si ?adi:1 fi: nuyofrk walla ?
'Are you going straight to New York?'
B. 'la:, nagif fi: pari: ?ayya:m.
'No, I will stay in Paris tsor a few days.'
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-136
II. Vecabulari:
?adi:1
?ahsarie
t
Straight.
Better, it is better.4
?ayya:m Days, a few days;
bissa:?a kam
ja:hiz
kart
At what time.
Ready.. a
Card, certificate.
kart hana dakto:r Medical certificate. Literally:
a doctor's card.
kulla All of it,Pagee.
Everything.
Airport.
I will stay, I will be.
I stay, stop. Past /wagaf/.
Passport.
kulla sey?
mata:r
nabga0--
nagif
paspo:r
tamsi min be:tak Leave yourliouselkaterally:
. taskara
yamsi
III. Grammar:
walk from your house.
Ticket.
He walks, leaVes.
A. The concept 'to have' is exprfessod in
Chad Arabic by using the preposition / ?ind/ with
different possessive suffixes.
B. When attaching possedsive suffixes to
/?ind/, we get the following forms:
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?ana ?indi be:t
?inta ?indak kita:b.k
?inti ?indik kab.ss sami:n.-
hu: ?inda farasy
hi: ?inda taskara.
?ali ?inda paspo:r.
?ani:na ?indina buyu:t.
?intu ?indukum be:t.",
4
human ?indum ?awla:d.
fa:time ?inda jamal.
B. Substitute the following words in the
key sentence. Pay attention to the agreeiient
between the subject and the pOssossive suffix.
?ahmat ?inda jamal sanalfa:t
fa:time
?ani:na
kabis
human
subu: alfa:t
?ana
?ali
hi:
faras
?ani:na
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7
t
dr
e
-138-
huma:r
?inta
?infi
Substitution drills:
bissa:?a kam la:ztm tamsi fi mita:r ? \s
u.'
yamsi,
dirib
tsa:d
yamsu,
Vnamsu
-
nams.i
sinema
tamsi
tamsu
?oro:p
2. ?ahsan tam;i min befak fi: ssa:?a sifts.,
/. 4Join be:tik A;\ .z
namsi min be'vti!
namsu min be:tna
tammei lath besta
xamse w nuss
tamsi minbe:tak .
tamsiumin be:tik6 v .
yamsi min beta
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N
?asara wa tilt
tamsi min be:ta
yAm;u min be:tum_
tamsu in be:tkum
min da:rkum
tXs?a wa ruba
tamsi min da:rak
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1
-A 36i Active and Passive Participles
1. Departure.
A. seyyid ?ahmat sa:far walla ?
'Did Ahmad leave?'
B. la:, yam;i6ba?d ba4:kir.
%plot he leaves the day after tomorrow.'
A. tuwaddi: fit mata:r walla ?
'Are you taking him to the airport?L
B. - ?ayye, tudo:ra tiji ma ?a:na walla ?
vp
'Yes, .would you like to come wit) us?'
A.v
ba:lik namsi.)
'Maybe I will go.'
F tiji baka:ni tisi:lni walla ?
M 'Will you come to my place to pick me up?'
B. ha:dirc. we:h ga:?id be ?
'With pleasure. Where is your house?'
A. be:ti gari:b le sinema ryo.
'My house is clOse to Cinema Rio.'1niji fi: be:tak fi: ssat?a ?arba.'
'I shall come to your house at four.'
A. kWayyis, nulummu hina:k.
-1Good, we will meet there.'
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II. Vocabulary:
ba?d ba:kir
ba:lik
4
III. Grammar:_-----,
-441-
The day after'tomorrow.
Maybe.
He left, travelled.0
You come.
You take him.
A. The active participle refers to one
who "does" or is "doing" something. For example,
./ka:tibi is the active participle of the verb'
/kataba/ and- it means 'writer'. On the other band,
the passive participle refers to a meone or something
which is "done". For instance, /maktu:b/ is the
passive participle of /kathba/ and it means 'letters.
B. The active participle of C-C-C verbs
has the shape CalCiC- e.g. /kataba /.-- -* /ka:tib/,
For C-C-W verbs the active participle form isk
Ca:Ci - e.g. /masa/ /ma:si/. Qua.driliteral
verbs form their active partiCiples according to
the form CaCCa:C-- e.g. /kassar/ > /kassa:r/.2
C. The passive,articiple form of C -C-C
verbs,is maCCu:C /kataba/ ---> /maktu:b /.
Quadriliteral verbs form thdir passive participles
according to the form muCaCCaC e.g,;"tYkagsarh/ --4
/muassar/..
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IV. Exercises:
A.. Repeat the following after your
teacher.
1; ka:tib
haww ka:tiba
human katibi:n
?ahmat ga:ri
fa:time ga:ri
human ga:ri:n
hu: nagna:g
hi: nagna:ga
human nagna:gi:n
?ana ma:si
?inti ma:si
?ahi:na ma:81:n
mu:sa kadda:b
maryam kadda:ba
human kadda:ki:n
I
v./
2. ba;bi mukassar.
ba:bi maksu:r.
?axu: ma?ru:f.
?axtu ma?ru:fa.
ru'ga :ni ma ?ru:fi:n.
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+IP
?ide:ni mukaasari:n.
?ide:ha murabbati:n.
?albneyya murabbata.
?alba:b masdu:d.
4?abwa:bak masdu:di:n.
darsa maktu:b.
ba:ba maftu:h.
?abwa:bi maftuali:n:
?alwle&marbu:t.
kita:bak mawju:d.
9
B. Make the following substitutions'paylng.
attention to the agreement between the subject and
the subject suffix of the verb.
?ahmat sa:far walla ?
masa.
fa:time
human
sa : faru
maryam
hu:
?aria
?luta
?inti
-
mase:ti
?int
-'
r
ti
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?into
sa:fartu
?akaltu
human
?ahmat
fa:time
'?ana.
?inta
C. Substitute the foLiowing words and
phrases in the ke,j sentence:
tiji Aka:ni tis in walla ?
fi: be:ti
fi: da:ri
baka :ni
yiji
yiju
yizu:ru:ni
tiji
yiji
tiju
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A v. Direct and Indirect Object Suffixes
I. Edalogue: Dep1/4ture :,-qo'-.4._
4 -A. mata tathia'fi: baladak ?
r
'When do you leave for your country?'
B. ba?d subu:?e:n.
'Two weeks from now.'
A. ka:n wisilta fit ?amri:k ?aktubley.
''rite the when you get to America.'
B. naktuble:ks wa ?inta kama:n ?aktuble:y.
'I will. And you write me too,'
A. tagri ?arab walla ?
'tan you read Arabic?'
B. swiyya.
1A. little.,
A. naktuble:k nuns bikala:m ?arab wa nuso
bikala:m ?ingli:z.7
'I will write you half Arabic and half
English.'
B. kwayyiss wa ?ana ?aktuble:k bikala:m
?arab swiyyai
'Goods and I.will' write you a little
Arabic.'
A. wean ?allamta kala:m ?arab ?
'Where did ypu learn Arabic?'
B. fit leko:l.fi: baladi.
'In school at home.'
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II, Vocabulary: 4,
?aktubley Write me,' Past /katab /.
baladak Your country, homes
bikala:m ?arab (?ingli:z) In Arabic (English).
kama:n Also, too.
ka:n If, _when..
imktuble:k , I write you.
subt41.: Week.
subu:?e:n Two weeks.
tagri You read: Past /gara/.
III. Grammar:
A. The direct object pronouns are suffixes
attached to the verb after the subjecemarker.
Following is a list of these suffixes:
-ni 'me'
-ak 'you (maw.)'
-ki IYoulfem.)I
-u/a 'him'
-a/ha 'her'
-na 'no'
-kum 'You (pl.)2
-um/hum./N 'them'
B. The indirect object pronouns lre'suffixed
to the verb.after the subject marker, They have
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the follTring forms:11
;qi -ley 'to /for me'
-le:k " 11 You (mas.)1
- le:ki ' " 11, you (fetn.)2
-le:hU u him'
- le:hi " " her'
-le:na
-le:kum u you (plOt
- lum/le:hum ". " them'
IV. Exercises:
A. Your instructor will give you a noun
or a pronoun whiCh you areto change into a
direct object suffix in the following sentence:
wassilni fi: lbe:t.
e.g. ?ani:nh wassilna fi: lbe:t.
?ahmat
?ana
?inta
9
?ani:na
?inti
hi:
fa:tima
hu:
human
?intu
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4
B. Do the same as,in A above changing the
nouns and pronouns given7 into indirect object
suffixes,
katabley maktu:b.
I
c?ahmat. --fa:tima
?ani:na
?ana
hu:
human
hi:
?inta
?intu
?inti,
C. Substitiltion drills:
1. mata tamL fi: baladak ?
fi: 'amri:k i
yamsi
bAlada
fi: ?oro:p
yamsu
baladhum.,
fi: fra:ns
tamsi,
baladhtl
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6
baladik
fi: tsa:d
namsu
baladna
fi: nige:r
tamsu
baladkum
2. wa ?ana ?aktuble;k bikatam
?arab swiyya.
?ingli:z
?inta ? aktubley
kati:r
?inti ?aktubiley
faranse:
2intu ?aktubu:le:na
ikulla
hu: katabley
swiyya
?arab
Repeat the dialogue making the
f6.lowing substitutions in speakers:
1. .A. fa:tima
B. hawwa
2. A. ?ali wa ?ahmat
B. _wa ?ali
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I..
s
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a
Conjunctions
Dialogue:' The Weather
A. wata ha:mi kati:r alyom.
'It is very hoX today,'
?ayye, da:yman ha:mi fi: sse:f. AO
'Yes, it is always hot in the summer.'
A. wata ha:mi fi: kull tsa:d'?
'Is it hot all, over Chad?,
B. la:, wata ma: ha:mi fi: jjuba:1,
'No, it is not hot in tAe mountains.'$
A. k kam digre: fi: jjuba:1 fi: sse:f ?
('What'is the temperature in the mountains
during thd summer?,
B. tagri:ban tala:ti:n digre:.
'About thirty degrees.'
A, wa wata ke:f fi: fo:r lami: ?
'And how is the weather in Fort-limy?,
B., fi: sse:f tagri:ban tama:nya. w talatti:n.
'About thirty-eight degrees in the summer.'
A; fi: lle:l kama:n ha:mi walla ?.
'Is it also hot at night?'
B. ?ayye, wata ha :mi fi: lle:1 kulla.-
rYes, it is also hot at night.'
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II, Vocatulary: 9
fi: kull tfla:d All over Chad. Literally:
in all Chad.
ha:mi Hot.
julaas1 Mountains. Plural of /jabal /.
le :l Nighty
se :,f Summer
tagri:ban Nearly, about, close to.
wpta Weather.
III. Grammar:
A. Conjugations are function words which
join two words or phrases'in some kind not relation-
ship. Usually the things that are joined by a
conjunction have similar grammatical functions:
i.e. both verbs or nouns or adjectives, etc.
B. The most common conjunctions in Chad
Arabic are:
4WEI, w, 1.1 'and'
walla 1 or I ,
wala .'nor'
wala wala 'neither .4,4, nor'ft
la:kin, wala:kin 'but'.
Wi
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IV. Exercises:
A. Repeat after your teacher:
?ana w ?axu:y mase,:nat
hu: ?akal wa
?inta ?akalt walla ma: ?akalt ?
da: ? axu:y walla ?axu:ha ?
?ana wala ?akalt wala sirib4;14
wala ?alia wala 7abu:y mApesna.
?ana kabi:r wala:kin ma: kabi:r kaki :r.
?akal Ia:kin(ma;4 0
B. SubstituM the following words and-
phrases,in the key7isentenc:esi
?ali'?akal kati:r*Til
--1
fa:tima
wala waj.a
?ahmat
.4)
ti A
wa Iv
la:kin ma:
hawwat -
walla
wala:kin ma:
yet,
C. Substitution drills:
1. wata ha:mikati:r aLyo :m.
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ba:rid
swiyya 4
ma: ba:ridirk F
104
?amba:kir
ma: ha:mi
kati:r
?ams
ha:mi
swiyya k
alyo:m
2. ?ayyet wdta ha:mi fit llet1
la:
ba:rid
fi: nnaha:r
bes
fialet1
-4 kama:n
ma: ha:mi
ba:rid
kulla
?avye
4,
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44s
.4.
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A 39. Numbors
I. Dialogue: The.Weath'ar
A. wata ba:rid alyolm.
4 'It is coliOtoday.0
B. yayyes ma: ba:rid 1Fatise.
I.
'Yes, bul not Very cold.'
A. fi: baladak wata ba:rid min hine walla ?
8.
-'Is it colder than here in your country?'
?ayyes ba:rid-kati:r min hine fi: ssita.
'Y/es, it is much colder in the winter.'
A. matar ysubb katitr -fi: baladak walla S-
'Does it rain very much at home?' ,
B. ?ayyes wa ?indana talj kulla.
'Yes, and we have snow too.'
A. ?indakum talj kull assana walla ?
'Do you have snow all year round?'
B. ?illa fi: ;;;;ita,
- 'No, only in the winter.'
A. wakit talj yaga wata'ba:rid kati:t.
'When it snail; it gets cold.'
B. ?ayyes sehi:
'Yeas you are right.'
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II. Vocabulary:
baorid Cold.
ba:rid min Colder than.
ba:rid kati:r.min Much colder than.
matar ydubb It rains. Literally:
potws.
sehi: Right,
sehi: kala:mak You are right. Litg.ally:
b 7 What you say is right,vsita Winter.
. .
tali Snnw.
talskrga ,It snows. Literally:
Snow falls.
° wakit When, at the tpu.
yaga It ,falls.
ysubb It pours.
Grammar:
A. Refer to p-s 53 and 54 for a list of
the cardinal numbers. Notice that )the numbers
I-1.9 can be expressed in two different ways.t
B. When the numbers are used with nouns,
the nouns are usually singular after iho number.''
and plural before its e.g. /kila:b talasta/ or
'three dogso;q1owever, one also
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encounters phrases like / tala:ta kila:b/ andto,
"alb Itala:ta/.
IV. Exercises:
A. Repeat after your%teaeher:
1Zado -a ?asara ki:lu tamatum.
tlido:ra ?i;ri:n riya:1;
nudq:ra miyya.wa xamsa riya:l.
ssa:?a xamsa nuss.
?indi kila:b tiila:ta.
?inda tala:ta kila:b.
?indum ?arba iardctt:
fi: sadara:t tama:nya,
?ihdb. tala:ta ;adara:t.
nudo:ra tabla:t sitte.
B. Substitute the following words and phrases
in the key sentence,
?ado,:ra wihda?sar yarda.
nudo:ra e 6
Vxamista?sar
ki:lu
tudo:ra
tis ?a
kila:b
sitta?sar
marku:b
?46
4fr,
t
a
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9
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talattitn wa xamsa
nudo:ra
xamsa wa ?arba?i:n
kita:b
milyo :n
riya:l
?alfe:n
C. Substitution drills:
1. fi: baladak 4ata: ba :rid min hine.'
fi: baladik
min baladi
fi: tsa. :d
ma: ha:thi.
min ?amri:k
ma: ba:rid
fi: baladna
min baladkum
ha :mi
2. ?indaktutt tali kull assana.lwalla'?
indana
matar
assahir
?indum
wata ha:m0.1\.
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4
J.%
......,'-'
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it
.
s
(
\
mi ,
a
It.
N
1
l'
(
1
lens
..158.. e e
i'
wata ba:rid
alyo:m_
----
?inda-,
tali
assana
\
I
248
*
r
41
.1 .
. -
t 1 t
6
I
4
a
0.
.
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A 4.0. Ordinal Numbers
I. Dialogue: The Moviesc .
41 A._ sunu t'sawwi lyo:m fi: lle:l ?,
/What are you doing this evening?a..
v, .c
B. nudo:ra namsi fi: ssinema.\
II want'to go to the movies./
A. sinema alwen4ma:si tisi:fa ?
Which movies are you%going to see.
B. ma:si fi: sinema norMandi:.
!I am going, to pormandi\Theatra.!
A. ?alfilm sunu lyo:u ?
/What is the. movie today?! .
B. film faranse: sem. tams, ma?aty walla ?
/It is a goOdrench movie. Would you
like, to come ?
A. .,?ake:r dat ya:tu ?
/Who is the actor ? -/'
B. fernande:1, hu,dahha:k&
/Fernandel, he is' very funny. /to'
A. 1,?etyye, namsi ma?a0r.
'10.1(.1, 1 will go with you./
II. VocabUlary:
A
?akteir Actor.
dahha:ki Fun*, comic, comedian.
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film Film./>
sinema Theatre, movie, film.
III. Grammar:
A. Refer to P-S 55 for a list of the ordinal
numbers. The most frequently used ordinal numbers
are "first - sixth", and "seventh - ninth"-are seldom
used. Ordinal numbers above *tenth" do not exigt
in Chad ArabiC,*
B. Ordinal numbers are 0sed wtthsingular
nouns only. They come before indefinite nouns and
after definite nouns, e.g.. ixa:mis kita:b/ 'fifth
book' but /aliqta:b alxa:mis/ 'the fifth boOkt.
IV. Exercises:
A. Repeat after your teacher:
?awwal dirib
ddirib al?awwal
ta:ni wled
alwled atta:ni
ta:lit
alkita:b etta:lit
ra:bi beft4
. albe:t arra:bi
xamis jabaA
ajjabal alxa :mis
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sa:dis barb
alba:b assa:dis
13. Substitution drills:
1, sunu tsawwi lyc:m fi: lle:1 ?
?amba:kir
fi: nnaha:r
ba?d ba:kirti
fi: ?asiyya
nsawwi fa'
fi: fajur
tsawwu
str.3)\110: alja:y
fi:'lle:1
ysawwi
?amba:kir
ysawwu
2, sinema alwe:n ma:si ?
belt
yi;i:fa
nisi :fa
fr. safa:ra
ma:si:n tisi:fu
leko:l
nisi:fu
mu:ze:
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dukka:ii
ma:si tisi:fa
sinema
C. ` Repeat the dialogue making the
following substitutiolis in speakers:
1, ?ali
B. hawwa4ssAw.1
1 maryam
B. h,wwa wa MU:SO
4k,
4
41A
r4
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