spm4352_09_10_Class_2_gas_transport_may_0_2010

7/29/2019 spm4352_09_10_Class_2_gas_transport_may_0_2010

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SPM4510 Design of InnovativeSystems in Energy & Industry

Gas transport / pipeline systems

Dr.ir. Gerard P.J. Dijkema

Faculty of Systems Engineering, Policy Analysis and Management.Department of Energy & Industry


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Gas transport system design

Last week: How to secure Dutch natural gas supply

Connect remote locations to the Dutch gas markets

Past: connect the Groningen field

Present: import previously stranded gas

(Otherwise) Stranded gas:

(huge) natural gas deposits at locations at aconsiderable distance from (sizable) markets


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Gas transport system economics

km0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000

LNG

Pipeline6 bcm/year

0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

S./

Mbtu

NB: These figures change as a function of technological progress, innovation energy prices, labour cost, material costs


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Design of pipeline transport systems

System elements:

Inlet stations measure and make gas suitable for transport

Pipelines cover distance: flow

Compressor stations cover distance: pressure

Control valves manipulate flow / pressure

Storage facilities provide temporary extra capacity

Distribution stations measure, reduce pressure

Gas routing / mixing / nitrogen addition quality manipulation


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Design of a transport systemfor gas or liquid

Realize liquid flow:

suction + pump + (process system, pipeline, control valves)

Realize gas flow:

suction + compressor + (process system, pipeline, control valves)

Typical pressure ratio per stage: P2/ P1 = 1.4


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Gas Compressors

Positive displacement

Dynamic Large volumes

Large pressure ratios

High efficiency

High reliability


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Centrifugal compressor

http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/5810/msuturbo.htm

http://www.offshore-technology.com/contractors/pumps/man-turbo/man-turbo2.html
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/5810/msuturbo.htmhttp://www.offshore-technology.com/contractors/pumps/man-turbo/man-turbo2.htmlhttp://www.offshore-technology.com/contractors/pumps/man-turbo/man-turbo2.htmlhttp://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/5810/msuturbo.htm


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Centrifugal compressor

http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/5810/msuturbo.htm http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/200711650.pdf
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/5810/msuturbo.htmhttp://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/200711650.pdfhttp://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/200711650.pdfhttp://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/5810/msuturbo.htm


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Dynamic compressors

http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/200711650.pdf
http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/200711650.pdfhttp://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/200711650.pdf


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Dynamic compressors



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Centrifugal compressor basics

At each impeller speed:

Surge: minimum flow

Choke: maximum flow

Impeller speed

Minimum & maximum (mechanical,design)



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Centrifugal compressor: surge



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Real gas compressorCharacteristics

Blue: surge line

Orange: flow

At various impeller speeds

Green: Adiabatic efficiency

Cost: economy-of-scale


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Compressor stationsDesign parameters

Objective:

meet flow capacity

re-compression demand

Degrees-of-freedom:

Number of compressors reliability, flexibility

Pressure ratio (range) performance

Variable speed / capacity range

controllability, flexibility (Inter)cooling and recycle reliability


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Gas transport pipelines (1)

Starting point: usually a natural gas field

Available pressure: 70 - 200 bar

Pipe, diameter up to 56 (1.42m) in the Netherlands: max 48

Working pressure: up to to 200 bar in the Netherlands: 67 - 80 bar

Wall diameter for 67 bar:

18 4.55 mm24 5.95 mm

36 8.75 mm

48 11.70 mm

Material: Steel, with inner and outer coating.

Cost: Eur 1.5 2 million /kilometer


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Typical investment costEconomy-of-scale

[199x Million Dollars/ km]


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Effect of load factor on costs


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Buildup of gastransport net (2)

Compressor stations:

Compensate pressure loss for transport over longdistances:

Distance between stations: ca. 100 km.

Compression ratio: 1.3 - 1.4, no cooling.

Centrifugal compressors (mostly) or piston.

Propulsion: gasturbine (mostly), gas engine, electro motor.

Power rating: 10 - 200 MW.

Delivery Stations (End point and branches)

Reduce pressure (sometimes requires heating), measurement.


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Optimising design pressure

Cos

t

Pressure

Compression

Total

Pipeline


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Gas pipeline system design

System elements: pipelines, compressors, storage, controls Requirement: natural gas from A to B, min/max capacity, dynamics

Degrees-of-freedom

Pipeline routing; number of parallel pipelines; operating

& maximum pressure

Number and location of compression stations

Number, size and location of storage

Typically: network growth; system evolution


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Long distance gas-transportOptimal number of compressor stations

Propulsion

gas

2 3 n-1 n

Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Qn-1 Qn

Q0

I0

I1

I2

In-2

In-1

In

Qn-2

I31

Propulsion

gas

Propulsion

gas

Propulsion

gas

Propulsion

gas

Qn / Qo =V n+1 . 100 %

Qn = capacity with n-stations

Qo = capacity with no stations

n = nr. of stations


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Transport capacity vs. Compressors

Number of

compressor-stations

01

2

3

4

Maximumtransport-capacity (%)

100141173200224


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Pressure drop - re-compression

?? implications for system flexibility?

?? when system capacity needs to be increased

?? related to system cost ?


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Safety and environment

Risk with gas transport.

Pipeline rupture

Possible causes.

Material- or welding errors.

Digging.

Corrosion.

Risk management.

Intensive checks of material and welding at construction.

Distance to other infrastructures and houses.

Corrosion prevention with good coating and kathode protection.

Pipeline flies (trajectory inspection).

Periodic inspection (internal and external), intelligent pig.- Online leak detection through monitoring and data reconciliation.

Methane Global Warming Potential (GWP) effect= 25 x CO2.

Minimise leakages.


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Gas-transport efficiency

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000

LNG

Pipeline

50

60

70

80

90

Efficiency%

100

65

GTL

km


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European Gas Transport

http://www.theodora.com/pipelines/europe_oil_and_gas_pipelines_map.jpg
http://www.theodora.com/pipelines/europe_oil_and_gas_pipelines_map.jpghttp://www.theodora.com/pipelines/europe_oil_and_gas_pipelines_map.jpg


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DELIVERED COST OF GAS TO GERMANY & SPAIN

Barcelona

$2.17Algeria

LNG

$2.32EgyptL

NG

$2.50YanbuLNG

$2.55 Trinidad LNG

$2.63Ang

olaLNG

$2.81Gulf-Europe

$2.87Gulf-Yanbu-LNG

Key

Pipeline LNG Regasification Terminal

$2

.17

Alg

eria

LNG

Tarifa

$1.13MEG-HassiR.

$1.32MEG-InSalah

$2.55Nig

eria

LNG

Waidhaus

$2.72Iraq-Europe

$3.11TransCaspian

$3.14Gulf-Iraq-Europe$3.29Gulf-

Jordan-Europe

$3.31Iran-Europe

$3.62BlueStream

$3.62Blu

eStrea

m

Emden

$2.75 Norway$2.23

Yam

al-E

urope

Frankfurt

an der Oder

Delivered Cost in $/mmbtu, constant 2000 prices

Assumed 10% IRR


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Local, Regional, National andInternational Linkages by Gas

Pipeline

Introduction


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Documents

spm4352_09_10_Class_2_gas_transport_may_0_2010