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SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
SPM 10
UNDERSTANDING THE GAMESport participation in Europe
Jeroen Scheerder1
H. Vandermeerschen1, C. Van Tuyckom2,3,R. Hoekman4, K. Breedveld4 and S. Vos1,5
1 Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven, Belgium2 Health & Demographic Research, Ghent University, Belgium3 Institut für Europäische Sportentwicklung & Freizeitforschung, DSHS, Germany4 WJH Mulier Institute, the Netherlands5 Policy Research Centre for Culture, Youth & Sport, Belgium
Sport Policy & Management
MEASURE Network
10/7/2011 SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
Outline
1. Sport participation research in
Europe
2. Some findings from recent
report on sport participation
3. Implications for sport policy at
European level
A free copy of the full version of the SPM10 report is available athttp://faber.kuleuven.be/spm/
LEISURE TIME SPORTELITE SPORT
professionalinternationalmediatisedoften paid
non-paidactive or passive
during leisure time
MASS SPORTMEDIA SPORT
watching sportphysically passive
sport public
doing sportphysically activesport participant
PARTICIPATION SPORTPERFORMANCE SPORT
Competitiveresult driven
competing and winningprinciple of exclusion
recreationalprocess driven
having /taking partprinciple of inclusion
Club organisedInformally organised(non-traditional forms
of organisation)Individual Club organised
Informally organised(non-traditional forms
of organisation)Individual
Source: Scheerder et al. (2011: 17)
European sport federations
National sport federations
Regional sport federations
Sport clubs
Source: European Commission (1999)
Pyramid Model of Sport
Source: Scheerder et al. (2011)
COMPETITIVE SPORT
ELITE SPORT
HIGH LEVEL COMPETITIVE SPORT
RECREATIONAL SPORT
Church Model of Sport
10/7/2011 SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
from a welfare state perspective sport participation/inclusion in
sport = human right (cfr. Sport for All Charter)
increasing participation/inclusion should be at core of any sport
policy
demand for basic data, f.i. benchmarks, facts & figures, monitors, …
available data
• rather isolated research projects
• weaknesses wrt comparability / trends
Sport participation in Europe
10/7/2011 SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
European Sport Participation Research – the early days
1970 present
Council of Europe as a driving force1
97
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10/7/2011 SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
European Sport Participation Research
… present
Eurobarometer on Sport by the EC
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10/7/2011 SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
European Sport Participation Research
… present
COMPASS study, Nike study, Special Issue EJSS, SPM10 Report
19
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10/7/2011 SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
European Sport Participation Research
Non-sport specific surveys including sport participation
International Social Survey Progam (2007)
Harmonised European Time Use Survey (2000)
European Values Study (2007)
SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
10 years after COMPASS …
MEASUREMeeting for European Sport Participation &
Sport Culture Research
10/7/2011 SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
Meeting for European Sport Participation & Sport Culture Research
Launched in 2010 by KU Leuven and Mulier Institute
3 main goals
Increase understanding of sport participation
Improve quality of sport participation data
Exchange knowledge and expertise
More information at:
www.measuresport.eu
MEASURE Network? MEASURE Network
10/7/2011 SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
enhance knowledge and exchange of information on sport
participation:
• stimulate data collection
• develop benchmarking
• provide easy access to information
One of the main goals of MEASURE
10/7/2011 SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
Comparison wrt sport participation across Europe
sport participation across Europe
National dataadvantages- rich data – many countries- take cultural differences into account- comparison possible in short-time
disadvantages- different methodology- different definitions- validity
examplesRodgers (1977), Van Bottenburg et al. (2005), …
Harmonised dataadvantages- same methodology- validity- comparability
disadvantages- loss of information- time consuming – expensive?- few countries
examplesClaeys (1982), COMPASS (1999), HETUS (2000), ISSP (2007), Eurobarometer EU27 (2010), …
Country Fact Sheets approach – focus on time trendsadvantages- based on strong national survey data- time trends are comparable (cross-national)- results on short term + possibilities to move beyond
disadvantages- different methodologies- different populations
10/7/2011 SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
Fact sheet approach
Two-phase approach
PHASE 1
autumn 2010
standardised fact sheet
no restrictions
PHASE 2
winter 2010-2011
standardised fact sheet
age restriction (15-64 yrs)
SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
Filled out fact sheets
23 countries/regions
Sweden
Finland
Estonia
Denmark
Germany
France
ItalySwitzerland
Greece
Portugal
Spain
Lithuania
Austria
England
The Netherlands
Flanders
WalloniaPolandNorthern Ireland
Scotland
Slovakia
Hungary
Slovenia
10/7/2011 SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
Country / Region Reference periodone year
Sport participation ≥ weekly
Sport participation ≥ monthly
Competitive sport Club sport Popularityof sports
Austria
Denmark
England (UK)
Estonia
Finland
Flanders (Belgium)
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Lithuania
The Netherlands
Northern Ireland (UK)
Poland
Portugal
Scotland (UK)
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Wallonia (Belgium)
Availability of sport participation data (N=22)
10/7/2011 SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
…with regard to sport participation research and available data:
most countries have
• a rather broad definition for sport participation (opposed to 30min/week)• a reference period of one year• data wrt sport participation ≥ month, club participation, sports
preferences
Some general trends…
SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
< 40 %
40-50 %
50-60 %
60-70 %
Not available
Sport participation ≥ weekly% of total population
Finland
Denmark
Germany
France
ItalySwitzerland
Portugal
Austria
England
The Netherlands
Flanders
PolandNorthern Ireland
> 70 %
Sport participation
Spain
SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
< 3 %
3-5 %
6-10 %
Not available
Sport participation ≥ weeklygender difference female - male
Sport participation
Finland
Denmark (female > male)
Germany
France
ItalySwitzerland
Portugal
Austria
England
The Netherlands
Flanders
PolandNorthern Ireland
> 10 %
Spain
10/7/2011 SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
Availability of trend data (N=16)Country / Region Most recent data collection Time trends wrt sport participation
Denmark 2007 1964 1975 1987 1993 1998 2007
England (UK) 2009/10 1987 1990 1993 1996 2002 || 2005/6 2007/8 2008/9
Finland 2009/10 1991 1994 1997/8 2001/2 2005/6 2009/10
Flanders (Belgium) 2009 1969 1979 1989 1999 2009
Hungary 2000 2000 2004 2008
Italy 2006 1995 2000 2006
Lithuania 2007/9 2001 2007/9
The Netherlands 2007 1979 1987 1995 1999 2003 2007
Poland 2009 2000 2009
Portugal 1998 1988 1998
Scotland (UK) 2007/8 1994/6 1996/8 1998/00 2001/3 2003/5 2006/8
Slovenia 2008 1973 1996 2001 2006 2008
Spain 2005/6 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Sweden 2006 1976 1982 1990 1998 2006
Switzerland 2007 1978 1984 1990 1994 1999 2007
Wallonia (Belgium) 2006 1983 1991 2006
SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
Trends
Sport participation (% 2000 = index 100)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Denmark
England (UK)
Finland
Flanders (Belgium)
Italy
The Netherlands
Scotland (UK)
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Denmark
England (UK)
Finland
Flanders (Belgium)
The Netherlands
Scotland (UK)
Spain
Switzerland
Club sport participation (% 2000 = index 100)
Trends
10/7/2011 SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
…with regard to sport participation:
sport participation is on the rise
club sport participation is more or less stabilizing, in some cases under
threat
geographical differences wrt gender
‘best pupils of the class’ in terms of sport participation:
• Finland, Denmark, Germany
interestingly, large differences in club sport participation between those
‘best pupils’:
• low (Finland) vs. high (Denmark) club sport participation
• Germany takes an intermediate position
Some general trends….
SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
Sports Preference: walking (8 countries)
Country / Region 1 2 3 4 5
Austria
Denmark Walking Running Fitness Aerobics Swimming
England (UK) Gym Swimming Football Cycling Athletics / running
Finland Walking Cycling Gym / weightexercise
Cross countryskiing
Jogging
Flanders (Belgium) Running Recreationalcycling
Swimming Fitness Walking
France Swimming Cycling Pétanque / bowling
Walking & trekking
Running / jogging
Germany Cycling Running Fitness Swimming Gymnastics
Italy Fitness / aerobics / gymnastics
Football Swimming Cycling Running / jogging
The Netherlands Swimming Cycling Fitness / aerobics Running Walking
Northern Ireland (UK) Swimming / diving Walking Exercise bike / running machine /
spinning class
Jogging Dance
Poland Cycling Jogging / walking Swimming Football Volleyball
Portugal
Spain Swimming Football Cycling Fitness Mountaineering
Switzerland Cycling Hiking / walking Swimming Downhill skiing Running / jogging
SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
Sports preference: fitness (9 countries)
Country / Region 1 2 3 4 5
Austria
Denmark Walking Running Fitness Aerobics Swimming
England (UK) Gym Swimming Football Cycling Athletics / running
Finland Walking Cycling Gym / weightexercise
Cross countryskiing
Jogging
Flanders (Belgium) Running Recreationalcycling
Swimming Fitness Walking
France Swimming Cycling Pétanque / bowling
Walking & trekking
Running / jogging
Germany Cycling Running Fitness Swimming Gymnastics
Italy Fitness / aerobics / gymnastics
Football Swimming Cycling Running / jogging
The Netherlands Swimming Cycling Fitness / aerobics Running Walking
Northern Ireland (UK) Swimming / diving Walking Exercise bike / running machine /
spinning class
Jogging Dance
Poland Cycling Jogging / walking Swimming Football Volleyball
Portugal
Spain Swimming Football Cycling Fitness Mountaineering
Switzerland Cycling Hiking / walking Swimming Downhill skiing Running / jogging
SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
Sports preference: cycling (10 countries)
Country / Region 1 2 3 4 5
Austria
Denmark Walking Running Fitness Aerobics Swimming
England (UK) Gym Swimming Football Cycling Athletics / running
Finland Walking Cycling Gym / weightexercise
Cross countryskiing
Jogging
Flanders (Belgium) Running Recreationalcycling
Swimming Fitness Walking
France Swimming Cycling Pétanque / bowling
Walking & trekking
Running / jogging
Germany Cycling Running Fitness Swimming Gymnastics
Italy Fitness / aerobics / gymnastics
Football Swimming Cycling Running / jogging
The Netherlands Swimming Cycling Fitness / aerobics Running Walking
Northern Ireland (UK) Swimming / diving Walking Exercise bike / running machine /
spinning class
Jogging Dance
Poland Cycling Jogging / walking Swimming Football Volleyball
Portugal
Spain Swimming Football Cycling Fitness Mountaineering
Switzerland Cycling Hiking / walking Swimming Downhill skiing Running / jogging
SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
Sports preference: swimming (11 countries)
Country / Region 1 2 3 4 5
Austria
Denmark Walking Running Fitness Aerobics Swimming
England (UK) Gym Swimming Football Cycling Athletics / running
Finland Walking Cycling Gym / weightexercise
Cross countryskiing
Jogging
Flanders (Belgium) Running Recreationalcycling
Swimming Fitness Walking
France Swimming Cycling Pétanque / bowling
Walking & trekking
Running / jogging
Germany Cycling Running Fitness Swimming Gymnastics
Italy Fitness / aerobics / gymnastics
Football Swimming Cycling Running / jogging
The Netherlands Swimming Cycling Fitness / aerobics Running Walking
Northern Ireland (UK) Swimming / diving Walking Exercise bike / running machine /
spinning class
Jogging Dance
Poland Cycling Jogging / walking Swimming Football Volleyball
Portugal
Spain Swimming Football Cycling Fitness Mountaineering
Switzerland Cycling Hiking / walking Swimming Downhill skiing Running / jogging
SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
Sports preference: running (11 countries)
Country / Region 1 2 3 4 5
Austria
Denmark Walking Running Fitness Aerobics Swimming
England (UK) Gym Swimming Football Cycling Athletics / running
Finland Walking Cycling Gym / weightexercise
Cross countryskiing
Jogging
Flanders (Belgium) Running Recreationalcycling
Swimming Fitness Walking
France Swimming Cycling Pétanque / bowling
Walking & trekking
Running / jogging
Germany Cycling Running Fitness Swimming Gymnastics
Italy Fitness / aerobics / gymnastics
Football Swimming Cycling Running / jogging
The Netherlands Swimming Cycling Fitness / aerobics Running Walking
Northern Ireland (UK) Swimming / diving Walking Exercise bike / running machine /
spinning class
Jogging Dance
Poland Cycling Jogging / walking Swimming Football Volleyball
Portugal
Spain Swimming Football Cycling Fitness Mountaineering
Switzerland Cycling Hiking / walking Swimming Downhill skiing Running / jogging
10/7/2011 SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
…with regard to sport preferences:
large similarity in sport preferences among countries
popularity of individual, recreational leisure-time sport activities
importance of so-called ‘LIGHT SPORTING COMMUNITIES’
Some general trends….
10/7/2011 SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
… is a useful tool
short term
cross-national comparisons possible
first step towards policy makers
needs to be further elaborated
Collecting fact sheets …
SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
Challenges to sport policy
• Structural differences
in levels of participation– Gender, age
– Socio economic status (income, education)
– Ethnic divides and minority groups
• Preferences of sport practicing:– Club membership under threat
– Due to time pressure interest in more competitive and organised sports dwindles
– Voluntary work
SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
Challenges to policy makers
• Demand for basic data – facts and figures, benchmarks, monitors
• Demand for theoretical models
• Demand for effective interventions
• Demand for sound local implementation schemes
SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
Challenges to researchers
• Need to further develop data-quality
• Need for international debate and for collective efforts
• Workshop on Sport Participation
on Wednesday 4.45pm Seminar Room 5
MEASURE Network
A free copy of the full version of the SPM10 report is available athttp://faber.kuleuven.be/spm/
10/7/2011 SPM 10Sport Policy & Management
Play the Game Conference 2011 - Cologne© Research Unit of Social Kinesiology & Sport Management, KU Leuven
More information
MEASURE Networkwww.measuresport.eu
SPM Report:http://faber.kuleuven.be/spm/
Contact:[email protected]@[email protected]