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8/16/2019 Spm Science Notes 2013 Paper 1
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ANDREW CHOO EXAM TIPS
SPM 2013 SCIENCE EXTRA NOTE FOR PAPER I
FORM 4 CHAPTER 2 BODY COOERDINATION
2.2 Human Nervous System
3. Spinal Cord
i. Protected by vertebral column.
ii. Inside is grey matter consists of cell
bodies.
iii. Outside is white matter consists of nerve
fibres (axons).
iv. Spinal Corda. Connect the brain with the rest of the
body parts if damage would be
paralyzed.b. Control reflex actions.
4. Synapse
i. to connect two neurones together:
a. sensory neurone to relay neurone
b. relay neurone to motor neurone.
ii. A tiny space that allow impulse to travel
chemically from one neuron to another in
one direction.
7. Voluntary actions
Stimuli↓
Receptor (nose, ear, skin, eye, tongue)
↓
Sensory neurone
↓
Brain (central nervous system)
↓
Motor neurone
↓
Effectors (muscle / gland)
↓
Response
8. Neurone / nerve cell
- Is the basic functional unit of the nervous
system.
- To receive and transmit nervous impulses.
a. Sensory neurones SPM 10
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different situations.
- Controlled by the
cerebrum.
- Controlled by the
medulla
oblongata or
spinal cord.
- Can be quickened orslowered down.
- Can’t be quickenedor slowered down
- eg: writing,
speaking, reading
and dancing.
- eg: heartbeat,
breathing,
yawning,
respiration
digestion, growing.
2.6 Human Brain SPM 06/10/11/12
1. Protected by cranium.
2. Outer layer is grey matter which consists ofcell bodies for the growth of the brain.
3. Inside is white matter which consists of nerve
fibers (axons).
4. The brain is highly folded to increase the
surface area to pack more neurons.
5. Divided into right and left cerebral
hemispheres which control opposite side of
the body movements.
6. a. Cerebrum(biggest part)
- Voluntary actionseg: Speaking, reading, walking, thinking,
swimming
b. Receptor
↓
Sensory neurone
↓
Central neurone (Brain)
↓
Motor neurone
↓
Effectors (Muscle / Glands)
Cerebrum consist of: SPM 06/09 i. Sensory area Touch, sight, smell,
taste, hearing
ii. Motor Area Movement of muscle
iii. Association
area Thinking, speech
memory, reasoning,
imagination.
c. Cerebellum SPM 11 -Maintaining body posture, equilibrium or
body balancing. Control contraction and
relaxation of muscles.
d. Medulla Oblongata
-Controls in involuntary actions, e.g.
heartbeat, breathing, circulation of blood,
peristalsis, swallowing, growing,
digestion and respiration.
- If injured, the person will die.
7.
Body Coordination
Nervous system Endocrine system
a. SIMILARITY
i. Carry out body’s responses towards stimuli.
ii. Both involve four component; stimulus, receptor, effector and response.
iii. Coordinate all body activities and responses
iv. Ensure survival of life
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b. DIFFERENCES
i. Consists of the brain, spinal cord and
neurons / nerves.
ii. In the form of electric impulses.
iii. Comes from inside and outside the body.
iv. Fast and often does not last long.v. Normally localized like the organs and
glands
vi. No feedback mechanism.
i. Consists of endocrine / ductless glands and
hormones in blood.
ii. In form of chemicals known as hormones.
iii. Comes from inside the body.
iv. Most of them are slow and long lasting.v. Normally widespread and covers the whole
body.
vi. Has feedback mechanism and response.
6. Drug Abuse (Excessive use of drug)
a. Drugs is a chemical substance that can
influence the function of the nervous
system and the mind.
b. Types of drugs:
i. Stimulantsii. Depressants
iii. Hallucinogeniv. Opiates
c. Effects of drug abuse on healthi. Poor physical and mental health.
ii. Affect the respiratory system, nervous
system, immune system and internal
organ such as liver and the heart.
iii. Lost of appetite and malnutrition.
iv. High risk at contracting HIV/Hepatitis
B because of sharing contaminated
needles.
v. Suffer of vomiting, disease like
pheumonia, bronchitis and flu as the
immune system become weakened.
7. Alcohol SPM 03/06
a. Such as ethanol, a psychoactive substances
which influences the central and peripheral
nervous system.
b. Ethanol is produced by fermentation
process of glucose by yeast.
Energy
dioxideCarbonEthanolGlucose Yeast
+
+ →
c. Effect of excessive consumption of
alcohol on body coordination.
i. Effect the brain – loss of memory,
poor judgment of distance, double
vision, loss of self-control and slurred
in speech.
ii. Slow down the nervous system,
coordination and movement slows
down and become clumsy.
iii. Blockage in blood capillaries resulting in unconsciousness.
iv. Dehydration due to freaquent urine.v. Malnutrition because of loss of
appetite.
vi. Cause obesity, heart disease, liver/
cirrhosis, gastritis/ulcers.
vii. Retard of foetus or birth defect.
8. The importance of avoiding excessive
consumption of alcohola. Damage to the health.
b. Causes accidents.
c. Contribute to crimes, suicide or spousal
abuse.
d. Leads to a breakdown in the family unity
and causing social problems.
9. Importance of a sound and healthy mind
a. The mind controls how we think, feel and
react.
b. Healthy mind enables a person to think
rationally, choose between the good and the
bad, fair judgments to solve problems,
generate new ideas and lead a happy and
fulfilling life.
c. Factors that influence the mind :i. Excessive consumption of alcohol
ii. Drug abuse
iii. Hormonal imbalance
iv. Mental stress(insufficient of sleep,
mental anguish , overwork and sadness)
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v. Brain injury (cause memory loss, nausea,
giddiness and disability)
vi. Physical health, mental health, emotional
health, spiritual health and social
activities.
FORM 4 CHAPTER 3 HEREDITY AND VARIATION1. Chromosomes
a. Small thread-like structures exist in pairs which contain genes / DNA.
b. Located in the nucleus of a cell.
c. A human being has 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 chromosomes) which made of acid (DNA) and
protein.
2. Genes (DNA)
a. are base unit of hereditary materials located on chromosomes, which determine characteristics
of a person.
b. exist in pairs.
c. Genes / DNA
Dominant Recessive
- called dominants traits which show the
characteristic /traits when paired with a
dominant or a recessive gene.
TT = tall
Tt = tall
- which show recessive traits when both genes
are recessive.
tt = short
4. a. Type of chromosomes (46)
Autosomes Sex
22pairs 1pairs
= 44 = x / y
Autosome Sex Total
Male 44 + xy = 46
Female 44 + xx = 46
b. Chromosomes in Gametes
sperm = 22 + x / 22 + y ovum = 22 + x
c.
5. Sex determination- by the chromosome in
sperm- The probability of having a male or female
child is the 50% because half of the sperms
carry y chromosome and half of other
sperms carry x chromosome (Ratio 1 : 1)
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9. Mutation
a. is the sudden change to the structure of genes or number of chromosomes
b. can be caused by mutagen such as
i. chemical substances (e.g. pesticide, nicotine in cigarettes, drugs, nitrogenous acid,
preservatives, colouring or artificial sweetener)
ii. radiation (gamma ray, ultraviolet, x-ray)iii. temperature (too high or low)
c. Advantages
i. cause variation to enable organism to adapt to the environment (more resistant to diseases,
weather or pollutant)
ii. creation of new species.
d. Disadvantages
- cause diseases (colour blindness, haemophilia, anaemia or klinefelter’s syndrome, polydactyl
trait)
Hereditary Diseases caused bye. Mutation Gene f. Mutation Chromosomes
- change in the structure a gene in
the chromosomes x of the
recessive gene by mutagen.
- eg.
a. albinismb. haemophilia (blood unable
to clog)
c. anaemia.
d. colour blindness (unable todifferentiate between red and
green)
- changes in the number of chromosomes by mutagen.
i. eg. Down’s syndrome (has small eyes and square
face) (47 chromosomes) presence of one extra
chromosomes at the 21st pair of chromosome.
ii. Klinefelter’s syndrome (has small testis and
sterile) (47 chromosomes) presence of one extra x
( 44 + xxy) chromosome at the sex chromosome
( xxy in the male)
iii. Turner’s syndrome (45 chromosomes) lacks one x chromosome ( xo in the female) (44 + ox).
10. Genetic Engineering is to improve the quantity and quality of Crops / livestock
a. In Medicine - to identify heredity / sex – linked disease.
b. In Agriculture- : i. Improve the quality of breeds
ii. Bring in new species with higher resistance to disease or pests or environment
iii. Increase production
11. Medicine
- Most heredity disease like colour blindness, haemophilia and albinism are caused by recessive
genes or sex linked genes (x chromosomes).
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12. Agriculture
a. Selective breeding or cross-bred to produce new varieties which have better characteristics.
Example :
i. Oil palm Pisifera and Dura to produce Tenura which bear more fruits, thinner shell and moreoil content.
ii. Artificial insemination where good semen from male animal is placed into the body offemale animal for fertilization
iii. Embryo transfer of good breed to the uterus of a female animal.iv. Cloning of produce offspring that similar to its parents.
Genetically modified food
Advantages Disadvantages Body Health
- Food containing certain nutrients required by
the body can be produced
Better quality of crops and livestock- Better quality of crops and livestock can be
produced. Quantity can be increased
- Crop and livestock that grow faster can be
produced.
Conservation of environment
- The use of pesticides can be reduced with the
Nutritional value of food
- Genetically modified food may not have
the same nutritional value
Effects of new genes- New genes in food may be transferred in
human body. Such genes may affect
functions of human cell.
Long –term effects
- New species of crops and livestock which
adapt better to the change in the
environment might cause authentic
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production of crops which have high
resistance to disease or pests.
species to become extinct.
FORM 4 CHAPTER 4 MATTER AND SUBSTANCES
1. Matter
- Has mass and occupies space
- Exists in the states of solids, liquids and gases.
2. Kinetic theory of matter states that
a. matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles.
b. particles always moving in random motion and collide against one another (Brownian
movement).
c. the moving energy of particles is called the kinetic energy of particles.
d. kinetic energy influence by the temperature of the matter. (Temperature↑= kinetic energy ↑)
e. particles in an element are similar
3. SPM 10
SPM 10
Solid Liquid Gas
- Particles are arranged closely
and orderly in fixed
positions.
- Cannot be compressed.
- Vibrates at their fixed
positions.- Attraction forces are very
strong
- Kinetic energy is very low
- Particles are not orderly
arranged
- Cannot be compressed.
- Particles keep contact with one
another with spaces between
particles.- Move freely
- Attraction forces is weak.
- Kinetic energy is higher.
- Particles are further
apart - Move freely in random
in all direction.
- Attraction force is very
weak and compressible.- Kinetic energy is the
highest.
4. Sublimation
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- process where solid changes to gas or gas to solid without going through the liquid.
- e.g. iodine, dry ice, ammonium chloride
and naphthalene.
5. Diffusion
- can occur because particles move into the
space in between the particles of solids,
liquids and gases.
- eg: when 50 3cm of ethanol and 50 3cm of
distilled water are mixed, only 98 3cm of
mixture are obtained. This is because the
ethanol and water particles occupy each
other spaces between the particles.
6. Brownian motion
- Is random movement example shown by
smoke particles or pollen grains when
knocked about by air particles.
7. Changes in the state of matter SPM 05
Graph about heating of substance Graph about cooling of substance
7b. c.
AB - The particles absorb heat and
vibrate faster. Kinetic energy
increases and the temperature rise.
PQ - The particles release heat. The kinetic
energy decrease and the temperature
drop.
BC - Melting point (fix temperature
when solid becomes liquid)
- The solid particles have enough
energy to break away from the
rest. The temperature does not
rise because the energy
absorbed is used to break the
force of attraction between thesolid particles to form liquid
particles.
QR - Condensation point
- The gas particles lose energy and
become nearer to form liquid. The
temperature does not drop because
the energy is released to increase
the force of attraction between the
gas particles to form liquid
particles.
CDSPM
05
- Completely melt and the kinetic
energy increase causing the
temperature to rise.
RS - Completely become liquid and the
kinetic energy decrease causing the
temperature to drop.
DESPM
05
- Boiling point (fix temperature
when liquid becomes gas)
- The liquid particles have enough
energy to break away from the
rest. The temperature does not
ST - Freezing point
- The liquid particles begin to arrange
themselves orderly and turn into
solid.
- The temperature does not drop
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rise because energy is absorbed
to break the force of attraction
between the liquid particles toform gas particles.
because the energy is released to
pull the liquid particles together toform solid particles.
EF - Completely boiled to become gas.
The kinetic energy increasescause the temperature to rise.
TU - Completely solidify into solid state,
- The temperature drops to roomtemperature because the kinetic
energy decrease.
8. Atom (a basic unit of all matter) SPM 09
- all matter consists of tiny units called atoms
Subatomic Charge Relative mass
Proton +ve 1 unit
Neutron neutral 1 unit
Electron -ve 1/1840 unit
9. a. Neutral atom is the number of protons equal to the number of electron
b. Ions are atoms which have charges.
i. Positive ion = atom which losses of electrons (Number of electron < proton)
ii. Negative ion = atom which receives more electrons (Number of electron > proton)
14. a. Characteristic or Properties of Metals and Non-Metals SPM 12
15. a. Experiment: To study the effect of impurities on the freezing point of distilled water.
Metal Non-Metal SPM 12
a. Shinny and lustrous
b. Ductile; can be pulled into a wire.
c. Malleable; can be beaten into thin sheet because atoms in
metal can slide over one another easily.
d. Tensile; very strong because of strong metallic bonding.
e. Good conductor of electricity because of free electrons.
f. Good conductor of heat. SPM 08
g. Very dense because atoms in metal are closely packed. h. Very high boiling and melting points because of very strong
atomic / metallic bonding.
i. e.g. iron, gold, copper, aluminium, zinc.
j. Aluminium is used as food wrapper .
k. Gold is used to make jewellery because malleable (easily slide
over one another), shinny and non-rusting.
a. Dull
b. Brittle or fragile and breaks
easily
c. Not malleable
d. Weak and snaps easily
e. Insulator
f. Poor conductor of heat
g. Low densityh. Low boiling or melting
points because of weak
Van der Waal force.
i. e.g. sulphur, glass,
chlorine, sulphur.
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i. VariablesManipulated : presence of salt
Constant : volume of distilled water
Responding : reading of the thermometer / freezing point
ii. Definition of distilled water – Distilled water is pure water that freeze at 00
Ciii. Definition of impure water – Water that contain dissolve substances that freeze at -2 0 C
iv. Inference : Salt can lower the freezing point of distilled water.
v.
vi.
Conclusion : Impurities can affect the freezing point of distilled water.
Definition of freezing point: is the reading of the thermometer.
b. Pure Substances SPM 03/05
i. Distilled water is pure water because it does not contain any dissolve substance or foreign
matter.
ii. The boiling point of pure water is 100 0 C and melting point is 0 0 C.
iii. However impurities such as salt can increase the boiling point to 102 0 C and lower the
melting / freezing point to -2 0 C. iv. Ice-cream hawkers add salt into the ice box to lower the melting point of ice to prevent the ice
cream from melting too quickly.
v. Workers add salt on the road during winter to prevent the snow from melting too quickly.
16. Experiment : To study the effect of impurities on the boiling point of distilled water SPM 10
i. Variables
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Manipulated : presence of salt
Constant : volume of distilled water
Responding : reading of the thermometer / boiling point
ii. Definition of distilled water – Distilled water is pure water that boil at 100 0C
iii. Definition of impure water – Water that contain dissolve substances that boil at 102 0 C
iv. Inference : Salt can increase the boiling point of distilled water. v. Conclusion : Impurities can affect the boiling point of distilled water.
17. a. Purifying Substances
Distillation (to obtain pure liquid)
- Is the process of boiling the liquid and condensing the vapour into pure liquid.
Liquid Gas Liquid
Distillation of ethanol
Note: Mixture of water and alcohol can be separated by distillation as they have different boiling point. (Alcohol has lower boiling point than water)
b. Crystallisation (to obtain pure solid / salt / sugar) SPM 04 - Is forming of pure sugar crystal from a hot saturated solution of a sugar when it is cooled.
- e.g. mining salt (sodium chloride) from sea water / obtaining sugar from sugar solution / solid
copper sulphate.
Obtaining pure salt crystal
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FORM 4 CHAPTER 5 ENERGY AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
1. a. Physical change (changes in
appearances) SPM 05
b. Chemical change (changes in chemical properties)
SPM 05
- No new substance formed
- Chemical property remains the
same
- Reversible
- Little energy is required
- Alters the form / appearance
- Examples:
i. melting, condensation
ii. boiling, sublimation
iii. solubility, freezing
iv. evaporation, dissolvingv. crystalisation
vi. distillation
- Form new substance
- Different from original
- Involves absorption / release of heat
- Irreversible
- Plenty of energy required
- Chemical property changes
- Examples:
i. Burning of paper / petrol / magnesium /
aluminium
ii. Rusting of iron / respiration
iii. Change in colour of sliced apple / digestioniv. Neutralization, decomposition
v. Heating iron with sulphur
vi. Heating copper carbonate / zinc carbonate
vii. Putting calcium into water
2. Heat change in Chemical Reaction SPM 09
a. Exothermic reaction
(releasing heat to form bond)b. Endothermic reaction
(absorb heat to break bond)
- Surrounding temperature increase
-Examples: Temperature of the solution rise when
Sodium hydroxide crystals dissolve into water
i. magnesium ribbon is burned in air
ii. calcium hydroxide or zinc reacts with dilute
hydrochloric acid
iii. concentrated sulphuric acid is dissolved in
water
-Absorb heat to break bonds.
-Surrounding temperature lowered
-Examples:
i. solid Ammonium Chloride is
dissolved in water
ii. solid Potassium Nitrate dissolved
in water
iii. reaction of Zinc and Copper
Sulphate
3. Reactivity Series of Metals a.
Very
reactive
Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium
React withwater
React with
steam
to produce
alkali +
hydrogen
Less
reactive
Zinc
Iron
Lead
Tin
Copper
React with acid
→ salt + hydrogen
React with oxygen
→ metal oxide
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Non-
reactive
Mercury
Silver
Platinum
Gold
Free pure elements
b. Metal + Water / steam → Alkali + Hydrogen Magnesium + Water → Magnesium hydroxide + Hydrogen
Aluminium + Steam → Aluminium oxide + Hydrogen
* more reactive metal produce more hydrogen
c. Reactivity of metal with acid SPM 03/07/11/12
SPM 07Relationship:The volume of gas increase with time.
Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen
Zinc + Sulphuric acid → Zinc sulphate + Hydrogen
Iron +Hydrochloric
acid→ Iron chloride + Hydrogen
Extraction of ore by
b. i. Electrolysis Process
- Metals which are located higher than carbon in the reactivity series can be extracted using the
electrolysis process. These metals are more reactive than carbon therefore can’t use reduction
method of carbon.
- e.g. aluminium is extracted from the bauxite ore by electrolysis.
b.ii. Extraction of metal by carbon located below carbon in the reactivity series are extracted by
the reduction method by carbon, such as Zinc, Iron, Tin, Lead, and Copper. SPM 09
a. Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Extraction by electrolysis only because these
metals are more reactive than carbon.
Carbon
Zinc
Iron
LeadTin
Copper
Extraction by reduction method by carbon
because these metals are less reactive than
carbon. Carbon is chosen because it is cheap,
economical and easily available
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Tin Oxide + Carbon → Tin + Carbon dioxide
(cassiterite) (coke) (pure)
Blast Furnacec. The reactivity can also be used to forecast whether a particular metal can extract another oxide.
For example, aluminium which is located higher than lead in the series is more reactive. Therefore, it
can remove oxygen from the lead oxide
Aluminium + Lead oxide → Aluminium oxide + Lead
Electrolysis Break compound into its elements using electricity
(Electric energy → Chemical energy)
1 a. Electrolysis of Copper Chloride Solution
Anode Cathode
- Chloride gas is produced./turn
damp litmus paper into red
- Chlorine ions release
electrons to become chlorine
atoms
- CleCl →−−
- Copper is deposited.
- Copper ions receive
electrons to become
copper atoms
- CueCu →+ −+
b. Electrolysis used for
i. Extraction of metals iii. Electroplating of metals
ii. Purification of metals
Note: Advantages of using carbon is:
i) economical
ii) easily available
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2a. Extraction of Metals ( Aluminium from bauxite)
c. Electroplating of Metals (Electroplating iron nail with copper)
**Note: Copper (ll) sulphate solutions colour unchanged because the copper ions that deposited onto
the cathode is replaced by copper ions that dissolved from the anode.
i. The aims / advantage of electroplating:
a) Prevent the metal from corrosion (rusting)
b) Make the metal look more attractive
ii. The following methods should be taken into consideration to obtain a good quality and
attractive electroplated product.
a) The surface of the metal to be plated must be clean by sand paper beforehand.
b) Electric current supplied should not be too big
c) Dilute electrolyte should be used.
d) The period of electroplating should take a longer time.
e) The nail must be rotated slowly.
iii. The metal used in anode must same with the metal compound solution.iv. The electrolyte must has same type of metal ion with the anode
Note: Cryolite is added to lower the melting
point of the bauxite.
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Electrical Energy from Chemical Reaction 1. Simple cell SPM 04
(Chemical energy → Electrical energy)
i. The less reactive metal like copper is
made the positive electrode (anode).
ii. The more reactive metals like zinc is
made the negative electrode (cathode)
because this metal is more likely release
electrons to form ions.
iii. No electricity is produced when both
metals are the same.
iv. The further the metals apart, the higher
the voltage/current is produced.
2. Cells Primary Secondary
- Non-rechargeable.
- eg:
a. dry alkaline battery (used in torch light)
b. silver-oxide mercury battery (used in
watches/calculators)
- Rechargeable.
- eg:
a. lead acid accumulators (used in car)
b. nickel-cadmium battery (used in
handphone)
3. a. Dry Cell/Alkaline bateries – used in torch light / portable radio.
i. Ammonium chloride paste as electrolyte.
ii. Carbon powder to reduce the resistance.
iii. Manganese oxide to oxidizes the
hydrogen gas produced into water to
reduce the polarisation of the cell.b. Advantages of dry cell
- non-spill over
- small light and portable.
c. Disadvantage- non- rechargeable.
- short life span.
4. Lead - Acid Accumulator (rechargeable) used in car.
Advantages- produce a stable current
- produce higher voltage
- rechargeable
- last longer
Disadvantage
- can spill over
- it is heavy
c. Electroplating of Metals (Electroplating iron nail with copper) SPM 06
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**Note: Copper (ll) sulphate solutions colour unchanged because the copper ions that deposited onto
the cathode is replaced by copper ions that dissolved from the anode.
i. The aims / advantage of electroplating:
a) Prevent the metal from corrosion (rusting)
b) Make the metal look more attractive
ii. The following methods should be taken into consideration to obtain a good quality and
attractive electroplated product.
a) The surface of the metal to be plated must be clean by sand paper beforehand.
b) Electric current supplied should not be too big
c) Dilute electrolyte should be used.
d) The period of electroplating should take a longer time.
e) The nail must be rotated slowly.
iii. The metal used in anode must same with the metal compound solution.
iv. The electrolyte must has same type of metal ion with the anode
Chemical reaction that occur in the presence of light/Photosynthesis Reaction
1. Photographic paper
Silver bromide → light
Silver(darker) + Bromine gas
Argentum chloride → light
Argentum (darker) + Chlorine gas.
2. Chlorine water
Chlorine water → light
Hydrogen chloride + Oxygen
3. Sodium hypochlorite
Sodium hypochlorite solution → light
Sodium chloride + Oxygen
* Photosensitive chemicals above will decompose when exposed to sunlight.
* Therefore must be stored in dark condition.
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FORM 4 CHAPTER 6 NUCLEAR ENERGY
Nuclear Energy and its uses
5. Producing nuclear energy througha. Nuclear fission SPM 06
- A high energy neutron bombards a uranium
nuclease to s plit into two lighter nucleiwith the release of three neutrons and heat
or nuclear energy and radioactive rays.
b. Chain reaction- Is continuous of nuclear fission
6. Nuclear Fusion
- Combination of two light nuclei to form a
bigger nucleus with the release of energy
- Example: Two hydrogen atoms combine to
form a helium atom with the releasing of
nuclear energy in the core of the Sun.
- Occur naturally in the core of the Sun.
7. Uses of Nuclear Energy- To produce electrical energy in a nuclear
reactors using uranium.
- To move submarine / carrier
- To make nuclear bom
FORM 4 CHAPTER 7 LIGHT, COLOUR AND LIGHT
4. Camera
Function
a Diaphragm Control the amount of light
b Aperture Allow the light to enter
c Shutter Control the duration of light
exposure
d Focus
adjuster
Adjust the position of the
image on the film./ produce
sharp image.
e Film Formation of image / capture
image
Image formation in an eye
5. Type of image
a) Real b) Virtual
- eye
- camera
- convex lens
- microscope
- telescope
- mirror
- periscope
- magnifying glass
- concave lens
- convex lens
Formation of Image by Optical Instruments
1. Mirror- Periscope in submarine, double-decker bus
or too see over the wall.
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2. Convex lensa. Magnifying glass
b. Telescope – the image is at infinity, virtual
and inverted.
– 0 f f e <
c. Microscope – the final image is virtual,
inverted and enlarged.
- e f f
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i. White light disperses because white light
consists of different light colours.
ii. which travel at different velocities
iii. refracted at different angles when
dispersed by a glass prism.
b. When the spectrum is combined, a white light
is produced
c. Natural phenomena of dispersion of light/
spectrum..
i. Rainbow
ii. Soap bubbles
5. Light colour SPM 10/12
a.
Primary colours- Original colour that can’t form by any
combination of light colours.
- Red + Blue + Green = White
b. Secondary colours
- consists of two primary colours combined
together.
i.
Red + Blue→
Magenthaii. Red + Green → Yellow
iii. Blue + Green → Cyan
6. Colour filter. SPM 05/10/11/12
a. Only allow light colour which is same
colour to pass through.
b. Other colours are absorbed
7. Colour object a. Only reflect light colour which is same
colour with the object
b. Other colours are absorbed
Primary + Primary → Secondary
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- Using tall chimney to disperse
smokes.
g. Incinerator
- burn waste products inside
incinerator to prevent releasing of
toxic gases
11. Types of pollution Effect Solving Method
Air pollution Lungs cancer
Asthmatic- Use electrostatic precipitator in chimney
- Ban open burning
- Burn in incinerator
Water pollution Cholera - Enforcement of laws
- Recycling the waste
- ‘Love our river’ campaign
FORM 5 Chapter 1 Microorganisms and Their Effects on Living Thing
1.1 5 Groups of Microorganisms / Microbes
1. Bacteria
i. unicellular
ii. with cell wall
iii. do not have nucleus
iv. some can move with flagella.v. reproduce by binary fission or
conjugation
vi. when condition unfavourable, it
becomes spore. Spores can only be
destroyed by heat over 120°C in an
autoclave.
vii. some bacteria has chlorophyll to make
own food but some are parasites or
saprophytes.
b. 4 types of bacteria according to its shape.i. Spherical
ii. Rod-shaped
iii. Comma-
shaped
iv. Spiral / Spring
– shaped
2. Fungi
i. Reproduce by spores like mucor or
budding like yeast.
ii. Do not have chlorophyll / cannot make
food by photosynthesis.
Fungi
Unicellular Multicellular
- such as yeast,
mucor or
penicillium
- such as mushroom
Fungi
Saprophytic Parasite
eg: mucor feeds on
decaying organic
matter.
eg: ringworm sucks
nutrients from the
living organism.
3. Protozoa - unicellular
- eg: amoeba and paramecium.
- Reproduce by binary fission
amoeba paramecium
4. Viruses
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a. smallest microorganisms that can passthrough filter.
b. come in many geomical shapes.
c. are living things because they:
i. can reproduce
ii. have nucleic acids
d. are not living things because they:
i. do not respire, feed or excrete
ii. can be crystallized when the condition
is unfavourable.
e. can only reproduce in a living host cell(parasite)
f. cannot be destroyed by antibiotic.
5. Algae (green plant / producer)
- Contain chloroplast and can make own
food by photosynthesis.
- Reproduce by binary fission,
fragmentation or conjugation.
Algae
Unicellular Multicellular
Euglena
Chlamydomonas
Pleurococcus
Spirogyra
Seaweeds Hydra
1.3 Uses of microorganisms 1. Food digestion
a. protozoa / bacteria that live in the alimentary canal of herbivores such as rabbit / cow produce
cellulose enzyme to digest cellulose.
b. bacteria in human large intestine help to digest food and produce vitamin K / B 12 .
2. Decaying process / putrefaction / decomposition a. bacteria / fungi decompose dead organisms into simple molecules to be returned to nature / be
recycled (to maintain the carbon-cycle).
b. Bacteria are also used to decompose organic waste such as oil palm / paddy wastes to produce
methane gas.
3. Medicine
a. Bacteria / fungi can produce antibiotics and vaccines.b. antibiotic from bacteria / fungi can be used to treat diseases caused by bacteria.
Antibiotic can treat diseases caused by bacteria
Penicillin gonorrhea, syphilis and pheumonia
Streptomycin tuberculosisTetracycline respiratory tract, syphilis and acne.
c. However, antibiotics are not effective against viruses or cure diseases caused by virus such as
Aids / Hepatitis, cold and Dengue.
4. Agriculture a. Putrefying bacteria / fungi adds humus and improves the fertility of the soil.
b. Nitrogen – fixing bacteria found in the root nodules of leguminous plants provide the plants with
nitrates.
c. Microorganisms are also used in biological control to eliminate pests, example,
i. Bacterium to destroy beetles.
ii. Virus to destroy rabbits.
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5. Industry
a. Food industry
- Example:
i. Alcoholic drinks
- wine, beer, brandy
- Yeast carries out fermentation on glucose to produce ethanol.
ii. Bread, cake - Carbon dioxide is produced during fermentation of yeast. Thesecarbon dioxide bubbles make the dough rise so that the bread is
soft.
iii. Cheese, cream,
yogurt & butter
- Bacteria / fungi is used to ferment milk into cheese, butter,
yogurt and cream.
iv. Soy sauce - Yeast
v. Vinegar -
vi. Tea leaves -
b. Rope industry
c. Leather industry
d. Cleansingeg: Purify petroleum and mineral ores (bacteria are used to eat up the impurities)
1.4 Harmful effect of microorganisms
a. Pathogens - Are microorganisms that are harmful and cause diseases.
b. Tooth decay
(caries)
- The bacteria in the plaque act on the food residue to produces lactic acid
which corrodes the tooth.
c. Food
poisoning
- Food that contaminated by microorganisms that produce toxins which
cause illness.
- Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhoea
8. Diseases
Pathogen Diseases Symptoms
Tuberculosis
(T.B)
Chest pain, cough, fever, night sweats, fatigue, weight loss,
shortness of breath, loss of appetite, coughing up blood.
a. Bacteria
Cholera Vomiting, severe diarrhoea, dehydration of body, stomach
cramps.
Gonorrphea Discharge of pus from the genitals, painful urination.Veneral
diseaseSyphilis Fever, swollen lymph nodes, lesions throughout the body,
patchy hair loss on the head.
b. Fungi Tinea or ringworm Ring-shaped infection on the skin, red and scaly patches thatitch.
c. Protozoa Malaria Bouts of high fever, sweating and shivering, nausea, muscle
pain.
Common cold Sneezing, runny nose, fever, sore throat, fatique, headache,
general aches and pain.
Dengue fever Headache, high fever, severe pain in joints and muscles, sore
throat, skin rashes.
Hepatitis Fever, jaundice (yellowing of the skin), dark-coloured urine,
weight loss
d. Viruses
(can be
cured by
antibiotic
or vaccine)
AIDS (Acquired Swollen lymph nodes, infections by bacteria, viruses and fungi,
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Immune Deficiency
Syndrome)
weight loss, skin rashes, fatigue, fever, diarrhoea.
9.
The spread of diseases Ways of prevention
a. Infection through air /droplets - are known as airborne diseases which affect the
respiratory system such as tuberculosis, common cold
and pheumonia.
- Covering the nose/mouth whensneezing/coughing.
- Do not split.
- Avoiding crowded area.
- Home is brightly lit and airy.
b. Infection through water
- Waterborne diseases which affect the digestive system
such as cholera, typhoid fever and amoebic dysentery.
- Spread through water that contaminated by faeces of
infected person, carcase or poor sanitation system.
- Improving sanitary system.
- Drink boiled water.
- Adding chlorine into tap water.
c. Infection through food- Food contaminated by houseflies, cockroaches or dirty
hand.
- Covering the food.- Wash hands after using the
toilet.
- Cook food thoroughly.
d. Infection through contact
- Spread of Aids by HIV viruses through direct contact
such as sexual activities, sharing of syringe, blood
transfusion or mother to baby during delivery.
- Tinea/Ringworm and white spot through indirect
contact of sharing towels, clothes, shoes or combs.
- Maintaining one’s personal
hygiene.
- Avoid sharing personal
belongings such as towels,
shoes.
3.
Infection through vectors- Vectors are animals or insects that transfer pathogens. -
Eliminate the breeding groundsof vectors.
10. Pathogens – microorganisms that cause disease.
11. Vectors – insects or animals that carry pathogens that cause disease.
Vectors Diseases
a. Aedes mosquitoes carry virus Dengue.
b. Anophelcs mosquitoes carry protozoa Malaria
c. Culex mosquitoes Japanese encephalitis (JE)
d. Houseflies and Cockroaches carry
bacteria
Food poisoning such as cholera, typhoid fever,
amoebic dysentery, food poisoning.
e. Fleas Typhus, bubonic plague.
12. Controlling the breeding of mosquitoes.
Life cycle of mosquitoes Ways of controlling
a. Egg- Mosquitoes lay eggs in stagnant
water such as ponds, clogged drains
and flower pots / old tyres which
hold water.
- Eliminate these breeding grounds.
- Unclogged the drain to clear the
stagnant water.
- Containers / old tyres which hold
water should be buried.
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Larva
- Feeds on algae in the water.
- Breathe through the water surface.
- Raring guppies / fish to eat up the
larvae or pupae (a biological control
method that never harm the
environment).
b.
i.
ii.
Pupae
- Breathe through a pair of breathingtubes on the water surface.
- Adding oil onto the water surface to
prevent larvae / pupae frombreathing.
c. Adult mosquitoes- Only female mosquitoes suck
human blood.
- It secretes saliva to prevent clotting
of blood.
- The pathogens enter the human
body together with this saliva.
- Cutting down bushes / tall grass to
eliminate the hiding place of
mosquitoes.
- Carry out fogging / spraying
insectides.
- Sleep under a mosquito net or cover
windows / doors with wire gauze.
Life cycle of houseflies Ways of controllingd. Housefly
- Mature female housefly lays eggs
in rubbish dumps / faeces / food
that left exposed.
e. Egg- It will hatch within a day to
become larva.
f. Larva / Maggots
- Within five days turns into pupae.
g. Pupa
- Undergo metamorphosis and turn
into housefly in three days.
1. Get rid of breeding grounds such
as rubbish dumps and exposed
faeces / food.
2. Rubbish bins should be covered.
3. Build more hygienic toilets with
flush facility.
4. Food should always be covered.
13. Sterilisation
- Ways of sterilization:
Sterilisation
a. Sterilisation by heat b. Sterilisation by chemicals c. Sterilisation by radiations
i. Cooking food to kill
microorganisms.ii. Boiling water 100°C to
kill microorganisms such
as boiling feeding bottle.
iii. To kill the spores, an
autoclave / pressurecooker is used to
achieve 120°C.
i. Antiseptics are chemicals
used to kill microorganismson the skin / wounds such as
dettol, burnol or iodine which
do not kill the tissues.
ii. Disinfectants such as chlorox,
formalin and chlorine which
are stronger chemical used to
sterilise buildings, toilets,
utensils or clothing.
i. Using gamma rays to
sterilise drugs, vaccines orsurgical instruments.
ii. Using ultraviolet to
sterilise mattresses or
pillow.
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14. Treating diseases caused by microorganisms
a. Antibiotic
(penicillin)
- Obtained from bacteria / fungi to kill /inhibit the growth of other
microorganisms.
- Disease caused by bacteria or fungi such as Tuberculosis, Cholera,
Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Tinea or ringworm can be treated by antibiotic.
- However, antibiotic is not affective against diseases caused by virus suchas Cold, Hepatitis, Dengue or Aids.
b. Antifungal drugs - To treat diseases caused by fungi such as athlete’s foot and ringworm.
c. Vaccine - Weakened / dead pathogens (bacteria / fungi) that can stimulate the
white blood cells to produce antibodies when injected into the body.
d. Antibodies - Produced by the white blood cells when the body injected with vaccine=
can fight pathogens
e. Serum - Animals’ antibodies which give immediate immunization when injected
into the body. (Artificial Passive Immunization)
f. Chemotherapy - Can be in the form of lotion to apply on the skin or taken through the
mouth.g. Radiotherapy - Using radioactive rays to treat skin diseases, tumours and cancer.
h. Surgery - To remove seriously infected organs that drugs failed to treat.
i. Vaccination - Injected the body with vaccine dose.
15. Dangers of using drugs without prescription and medical advice
a. The course of antibiotics taken must be completed to ensure that all the pathogens are killed.
b. Any pathogens that left behind may lead to a reoccurrence of the diseases.
c. The antibiotics may lose its effectiveness as the pathogens has build up resistance.
d. Taking too much / often antibiotics will kill the friendly bacteria in our alimentary tract and affect
our digestive system.
e. Antibiotics may cause allergies to certain people, e.g.: cause rashes, swelling, inflammation, heart
palpitations or death.
f. Some drugs must be taken on an empty stomach and some be taken after meals.
FORM 5 CHAPTER 2 NUTRITION AND FOOD PRODUCTION
NUTRITION AND GOOD EATING HABIT
1. Calorific value.
- Is the energy content of a food / energy
produced when 1 g of food completelyburnt in air.
- Can be measured by using a Bomb
Calorimeter.
2a. Calorific value of
i. Carbohydrates = 17.2kJ -1g
ii. Protein = 22.2kJ 1g −
iii. Fats = 38.5kJ -1g (2 x carbohydrates)
(highest calorific value)
1 calorie = heat required to rise 1 g of
water to 1°C
Vegetables, vitamins, water and mineralsdo not contain any energy at all.
b. A pupil takes 20g of bread and 100g of
milk. What is the total energy consumed?
Answer:
Bread: J kJgg 3442.1720 1 =× −
Milk : J kJgg 22202.22100 1 =× −
Total = 2564 J
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3. Food Function Deficiency Excessive
1.Carbohydrates
- Starch
- Glucose / Sugar
- Cellulose / Fibre
supply
energy
Marasmus /
underweight
Coma
constipation
Obesity
Diabetes
2.Protein (amino acid) build tissues Kwashiorkor Change into urea by liver.
3. Fats supply heat
energy
Underweight, Vitamins
such as A, D, E and K
cannot be dissolved.
Cholesterol, heart attack,
arteriosclerosis and high
blood pressure.
4. Vitamins Function Deficiency
A Maintains healthy skin and eye sight. Night blindness
B Needed in cellular respiration, maintains a
healthy nervous system.
Lost of appetite, beri-beri,
pellagra.
C Wound heals faster, healthy skin and gums,
prevents spreading of disease.
Scurvy / Gum bleeding
D Help clotting of blood, help body to absorb
calcium, can be formed by our skin when
expose to ultra violet light.
Hemophilia , Rickets , Dental
decay, Osteomalacia,
Osteoporosis
E Maintain the reproductive system. Sterility / infertility
K Clotting of blood. Hemophilia / Blood hard to clot
7. Minerals Function Deficiency
Calcium
Formation of bones, teeth and clotting of
blood.
Hemophilia, rickets, muscle
cramps, dental decay,
osteoporosis.
PhosphorusFormation of bones and teeth. Rickets , dental decay,
osteoporosis.
Sodium Build up plasma. Muscle cramps
IodineObtain from seaweed and seafood, to prevent
goitre.
Goitre
IronBuild haemoglobin in red blood cells. Obtain
from liver or spinach.
Anaemia
THE NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT OF PLANTS1.
Nutrients needed by plants
a. Macronutrients b. Micronutrients
- nutrients that are needed in large quantities
- etc; carbon , hydrogen , oxygen , nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium ,calcium, magnesium
and sulphur.
-nutrients that are needed in small
quantities
-etc; boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum,
manganese, iron.
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FORM 5CHAPTER 3 PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION OF THE
ENVIRONMENT
1. Natural cycles include
a. Nitrogen cycle b. Carbon cycle c. Water cycle
2a. Nitrogen cycle
Atmospheric nitrogen
Death
animals / plants
Decomposition
(Putrefaction)
Ammonium compound
Lightning
Denitrifying
bacteria
Nitrogen fixation(Nitrogen – fixing
bacteria in root nodules)
Nitrates in the
soil Nitrifying bacteria
b. Carbon cycle
c. Water cycle
Atmospheric carbon
dioxide
Respiration Photosynthesis
Animals Plant
Combustion
Fossil / wood
Decomposes
Death
Respiration
nutrition
Death
Decomposition
(microorganism)
dead
organisms
condensationCloud Water Vapour
Evaporation Respiration Transpiration
Rain
Pond / river / sea → drink Animals Plants
3. Food Chain - is transfer of energy from the producer to consumers.
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Sunlight
(main source
of energy)
Nitrates
(SimplerMolecules)
Paddy
(producer)
can make food byphotosynthesis
Death
Worm
(primary
consumers)
Death
Chicken
(secondary
consumers)
Death
Eagle
(tertiary
consumers)
Death
Decomposes (bacteria / fungi)
4. a. Food web- is the interaction of a few food chains.
b. Pyramid number
5. Natural disaster disrupts the natural cycles and food web.
12. Effects of Greenhouse effect / Global
warming
a. sea levels increase due to iceberg melting
at the poles of the earth
b. droughts which causes low yield of crops
and famine
13. Carbon monoxide
- from exhaust fumes of vehicles can reduce
intake of oxygen to the brain.
14. Sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide and
nitrogen dioxide can cause acid rain which
carrode buildings and roof-top.
15. (Euthrophication Process) Excessive
chemical fertillser can dissolve into rain water
and flow into pond cause algae to grow. When
algae dies, it decays and reduces the amount at
oxygen and cause the fish to die.
16. Ways to solve green house effects
- Reforestation/tree replanting
- Ban open burning
- Reduce vehicles on the road / practice car-
pool system
FORM 5 CHAPTERS 4 Carbon Compounds
1. Carbon Compounds
Natural disasters Effects
i. Volcanic eruption - Change the physical condition of the earth.
ii. Earth quake - Destroy the organism and their habitats.
iii. Drought - Disrupts the food web.
iv. Flood - Causes soil erosion and landslides.
v. Typhoon - Destroy buildings, habitats, death.
vi. Forest fire - Destroy habitats.
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a. Carbon – is a non-metallic element but conduct electric.
b. Carbon
Diamond Graphite
– hardest form of carbon
– used to make jewellery
– can cut glass
– soft and slippery
– Used to make pencil’s lead
Carbon Compounds
Organic SPM 11 Inorganic
c.
- Derived from living things (plants / animals)
- Contain a lot of carbon atoms
- e.g. 6126 O H C .
- Dissolve in organic solvents such as ether,
alcohol, petrol or chloroform.
-
Has low melting or boiling points.- e.g. alcohol, sugar, fats, protein, fossil fuels or
hydrocarbon (petroleum, coal, natural gas).
- Derived from minerals in the earth.
- Contains few carbon atoms
- e.g. 2CO .
- Dissolve in inorganic solvents such as
water, acids and alkalis.
- Generally more stable with high melting
/ boiling points.
- e.g. carbon dioxide, copper carbonate,
calcium carbonate / lime stone / marble.
2. Hydrocarbon SPM 07 a. Consists of hydrogen and carbon
elements only.
b. Natural sources of hydrocarbons are fossil
fuels such as:
i. Coal
ii. Natural gas such as ethane, butane,propane….
iii. Petroleum
c. Petroleumi. Contains a mixture of hydrocarbons.
ii. Can be separated by fractional
distillation because each hydrocarbon
has different boiling points.
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iii. Fraction of petroleum and its uses.
Fraction Main uses
1. Petroleum gas - Fuel for cooking and making plastic.
2. Petrol - Fuel for motorcycles, cars and
aeroplanes (vehicles).3. Naphtha - Fuel for airplanes and making
synthetic rubbers / candle.
4. Kerosene - Fuel for jet planes and kerosene
lamps and for making detergents.
5. Diesel - Fuel for diesel engines and boilers.
6. Lubricating oil - Engine lubricant and to make polish.
7. Fuel oil - Fuel for ships and electrical
generators.
8.
Paraffin-
For making wax and polish.9. Bitumen - For covering roads and as a coating
for underground pipes.
Earlier fractions
Lower boiling point
Less dense / lighter
Less viscous
Less yellowish
Less carbon / soot
Better fuels
Later fractionsMore dense / heavy
More viscous
More brownish
More carbon / soot
Higher boiling points
7. Uses of alcohol
a. Ethanol is used to make alcoholic drinks
such as beer, wine, brandy and whisky.
b. Organic solvents for shellac, inks,
perfumes, cosmetics, or medicine such as
cough mixture.
c. Disinfectant to kill microorganism e.g. is
rubbed on skin before an injection is given.
d. Antiseptics such as iodine solutions.
e. Ether is used to prepare artificial flavours.
f. As fuels, burn completely without soot.
g. Methanol to prepare formalin for
preservation.
h. To make ethanoic acid / vinegar.
i. Thermometric liquid to measure
temperature.
8. Effects of excessive consumption of alcohol
on health
a. cause nervous system slows down.
b. Become drunk, poor body coordination and
cause accidents.
c. Damage the stomach, liver (cirrhosis),
kidneys and heart.
d. cause addiction and social problems.
e. cause retardation to foetal growth.
9. Fats is molecule of Glycerol and Fatty acid.
- Consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Provide double energy than carbohydrate.
- As insulator for our body.
- Solvent for vitamins A, D, E and K.
- Excessive cause obesity and raise the level
of cholesterol.
SPM 11
Fats
Saturated Unsaturated
- contains maximum hydrogen atoms.
- Mainly animal fats.
- Solid in room temperature.
- Raise the cholesterol level.
- Higher melting point.
- e.g. butter, cheese, ghee, meat…..
- still can receive hydrogen atoms
- Mainly plant oil.
- Liquid form in room temperature.
- Cholesterol free
- e.g. palm oil, corn oil, peanut oil, soy oil, olive
oil …….
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10. Hydrogenation process
19. Natural Rubber / latexa. Polymer latex is formed from monomer
isoprene
b. Properties of rubber / latexi. soft, low melting point, not resistant to
heat
ii. elastic, insulator to electricity
iii. dissolves in organic solvents such as
benzene or carbon disulphide
20. Action of Acid on Latex / Rubber
SPM 09/12
Coagulation of latex
liquidlatex / rubber
+formic
acid→
coagulatelatex / rubber
a. Rubber is consists of polymer molecules
which is surround by a protein membrane
which is negative charged.
b. These negative charged repel one another
and prevent the rubber molecules fromcoagulate.
c. When acid (formic acid) is added, positive
charged hydrogen ions from the acids
neutralize the negative charges on the
protein membrane.
d. When the rubber molecules collide one
another, the protein membranes break
e. The rubber molecules are released and
combined to coagulate
Acid added+ H hydrogen ion
21. When it is kept for a long time, bacteria in
the air can produce lactic acid which
coagulates the latex as well
22. Ammonia or any alkali solution can beadded to latex to prevent coagulation
because negatively charged hydroxial ions of
ammonia solution can
i. neutralize any positively charged hydrogen
ions from acids that presence
ii. prevent the growth of bacteria.
23. Vulcanisation of rubber
a. Natural rubber which is soft, easily
stretched and cannot withstand heat can
be vulcanised with sulphur to be morehard, elastic, resistant to heat and stronger.
b. Vulcanised rubber is used to make
i. tyres
ii. rubber hose
iii. basket ball
iv. Shoe sole
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c. Vulcanisation Process
+
Natural rubber Sulphur atoms Vulcanised rubber
- soft
- not heat resistant - Sulphur atoms crossed-links between
the rubber molecules to prevent it
from sliding over one another.
- Become harder, heat resistant and
more elastic.
- Used to make tyres, rubber hose or
basket ball.
FORM 5 Chapter 5 MOTION
SPEED, VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION
1 a. Speed 1−== ms
Time
Distance b. Velocity
1−== mstakenTime
directionwithDistance
c. Acceleration
- is change of velocity per unit time
- Acceleration takenTime
velocityofChange=
takenTime
velocityInitial-velocityFinal=
1−=−
= mst
uva
2. Ticker – Timer
Ticker Tape Pattern Interpretation Grapha.
Direction of motion
Uniform distance
between two
consecutive dots
Uniform speed or
uniform velocity
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Direction of motion
Distance between
dots increases
uniformly Speed or velocity
increases
- increasing
velocity
b.
c.
Direction of motion
Distance between
dot decreases
uniformly
Speed or velocity
decreases
- decreasing
velocity
MOMENTUMMomentum = mass × velocity Momentum = m × v
= kg × ms-1
a. i. ( momentum ↑ = mass ↑ × velocity )
Mass increase momentum increase
ii. ( momentum ↑ = mass × velocity ↑ ) Velocity increase momentum increase
iii. Hypothesis
The bigger the mass / velocity, the greater
the momentum.
b. Conservation of momentum
i. During collision the total momentum of
the system remains unchanged.
ii. Total momentum = Total momentum
before collision after collision c. Types of collisions
i. Inelastic collision ( bodies stick together
after collision)
m1u1 + m 2 u 2 = (m1 + m 2 )v
ii. Elastic collision (bodies separate after
collision)
m1u1 + m 2 u 2 = m1v1 + m 2v 2
d. Applications of Momentumi. Pile driver (has high momentum due to big
mass)ii. Bullet fired from a gun (has high
momentum due to high velocity)
iii. Steam roller ( has high momentum due to
big mass)
iv. Rocket
- The exhaust gases from the combustion
chamber of a rocket escape from the
back with great force.
- This creates a great momentum
backwards.- This backward momentum creates an
equally big forward momentum, which
pushes the rocket forward (This uses
the principle that every action creates
an equal and opposite direction)
e. Safety Measures in Motor Vehiclesi. Force = rate of change of momentum
takenTime
momentumof Change=
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takenTime
momentumInitial - momentumFinal=
Force F =t
mu - mv
ii. F ↓ ↑
=t
mu - mv
Note: Force is reduced, when time taken is
increased
f. Parts of the motor are specially designed to
increase the time taken in order to reduce
the force.
i. has front and rear crumple zones to absorb
force.
ii. has soft bumper to increase the time of
collision
iii. has air bags / safety belt to reduce the
impact.iv. Bumpers – Soft to increase the time of
collision to reduce the force
Motion of Vehicle in WaterType Picture Characteristic
Ship - A small ship may be driven by a diesel engine.
- A large ship is driven by a steam turbine.
- In a steam turbine, steam under high pressure pushes
the fixed blades and rotates the drive shaft.
- The rotating drive shaft spins the propeller of the
ship. When the propeller spins and pushes the water
backwards, a forward momentum of equal force is
produced. This forward momentum or thrust pushes
the ship forward. - A ship also has a rudder. This rudder controls the
direction of motion of the ship.
Hovercraft - A hovercraft moves on a cushion of air on the surface
of the sea.
- A powerful engine produces a cushion of air between
the surface of the sea and the bottom of the
hovercraft. This reduces greatly the friction between
the water and the bottom of the hovercraft. This
enables the hovercraft to move forward speedily.
- The large fans on top of the hovercraft produce astrong backward wind. This creates an equally strong
forward momentum which pushes the hovercraft
forward.
Hydrofoil - A hydrofoil has special wing-shaped structures, called
hydrofoils, attached to the lower surface.
- When the boat moves forward at a high speed, the
hydrofoils below the boat are lifted slightly above the
surface of the sea.
- This decreases the friction between the surface of the
sea and the bottom of the boat.
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- With less friction, the boat is able to travel much
faster.
2. Streamlined shape
a. Enable object to move easily in water with little resistance (reduce friction)
b. eg : fish , ship, torpedo and etc.
Archimedes’ Principle SPM 12
Upthrust force
= weight of the object
= weight of water displaced
= mg
= pvg
Upthrust
= weight – weight
on air in water
= 0.8 – 0.6= 0.2N
Note: Denser water such as seawater which contain salt produce bigger upthrust.
The denser the water, the greater the upthrust / the lighter the object float.
Application of Archimedes’ Principle
1. Plimsoll line- show how much the ship can be safety loaded when sailing in the sea
2. Submarine SPM 08
- A submarine has ballast tanks. The submarine becomes dense and submerged in the sea whenthe ballast tanks are filled with the sea water.
- The submarine becomes less dense and rises to the surface when the ballast tanks are emptied.
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Picture Characteristics
Aircraft
- When an aircraft is in flight, the shape of its
wings causes air to move faster above the
wings than below the wings. This creates
slower pressure above the wings. Air pushing
upwards on the wings produces a lift (upwardforce).
- When an aircraft is flying with a uniform
velocity at affixed height, then:
Hot air
balloon
- The hot air inside the balloon is less dense
than the atmospheric air.
- The weight of air displaced by the balloon is
heavier than the weight of the balloon and itshot air.
How Jet Engine Work
Structure of a jet engine
i. Air is sucked into the compressor
ii. The compressor compresses the air into very hot air
iii. In the combustion chamber the kerosene fuel is
sprayed into the hot air
iv. The mixture of hot air and fuel will burn with
explosive force and produce a great backward
momentum.v. According to conservation of momentum an equal
forward momentum is produced and pushes the jet
forward.
vi. A jet plane uses oxygen from the atmosphere and
can’t fly beyond the atmosphere. It never carries its
own supply of oxygen.
Rocket Engine
Structure of a rocket engine
i. A rocket carries liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen.
ii. They are burned with great explosive force in the
combustion chamber.
iii. Hot exhaust gases produce a great momentum
downward.
iv. According to the conservation of momentum, this
produces an equal great momentum upward which push
the rocket upwards.
v. Rocket can move beyond the atmosphere because it
carries its own supply of fuel and oxygen.
vi. A rocket travels with increasing acceleration because
- air resistance decreases with high and zero at
outerspace.
Thrust = drag
Lift = wei ht
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- gravitational attraction decrease with height.
- the rocket’s mass decrease as the rocket’s body is
shedded by stages
Application of Bernoulli’s Principle SPM 10 1. Aerofoil
i. The high speed of air moving above the aerofoil produces a low pressure.
ii. The slower speed of air moving below the aerofoil produces higher pressure.iii. The differentiate of pressure cause an uplift force on the aerofoil.
2. Other apparatus using Bernoulli’s Principle SPM 10
a. Bunsen burner b. Filter pump c. Insecticide spray
Bernoulli’s Principle- States that the pressure decreases when the speed of fluid / gas increases.
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Bernoulli Effects
Diagram Activity and observation Reason
Blow hard across the surface
of a sheet of paper held
horizontally in front of the
mouth. This causes the paperto rise.
The air moving across the top of
the paper at a fast speed causes
a region of low air pressure
above the paper. Atmosphericpressure below the paper pushes
the paper upwards.
Blow air at a fast speed down
the filter funnel. The ping
pong ball does not fall.
The air pressure in the space
above the ball is lowered
because of the fast flowing air.
Atmospheric pressure which is
greater pushes up the ball and
supports it.
Hang a ping pong or
polystyrene ball near a fast
stream of water from a tap.
The ball is attracted towards
the water.
The fast moving stream of
water produces a region of low
air pressure around it.
Atmospheric pressure being
greater, pushes the ball towards
the water.
FORM 5 Chapter 6 Food Technology and Production
1. The purpose of processing fooda. to kill microorganisms. (preserve the
food)
b. extend the shelf life of the food
/making the food last longer
c. adding nutrients to the food.
d. Making the food looked attractive, delicious and
easier to digest.
e. making the food easier to be stored and transported.
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CHAPTER 7 SYNTHETIC MATERIALS IN INDUSTRY
1.a. Polymer is along chain of molecules / monomers that are combined together.
b. Natural polymer are latex (isoprene), starch, protein and cellulose.(from plants/animal)
c.
2. Comparison
Natural rubber Synthetic rubber
Similarities
- Both are carbon compounds
- Insulator to electricity
- Both exist as polymers
Differences
- Very elastic - Less elastic
- Not so airtight / permeable - Airtight / non-permeable
- Low heat tolerance - High heat tolerance
- Good absorber of sound and pressure - Poor absorber of sounds and pressure
- Easy to vulcanize by sulphur atoms - Difficult to vulcanize by sulphur atoms
- Easy to oxidise / unstable - Difficult to oxidise / stable
- eg.: Latex (glove, raincoat) - eg.: Neoprene, Thiokol, SBR (tyre. Stopper.
hoses)
d. Advantages of satellite communication
i. multicasting of sending message to unlimited end-users.
ii. least disturbance or interference
iii. provide wide coverage and live telecast
iv. low cost of maintenance