Split Type Acu

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III. THEORY: SPLIT / PACKAGE TYPE AC UNIT

What is a split air conditioning ?

A split air conditioning imply means that the condensor (or sometimes referred to as the

outdoor unit) is separated from the indoor unit, thus the term split. The split airconditioning has at least one unit that sits inside your room. The compressor sitsoutside of the room, sometimes on the ground or on brackets hung to the wall. Thesetypes of AC units can be used to cool a home, commercial building or institutionalbuilding. However, split air conditioners are most often used in houses with add-ons,small apartments or commercial buildings with separate units.

How does the split air conditioning works?

A copper connection pipe and electrical wiring connects the indoor unit to the outdoorunit of the split air conditioning. Gas refrigerant is pumped from the outdoor condenser

coil and compressor through the connection pipe to the indoor unit or units. A fan thenquietly distributes cool air drawn across the unit's evaporator coil.

In a split air conditioning, the amount of cold air entering the room can he controlled bya thermostat or it can be regulated by an infra-red remote control, like a TV remote. Oneroom or one area of a building can maintain a different temperature from another roomor area in the same building.

IV. AC SPECIFICATION

1. Functions

Split-type air conditioners have two connections. There is an indoor evaporator

unit and an outdoor condenser. The connections allow individuals to choose from

cooling one specific room in the home or multiple rooms.

2. Placement

The inside split air conditioner unit can be placed on the wall, ceiling or floor.

Most units come with a remote control. The indoor unit, which is called the

evaporator, connects to the outdoor condenser. This connecting process requires

placing a 3-inch hole in the wall.

3. Power

Split-type air conditioners have the power to cool up to four rooms, with four

indoor evaporators all connecting to one outside condenser. Each room can be

maintained at a different temperature.


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4. Benefits

There are many advantages to a split-type air conditioner. Split-type AC units are

extremely quiet because the compressor is placed outside. Other types of AC

units, such as window or portable AC systems, can be noisy, as the entire unit is

placed inside. The installation process is also much easier for a split than atraditional air conditioning unit, as the split-type units are ductless.


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Air conditioningFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

It has been suggested that this article bemergedintoHVAC.(Discuss)Proposed since

May 2013.

This article has multiple issues. Please helpimprove itor discuss these issues onthetalk page.

This articleneeds additional citations for verification.(August 2012)

This articlemay requirecleanupto meet Wikipedia'squality standards. The specific

problem is:facts need to be verified and writing style needs to be consistent..(August2012)

A typical home air conditioning window unit.

Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties ofair(primarilytemperatureandhumidity) to more

favourable conditions. More generally, air conditioning can refer to any form of technologicalcooling, heating,

ventilation, ordisinfectionthat modifies the condition of air.[1]

An air conditioner(often referred to as air con, AC orA/C, and not to be confused with the abbreviation

foralternating current) is amajororhome appliance,system, ormechanismdesigned to change the air

temperature and humidity within an area (used for cooling and sometimes heating depending on the air

properties at a given time). The cooling is typically done using a simplerefrigeration cycle, but

sometimesevaporationis used, commonly for comfort cooling in buildings and motor vehicles. Inconstruction,

a complete system of heating,ventilationand air conditioning is referred to as "HVAC".

Air conditioning can also be provided by a simple process calledfree coolingwhich uses pumps to circulate a

coolant (typically water or a glycol mix) from a cold source, which in turn acts as aheat sinkfor the energy that

is removed from the cooled space. Free cooling systems can have very high efficiencies, and are sometimes
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combined withseasonal thermal energy storage(STES) so the cold of winter can be used for summer air

conditioning. Common storage mediums are deep aquifers or a natural underground rock mass accessed via a

cluster of small-diameter, heat exchanger equipped boreholes. Some systems with small storages are hybrids,

using free cooling early in the cooling season, and later employing a heat pump to chill the circulation coming

from the storage. The heat pump is added-in because the temperature of the storage gradually increase during

the cooling season, thereby declining in effectiveness. Free cooling and hybrid systems are mature

technology.[2]

Contents

[hide]

1 History

o 1.1 Mechanical cooling

o 1.2 Electromechanical cooling

o 1.3 Refrigerant development

2 Refrigeration cycle

3 Humidity control

4 Energy

o 4.1 Seasonal energy efficiency ratio

5 Construction

o 5.1 Refrigerants

o 5.2 Types

5.2.1 Window and through-wall

5.2.2 Split systems

5.2.2.1 Mini-split system

5.2.2.2 Central Air Conditioner

5.2.3 Evaporative coolers

5.2.4 Portable units

5.2.5 Heat pumps

6 Uses

o 6.1 Domestic use

7 Health issues

8 See also

9 References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_thermal_energy_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_thermal_energy_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_thermal_energy_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Mechanical_coolinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Mechanical_coolinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Electromechanical_coolinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Electromechanical_coolinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Refrigerant_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Refrigerant_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Refrigeration_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Refrigeration_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Humidity_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Humidity_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Seasonal_energy_efficiency_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Seasonal_energy_efficiency_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Refrigerantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Refrigerantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Window_and_through-wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Window_and_through-wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Split_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Split_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Mini-split_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Mini-split_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Central_Air_Conditionerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Central_Air_Conditionerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Evaporative_coolershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Evaporative_coolershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Portable_unitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Portable_unitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Heat_pumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Heat_pumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Domestic_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Domestic_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Health_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Health_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Health_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Domestic_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Useshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Heat_pumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Portable_unitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Evaporative_coolershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Central_Air_Conditionerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Mini-split_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Split_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Window_and_through-wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Refrigerantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Seasonal_energy_efficiency_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Humidity_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Refrigeration_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Refrigerant_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Electromechanical_coolinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Mechanical_coolinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_thermal_energy_storage


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10 External links

History[edit]

This sectionmay contain inappropriate or misinterpretedcitationsthat donotverifythe text.Please helpimprove this articleby checking for inaccuracies.

(help,talk,get involved!)(September 2010)

The basic concept behind air conditioning is to have been applied in ancient Egypt, where reeds were hung in

windows and were moistened with trickling water. The evaporation of water cooled the air blowing through the

window, though this process also made the air more humid (also beneficial in a dry desert climate). InAncient

Rome, water fromaqueductswas circulated through the walls of certain houses to cool them down. Other

techniques in medievalPersiainvolved the use ofcisternsandwind towersto cool buildings during the hot

season. Modern air conditioning emerged from advances inchemistryduring the 19th century, and the first

large-scale electrical air conditioning was invented and used in 1902 byWillis Haviland Carrier. The

introduction of residential air conditioning in the 1920s helped enable the great migration to theSun Beltin the

US.

Mechanical cooling[edit]

Three-quarters scale model of Gorrie's ice machine.John Gorrie State Museum, Florida

The 2nd-centuryChineseinventor Ding Huan (fl180) of theHan Dynastyinvented arotary fanfor air

conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m (9.8 ft) in diameter and manually powered.[3]In 747,Emperor Xuanzong(r.

712762) of theTang Dynasty(618907) had the Cool Hall (Liang Tian) built in the imperial palace, which

the Tang Yulin describes as havingwater-poweredfan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising jet streams
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.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisternhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_(watercourse)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Checkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Air_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Editinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#External_links


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of water from fountains.[4]During the subsequentSong Dynasty(9601279), written sources mentioned the air-

conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used.[5]

In the 17th century,Cornelis Drebbeldemonstrated "turning Summer into Winter" forJames I of Englandby

adding salt to water.[6]

In 1758,Benjamin FranklinandJohn Hadley, a chemistry professor atCambridge University, conducted an

experiment to explore the principle of evaporation as a means to rapidly cool an object. Franklin and Hadley

confirmed that evaporation of highly volatile liquids such as alcohol and ether could be used to drive down the

temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They conducted their experiment with the bulb of a

mercury thermometer as their object and with a bellows used to "quicken" the evaporation; they lowered the

temperature of the thermometer bulb down to 14 C (7 F) while the ambient temperature was 18 C (64 F).

Franklin noted that, soon after they passed the freezing point of water 0 C (32 F), a thin film of ice formed on

the surface of the thermometer's bulb and that the ice mass was about a quarter-inch thick when they stopped

the experiment upon reaching 14 C (7 F). Franklin concluded, "From this experiment one may see the

possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day"...[7]

In 1820,Britishscientist andinventorMichael Faradaydiscovered that compressing and

liquefyingammoniacould chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to evaporate. In

1842,FloridaphysicianJohn Gorrieused compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his

patients in his hospital inApalachicola, Florida.[8]He hoped eventually to use his ice-making machine to

regulate the temperature of buildings. He even envisioned centralized air conditioning that could cool entire

cities.[9]Though his prototype leaked and performed irregularly, Gorrie was granted a patent in 1851 for his ice-

making machine. His hopes for its success vanished soon afterwards when his chief financial backer died;

Gorrie did not get the money he needed to develop the machine. According to his biographer, Vivian M.

Sherlock, he blamed the "Ice King",Frederic Tudor, for his failure, suspecting that Tudor had launched asmear

campaignagainst his invention. Dr. Gorrie died impoverished in 1855, and the idea of air conditioning faded

away for 50 years.

James Harrison's first mechanical ice-making machine began operation in 1851 on the banks of the Barwon

River at Rocky Point in Geelong (Australia). His first commercial ice-making machine followed in 1854, and his

patent for an ether vapor-compression refrigeration system was granted in 1855. This novel system used a

compressor to force the refrigeration gas to pass through a condenser, where it cooled down and liquefied. The

liquefied gas then circulated through the refrigeration coils and vaporised again, cooling down the surrounding

system. The machine employed a 5 m (16 ft.) flywheel and produced 3,000 kilograms (6,600 lb) of ice per day.

Though Harrison had commercial success establishing a second ice company back in Sydney in 1860, he later

entered the debate over how to compete against the American advantage of unrefrigerated beef sales to the

United Kingdom. He wrote Fresh Meat frozen and packed as if for a voyage, so that the refrigerating process
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may be continued for any required period, and in 1873 prepared the sailing ship Norfolk for an experimental

beef shipment to the United Kingdom. His choice of a cold room system instead of installing a refrigeration

system upon the ship itself proved disastrous when the ice was consumed faster than expected.

John Gorrie was a 19th-century Florida physician who supplemented his income by serving as a local

postmaster, hotelier, notary public, and bank officer. When malaria and yellow fever swept the area in 1841, he

dropped all his other responsibilities to seek a cure. It was believed that these diseases were caused by

poisonous gas released by subtropical vegetation in the hot, humid air, so Gorrie proposed a two-tier defense:

First, he convinced locals to fill in nearby swamplands, to prevent the gas from reaching the town. And second,

he theorized that cooling patients' rooms and reducing the humidity could reduce their fevers and help keep the

gas from contaminating the air.

Cooling the room was a novel idea -- ice was a rare, winter phenomenon in Florida, and virtually unavailable

beyond winter months, so Gorrie's challenge was to build a machine that manufactured ice. Over several years

of research, he designed a steam-powered machine that compressed air in a small chamber, then released the

pressure, allowing the air to rapidly expand and absorb heat from water surrounding the airtight chamber. As

this process was repeated in a piston-driven process, heat was extracted from the water, making ice as it was

cooled below freezing. To cool a small room, the ice was placed in a basin suspended from the ceiling, with a

pipe above the basin extending upward through the ceiling and roof. As air contracted around the cold ice, it

created enough vacuum to pull in outside air from the chimney pipe, and as this outside air was drawn over the

elevated ice, heat's compulsion to rise forced the cooled air down into the room.

Gorrie contracted with the Cincinnati Iron Works to build a working prototype of his ingenious invention, and

filed his patent on 27 February 1848. He spent the next seven years searching unsuccessfully for financial

backers to manufacture the machine, and died bankrupt. Of course, he was wrong about cooled air combating

malaria and yellow fever - diseases that we now know are transmitted by mosquitoes. But modern refrigeration

is descended from principles first put to use by Gorrie, and he is generally credited as the inventor of

mechanical refrigeration, ice making, and air conditioning. A working replica of Gorrie's machine is housed in

the John Gorrie Museum State Park in Apalachicola, Florida.

Electromechanical cooling[edit]
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Willis Carrier

In 1902, the first modern electrical air conditioning unit wasinventedbyWillis CarrierinBuffalo, New York.

After graduating fromCornell University, Carrier, a native ofAngola, New York, found a job at theBuffalo Forge

Company. While there, Carrier began experimenting with air conditioning as a way to solve an application

problem for the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing and Publishing Company inBrooklyn, New York, and the first

"air conditioner", designed and built in Buffalo by Carrier, began working on 17 July 1902.

Designed to improve manufacturing process control in aprintingplant, Carrier's invention controlled not

onlytemperaturebut alsohumidity. Carrier used his knowledge of the heating of objects with steam and

reversed the process. Instead of sending air through hot coils, he sent it through cold coils (ones filled with cold

water). The air blowing over the cold coils cooled the air, and one could thereby control the amount of moisture

the colder air could hold. In turn, the humidity in the room could be controlled. The low heat and humidity

helped maintain consistent paper dimensions and ink alignment. Later, Carrier's technology was applied to

increase productivity in the workplace, andThe Carrier Air Conditioning Company of Americawas formed to

meet rising demand. Over time, air conditioning came to be used to improve comfort in homes

andautomobilesas well. Residential sales expanded dramatically in the 1950s.

In 1906,Stuart W. CramerofCharlotte, North Carolinawas exploring ways to add moisture to the air in his

textile mill. Cramer coined the term "air conditioning", using it in a patent claim he filed that year as an analogue

to "water conditioning", then a well-known process for making textiles easier to process. He combined moisture

with ventilation to "condition" and change the air in the factories, controlling the humidity so necessary in textile

plants. Willis Carrier adopted the term and incorporated it into the name of his company. The evaporation of

water in air, to provide a cooling effect, is now known asevaporative cooling.

Evaporative cooling was the first real air-conditioning and shortly thereafter the first private home to have air

conditioning (The Dubose House) was built in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Realizing that air conditioning would
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one day be a standard feature of private homes, particularly in the South, DuBose designed an ingenious

network of ductwork and vents, all painstakingly disguised behind intricate and attractive Georgian-style open

moldings. Meadowmont is believed to be one of the first private homes in the United States equipped for

central air conditioning.[10]

In 1945, Robert Sherman of Lynn, MA, invented the portable, in-window air conditioner that cooled and heated,

humidified and dehumidified, and filtered the air (Patent # 2,433,960 granted January 6, 1948). It was

subsequently stolen by a large manufacturer. Sherman did not have the resources to fight the big corporation in

court -- they promised to "break him" if he tried - and thus never received any money or recognition. He died in

1962. Patent athttp://navlog.org/patent_1.html

Refrigerant development[edit]

The first air conditioners andrefrigeratorsemployed toxic or flammable gases, such asammonia,methyl

chloride, orpropane, that could result in fatal accidents when they leaked.Thomas Midgley, Jrcreated the first

non-flammable, non-toxic chlorofluorocarbon gas,Freon, in 1928.

"Freon" is atrademarkname owned byDuPontfor anyChlorofluorocarbon(CFC), Hydrochlorofluorocarbon

(HCFC), orHydrofluorocarbon(HFC) refrigerant, the name of each including a number indicating molecular

composition (R-11, R-12, R-22, R-134A). The blend most used in direct-expansion home and building comfort

cooling is an HCFC known asR-22. It was to be phased out for use in new equipment by 2010, and is to be

completely discontinued by 2020.

R-12was the most common blend used in automobiles in the US until 1994, when most designs changed toR-

134A. R-11 and R-12 are no longer manufactured in the US for this type of application, the only source for air-conditioning repair purposes being the cleaned and purified gas recovered from other air-conditioner systems.

Several non-ozone-depleting refrigerants have been developed as alternatives, includingR-410A, invented by

AlliedSignal (now part of Honeywell) in Buffalo, and sold under the Genetron (R) AZ-20 name. It was first

commercially used by Carrier under the brand name Puron.

Innovation in air-conditioning technologies continues, with much recent emphasis placed on energy efficiency

and on improvingindoor air quality. Reducing climate-change impact is an important area of innovation

because, in addition to greenhouse-gas emissions associated with energy use, CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs are,

themselves, potentgreenhouse gaseswhen leaked to the atmosphere. For example,R-22(also known as

HCFC-22) has aglobal warming potentialabout 1,800 times higher than CO2.[11]As an alternative to

conventional refrigerants, natural alternatives, such ascarbon dioxide(CO2.R-744), have been proposed.[12]

Refrigeration cycle[edit]
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ia.org/wiki/Refrigeratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=4http://navlog.org/patent_1.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#cite_note-10


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Asplit-type air conditioner

A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration cycle: 1)condensing coil, 2)expansion valve, 3)evaporator coil, 4)compressor

Capillary expansion valve connection to evaporator inlet. Noticefrostformation

In the refrigeration cycle, aheat pumptransfers heat from a lower-temperatureheat source into a higher-

temperatureheat sink. Heat would naturally flow in the opposite direction. This is the most common type of air

conditioning. Arefrigeratorworks in much the same way, as it pumps the heat out of the interior and into the

room in which it stands.
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This cycle takes advantage of the wayphase changeswork, wherelatent heatis released at a constant

temperature during aliquid/gasphase change, and where varying thepressureof a pure substance also varies

itscondensation/boiling point.

The most common refrigeration cycle uses anelectric motorto drive acompressor. In anautomobile, the

compressor is driven by abeltover apulley, the belt being driven by the engine'scrankshaft(similar to the

driving of the pulleys for thealternator,power steering, etc.). Whether in a car or building, both use electric fan

motors for air circulation. Sinceevaporationoccurs when heat is absorbed, and condensation occurs when

heat is released, air conditioners use a compressor to causepressurechanges between two compartments,

and actively condense and pump arefrigerantaround. A refrigerant is pumped into theevaporatorcoil, located

in the compartment to be cooled, where the low pressure causes the refrigerant to evaporate into a vapor,

taking heat with it. At the opposite side of the cycle is thecondenser, which is located outside of the cooled

compartment, where the refrigerant vapor is compressed and forced through another heat exchange coil,

condensing the refrigerant into a liquid, thus rejecting the heat previously absorbed from the cooled space.

By placing the condenser (where the heat is rejected) inside a compartment, and the evaporator (which

absorbs heat) in the ambient environment (such as outside), or merely running a normal air conditioner's

refrigerant in the opposite direction, the overall effect is the opposite, and the compartment is heated. This is

usually called aheat pump, and is capable of heating a home to comfortable temperatures (25 C; 70 F), even

when the outside air is below the freezing point of water (0 C; 32 F).

Cylinder unloaders are a method of load control used mainly in commercial air conditioning systems. On a

semi-hermetic(or open) compressor, the heads can be fitted with unloaders which remove a portion of the load

from the compressor so that it can run better when full cooling is not needed. Unloaders can be electrical or

mechanical.

Humidity control[edit]

Air conditioning units outside a classroom building at theUniversity of North CarolinainChapel Hill, North Carolina
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See also:Dehumidifier

Refrigeration air-conditioning equipment usually reduces the absolutehumidityof the air processed by the

system. The relatively cold (below thedewpoint) evaporator coil condenses water vapor from the processed air

(much like an ice-cold drink will condense water on the outside of a glass), sending the water to a drain and

removing water vapor from the cooled space and lowering the relative humidity in the room. Since humans

perspire to provide natural cooling by theevaporationofperspirationfrom the skin, drier air (up to a point)

improves the comfort provided. The comfort air conditioner is designed to create a 40% to 60% relative

humidity in the occupied space. In food-retailing establishments, large open chiller cabinets act as highly

effective air dehumidifying units.

A specific type of air conditioner that is used only for dehumidifying is called adehumidifier. A dehumidifier is

different from a regular air conditioner in that both the evaporator and condenser coils are placed in the same

air path, and the entire unit is placed in the environment that is intended to be conditioned (in this case

dehumidified), rather than requiring the condenser coil to be outdoors. Having the condenser coil in the same

air path as the evaporator coil produces warm, dehumidified air. The evaporator (cold) coil is placed first in the

air path, dehumidifying the air exactly as a regular air conditioner does. The air next passes over the condenser

coil, re-warming the now dehumidified air. Having the condenser coil in the main air path rather than in a

separate, outdoor air path (as with a regular air conditioner) results in two consequences: the output air is warm

rather than cold, and the unit is able to be placed anywhere in the environment to be conditioned, without a

need to have the condenser outdoors.

Unlike a regular air conditioner, a dehumidifier will actually heat a room just as anelectric heaterthat draws the

same amount of power(watts) as the dehumidifier would. A regular air conditioner transfers energy out of the

room by means of the condenser coil, which is outside the room (outdoors). That is, the room can be

considered athermodynamic systemfrom which energy is transferred to the external environment. Conversely,

with a dehumidifier, no energy is transferred out of the thermodynamic system (room) because the air

conditioning unit (dehumidifier) is entirely inside the room. Therefore all of the power consumed by the

dehumidifier is energy that is input into the thermodynamic system (the room) and remains in the room (as

heat). In addition, if the condensed water has been removed from the room, the amount of heat needed to boil

that water has been added to the room. This is the inverse of adding water to the room with anevaporative

cooler.

Dehumidifiers are commonly used in cold, damp climates to preventmoldgrowth indoors, especially in

basements. They are also used to protect sensitive equipment from the adverse effects of excessive humidity

in tropical countries.

The engineering of physical and thermodynamic properties of gasvapor mixtures is calledpsychrometrics.
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Energy[edit]

In a thermodynamicallyclosed system, any power dissipated into the system that is being maintained at a set

temperature (which is a standard mode of operation for modern air conditioners) requires that the rate of

energy removal by the air conditioner increase. This increase has the effect that, for each unit of energy inputinto the system (say to power a light bulb in the closed system), the air conditioner removes that energy.[13]In

order to do so, the air conditioner must increase its power consumption by the inverse of its "efficiency"

(coefficient of performance) times the amount of power dissipated into the system. As an example, assume that

inside the closed system a 100 Wheating elementis activated, and the air conditioner has an coefficient of

performance of 200%. The air conditioner's power consumption will increase by 50 W to compensate for this,

thus making the 100 W heating element cost a total of 150 W of power.

It is typical for air conditioners to operate at "efficiencies" of significantly greater than 100%.[14]However, it may

be noted that the input electrical energy is of higher thermodynamic quality (lowerentropy) than the output

thermal energy (heat energy).

Air conditioner equipment power in the U.S. is often described in terms of "tons of refrigeration". Aton of

refrigerationis approximately equal to the cooling power of oneshort ton(2000 pounds or 907 kilograms) of ice

melting in a 24-hour period. The value is defined as 12,000BTUper hour, or 3517 watts.[15]Residential central

air systems are usually from 1 to 5 tons (3 to 20 kilowatts (kW)) in capacity.

In an automobile, the A/C system will use around 4horsepower(3 kW) of the engine'spower.[16]

Seasonal energy efficiency ratio[edit]

Main article:Seasonal energy efficiency ratio

For residential homes, some countries set minimum requirements for energy efficiency. In the United States,

the efficiency of air conditioners is often (but not always) rated by theseasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER).

The higher the SEER rating, the more energy efficient is the air conditioner. The SEER rating is the BTU of

cooling output during its normal annual usage divided by the total electric energy input inwatt hours(Wh)

during the same period.[17]

SEER = BTU (Wh)

this can also be rewritten as:

SEER = (BTU / h) W, where "W" is the average electrical power in

Watts, and (BTU/h) is the rated cooling power.

For example, a 5000 BTU/h air-conditioning unit, with a SEER of 10,

would consume 5000/10 = 500 Watts of power on average.
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The electrical energy consumed per year can be calculated as the

average power multiplied by the annual operating time:

500 W 1000 h = 500,000 Wh = 500kWh

Assuming 1000 hours of operation during a typical cooling season(i.e., 8 hours per day for 125 days per year).

Another method that yields the same result, is to calculate the

total annual cooling output:

5000 BTU/h 1000 h = 5,000,000 BTU

Then, for a SEER of 10, the annual electrical energy usage

would be:

5,000,000 BTU 10 = 500,000 Wh = 500 kWh

SEER is related to thecoefficient of performance(COP)

commonly used inthermodynamicsand also to

theEnergy Efficiency Ratio(EER). The EER is the

efficiency rating for the equipment at a particular pair of

external and internal temperatures, while SEER is

calculated over a whole range of external temperatures

(i.e., the temperature distribution for the geographical

location of the SEER test). SEER is unusual in that it is

composed of anImperial unitdivided by anSI unit. The

COP is a ratio with the same metric units of energy

(joules) in both thenumeratoranddenominator. They

cancel out, leaving adimensionless quantity. Formulas

for the approximate conversion between SEER and EER

or COP are available from thePacific Gas and Electric

Company:[18]

(1) SEER = EER 0.9

(2) SEER = COP 3.792

(3) EER = COP 3.413

From equation (2) above, a SEER of 13 is

equivalent to a COP of 3.43, which means

that 3.43 units of heat energy are pumped

per unit of work energy.
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The United States now requires that

residential systems manufactured in 2006

have a minimum SEER rating of 13

(although window-box systems are exempt

from this law, so their SEER is still around

10).[19]

Construction[edit]

A typical home air conditioning unit

Refrigerants[edit]

Main article:Refrigerant

A modernR-134ahermetic

refrigerationcompressor

"Freon" is atrade namefor a family

ofhaloalkanerefrigerants manufactured
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byDuPontand other companies. These

refrigerants were commonly used due to

their superior stability and safety

properties. However, thesechlorine-

bearing refrigerantsreach theupper

atmospherewhen they escape.[20]Once

the refrigerant reaches

thestratosphere,UV radiationfrom

theSunhomolytically cleavesthe chlorine-

carbonbond, yielding a chlorineradical.

These chlorine atomscatalyzethe

breakdown ofozoneintodiatomicoxygen,

depleting theozone layerthat shields theEarth's surface from strong UV radiation.

Each chlorine radical remains active as a

catalyst unless it binds with another

chlorine radical, forming a

stablemoleculeand breaking thechain

reaction. The use of CFC as a refrigerant

was once common, being used in the

refrigerantsR-11andR-12. In most

countries the manufacture and use of

CFCs has been banned or severely

restricted due to concerns about ozone

depletion.[21]In light of these environmental

concerns, beginning on November 14,

1994, the U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency has restricted the sale, possession

and use of refrigerant to only licensed

technicians, per Rules 608 and 609 of theEPA rules and regulations;[22]failure to

comply may result in criminal and civil

sanctions. Newer and more

environmentally safe refrigerants such

asHCFCs(R-22, used in most homes

today) andHFCs(R-134a, used in most
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPonthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPonthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPonthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homolysis_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homolysis_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homolysis_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichlorofluoromethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichlorofluoromethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichlorofluoromethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorodifluoromethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorodifluoromethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorodifluoromethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#cite_note-sciencedaily-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#cite_note-sciencedaily-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#cite_note-sciencedaily-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCFChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCFChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCFChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorodifluoromethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorodifluoromethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorodifluoromethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluorocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluorocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluorocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-134ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-134ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-134ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-134ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluorocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorodifluoromethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCFChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#cite_note-sciencedaily-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorodifluoromethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichlorofluoromethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homolysis_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont


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cars) have replaced most CFC use.

HCFCs, in turn, are being phased out

under theMontreal Protocoland replaced

by hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) such asR-

410A, which lack chlorine. Carbon dioxide

(R-744) is being rapidly adopted as a

refrigerant in Europe and Japan. R-744 is

an effective refrigerant with aglobal

warming potentialof 1. It must use higher

compression to produce an equivalent

cooling effect.

Types[edit]

The external section of a typical single-

room air conditioning unit. For ease of

installation, these are frequently placed in a

window. This one was installed through a

hole cut in the wall.

The internal section of the above unit. The

front panel swings down to reveal the

controls.

Window and through-wall[edit]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-410Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-410Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-410Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-410Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-744http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-744http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-744http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Single-room_AC_unit-internal.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Single-room_AC_unit-external.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Single-room_AC_unit-internal.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Single-room_AC_unit-external.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_conditioning&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-744http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-410Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-410Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Protocol


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Room air conditioners come in two forms:

unitary andpackaged terminal(PTAC)

systems. Unitary systems, the common

one room air conditioners, sit in a window

or wall opening, with interior controls.

Interior air is cooled as a fan blows it over

the evaporator. On the exterior the air is

heated as a second fan blows it over the

condenser. In this process, heat is drawn

from the room and discharged to the

environment. A large house or building

may have several such units, permitting

each room to be cooled separately.

PTAC systems are also known as wall-split

air conditioning systems or ductless

systems.[23]These PTAC systems which

are frequently used in hotels have two

separate units (terminal packages), the

evaporative unit on the interior and the

condensing unit on the exterior, with tubing

passing through the wall and connecting

them. This minimizes the interior system

footprint and allows each room to be

adjusted independently. PTAC systems

may be a

Documents

Split Type Acu