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Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Railroads Lead the Way
Section 2: Inventions
Section 3: An Age of Big Business
Section 4: Industrial Workers
Visual Summary
Chapter Intro
Railroads Lead the Way
Essential Question How did railroad expansion affect the United States economy?
Chapter Intro
Inventions
Essential Question How did the inventions of the late 1800s revolutionize society?
Chapter Intro
An Age of Big Business
Essential Question How did Americans build fortunes in the oil and steel industries?
Chapter Intro
Industrial Workers
Essential Question Why did workers form labor unions in the middle to late 1800s?
Chapter Time Line
Section 1-Essential Question
How did railroad expansion affect the United States economy?
Section 1-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• consolidation
• railroad baron
• standard gauge
• rebate
• pool
Academic Vocabulary
• labor • individual
Reading Guide
Section 1-Key Terms
Key People and Events
• George Westinghouse
• Eli H. Janney
• Gustavus Swift
• George M. Pullman
Reading Guide (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 1-Polling Question
Which advance in technology has most made your life easier than the lives of your grandparents or great grandparents?
A. Advances in medicine
B. Advances in transportation
C. Advances in communication
A B C
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Section 1
Railroad Expansion
The railroad system expanded rapidly in the late 1800s, building large fortunes for some wealthy businesspeople.
Section 1
• Those who labored, or worked, to build the nearly 200,000 miles of railroad track often worked for large railroad companies.
• Consolidation of the smaller companies brought efficiency and uniformity to the railroad industry.
• A few powerful individuals known as railroad barons controlled the nation’s rail traffic.
Railroad Expansion (cont.)
Railroad Tracks
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B
C
D
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Which of the following was not a railroad baron?
A. James J. Hill
B. Cornelius Vanderbilt
C. Leland Stanford
D. Cyrus Field
Section 1
Railroads Stimulate the Economy
Railroads brought major changes to American industry and American life in general.
Section 1
• Railroads stimulated the American steel, lumber, and coal industries and provided thousands of jobs.
• A standard gauge of width for the railroad track was adopted, allowing for faster shipment of goods and reduced prices.
• New technology also improved railway transportation.
Railroads Stimulate the Economy (cont.)
The Growth of Railroads
Section 1
– Air brakes, invented by George Westinghouse
– Janney car couplers, invented by Eli H. Janney
– Refrigerated cars, developed by Gustavus Swift
– Pullman sleeping car, developed by George M. Pullman
Railroads Stimulate the Economy (cont.)
The Growth of Railroads
Section 1
• Rebates, offered by large railroads to their biggest customers, caused increased freight rates for farmers and smaller customers.
• Pools, or secret agreements among railroad barons, also resulted in higher rates.
Railroads Stimulate the Economy (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B
C
D
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Which of the following allowed for faster shipment of goods?
A. Rebates
B. Pools
C. Standard gauge track
D. Cash-only cooperatives
Section 2-Essential Question
How did the inventions of the late 1800s revolutionize society?
Section 2-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• Model T
• assembly line
• mass production
Academic Vocabulary
• transmit
• mechanism
Reading Guide
Section 2-Key Terms
Key People and Events
• Cyrus Field
• Alexander Graham Bell
• George Eastman
• John Thurman
• Lewis Howard Latimer
• Granville Woods
• Elijah McCoy
Reading Guide (cont.)
• Jan. E. Matzeliger
• Henry Ford
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 2-Polling Question
Which invention do you think was most important at the time?
A. Automobile
B. Telephone
C. Electric light bulb
A B C
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Section 2
Communications
New inventions revolutionized communications, making faraway places seem closer.
Section 2
• Improvements in communication helped unify the country and promoted economic growth.
• Telegraphs transmitted messages in Morse code. Cyrus Field laid a telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean in 1866.
• Telephones transmitted speech. Alexander Graham Bell formed the Bell Telephone Company in 1877.
Communications (cont.)
An Age of Invention
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B
C
D
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Once Cyrus Field laid a telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean, how long did it take for a telegraph to transmit from Europe to the United States?
A. A few days
B. A few hours
C. A few minutes
D. A few seconds
Section 2
The Genius of Invention
Revolutionary new inventions changed business and everyday life in the 1800s.
Section 2
• Inventions between 1860 and 1890 were designed to help businesses and everyday life. These included:
– Typewriters and adding machines
– George Eastman’s small box camera
– John Thurman’s vacuum cleaner
The Genius of Invention (cont.)
An Age of Invention
Section 2
– Thomas Edison’s phonograph, motion picture projector, storage battery, and electric light bulb
– George Westinghouse’s electric transformers
The Genius of Invention (cont.)
An Age of Invention
Section 2
• A number of African American inventors also contributed to the era of invention, including:
– Lewis Howard Latimer’s improved wire for the light bulb
– Granville Woods’s electromagnetic brake and automatic circuit breaker
– Elijah McCoy’s mechanism for oiling machinery
– Jan E. Matzeliger’s shoe-making machine
The Genius of Invention (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B
C
D
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Which inventor is referred to as “The Wizard of Menlo Park”?
A. Alexander Graham Bell
B. Thomas Edison
C. George Eastman
D. Granville Woods
Section 2
A Changing Society
Henry Ford’s automobile and assembly line changed industry and society forever.
Section 2
• Henry Ford introduced the Model T—an affordable automobile—to the public in 1908.
A Changing Society (cont.)
• The assembly line, pioneered by Ford, was used to manufacture the cars.
• The assembly line revolutionized other industries by enabling manufacturers to produce large quantities of goods more quickly and more cheaply through mass production.
Section 2
• Merchants looked for new ways, such as mail order and chain stores, to sell their goods.
A Changing Society (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B
C
D
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Where was Henry Ford’s first automobile plant located?
A. New York, New York
B. Chicago, Illinois
C. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
D. Detroit, Michigan
Section 3-Essential Question
How did Americans build fortunes in the oil and steel industries?
Section 3-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• corporation
• stock
• shareholders
• dividend
• trust
• monopoly
• merger
Academic Vocabulary
• partner • trend
Reading Guide
Section 3-Key Terms
Key People and Events
• John D. Rockefeller
• Andrew Carnegie
• Sherman Antitrust Act
Reading Guide (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3-Polling Question
Rate your agreement with the following statement: The government should have the power to prevent monopolies.
A. Strongly agree
B. Somewhat agree
C. Somewhat disagree
D. Strongly disagree A B C D
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Section 3
Foundations for Growth
New technology and abundant natural resources led to economic growth.
Section 3
• When researchers found they could burn petroleum to produce heat and smoke-free light, oil suddenly became valuable.
• The United States had all the resources needed for a growing economy. These factors of production included:
– Land and natural resources
– Labor, or workers needed to turn raw materials into goods
Foundations for Growth (cont.)
Factors of Production
Section 3
– Capital, or money and manufactured items like machines or tools used to produce other goods and services
• Businesses became corporations that sold shares of stock to raise capital.
• Investors who purchase shares of stock in a corporation are shareholders.
Foundations for Growth (cont.)
Factors of Production
Section 3
• Shareholders earn dividends from the corporation’s profits on the stock they own.
Foundations for Growth (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B
C
D
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Which factor of production refers to buildings, machinery, and tools?
A. Land
B. Dividends
C. Labor
D. Capital
Section 3
The Oil Business
John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company controlled the booming oil industry.
Section 3
• John D. Rockefeller and his partners made great fortunes dominating the oil industry.
• Rockefeller formed a trust, the Standard Oil Trust, by acquiring stock in many different oil companies.
• By becoming part owner in these other companies, Rockefeller maintained total control of an industry, creating a monopoly.
The Oil Business (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B
C
D
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What is the name for a group of companies managed by the same board of directors?
A. Partnership
B. Trust
C. Monopoly
D. Corporation
Section 3
The Steel Business
New processes for making steel created an important industry.
Section 3
• Steel, a strong and long-lasting form of iron treated with carbon, was ideal for manufacturing railroad tracks, bridges, and other products.
• The Carnegie Steel Company, founded by Andrew Carnegie, dominated the steel industry by acquiring companies that provided the equipment and services needed for production and distribution.
The Steel Business (cont.)
Economics & History
Section 3
• Industrial millionaires like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller used some of their money to build libraries and found schools, universities, and other civic institutions.
• The trend or general movement toward business monopolies was encouraged by some states. Laws were passed making corporate mergers, the combining of companies, easier.
The Steel Business (cont.)
Economics & History
Section 3
• In 1890 Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act, which prohibited trusts and monopolies.
The Steel Business (cont.)
A. A
B. B
Section 3
A company that purchases other companies at all levels of production is founded on which method?
A. Vertical integration
B. Horizontal integration
A B
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Section 4-Essential Question
Why did workers form labor unions in the middle to late 1800s?
Section 4-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• sweatshop
• trade union
• collective bargaining
• strikebreaker
• injunction
Academic Vocabulary
• identify • environment
Reading Guide
Section 4-Key Terms
Key People and Events
• Knights of Labor
• Terence V. Powderly
• American Federation of Labor
• Samuel Gompers
• Eugene V. Debs
Reading Guide (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4-Polling Question
Rate your agreement with the following statement: Union employees have the right to go on strike when their wages are lowered?
A. Strongly agree
B. Somewhat agree
C. Somewhat disagree
D. Strongly disagree A B C D
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Section 4
Working Conditions
Factory workers toiled under terrible conditions.
Section 4
• Industrial growth created many new jobs; however, working conditions deteriorated.
• Problems included long hours, low pay, and unsafe conditions in factories, mines, and sweatshops.
• Women and children worked in factories, where their wages were half of what a man might receive.
Working Conditions (cont.)
Cost of Living
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4
A B
C
D
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Sweatshops were dangerous urban factories manufacturing what product?
A. Automobile parts
B. Garments
C. Food products
D. Electrical supplies
Section 4
Growth of Labor Unions
Workers organized unions in order to acquire better wages, benefits, and working conditions.
Section 4
• Dissatisfied workers organized into labor unions, demanding better pay and working conditions.
• Trade unions represented only one trade and were too small to be effective.
• Led by Terence V. Powderly, the Knights of Labor met secretly and had special ways to identify one another.
Growth of Labor Unions (cont.)
The Labor Movement, 1877–1914
Section 4
• The American Federation of Labor—led by Samuel Gompers—represented skilled workers in various crafts and pressed for better wages, working conditions, and collective bargaining.
• A fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company led the International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union to push for a safer working environment.
Growth of Labor Unions (cont.)
The Labor Movement, 1877–1914
Section 4
• Companies hired strikebreakers to replace striking union workers.
• Injunctions, or court orders, were used to stop unions from striking. Eugene V. Debs was sent to jail after the Pullman Strike obstructed the rails and mail.
Growth of Labor Unions (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4
A B
C
D
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A fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company factory brought attention to what?
A. Unsafe working conditions
B. Low wages
C. Child labor
D. Lunch and bathroom breaks
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
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Vocab1
consolidation
the practice of combining separate companies into one
Vocab2
railroad barons
powerful and aggressive businessmen who controlled the nation’s railroads
Vocab3
standard gauge
the uniform width of 4 feet, 8.5 inches for railroad tracks, adopted during the 1880s
Vocab4
rebate
discount or return of part of a payment
Vocab5
pool
a group sharing in some activity, for example, among railroad barons who made secret agreements and set rates among themselves
Vocab6
labor
to work
Vocab7
individual
person
Vocab8
Model T
America’s first mass production car made by the Ford Motor Company
Vocab9
assembly line
a system with machines and workers arranged so that each person performs an assigned task again and again as items pass before him or her
Vocab10
mass production
the production of large quantities of goods using machinery and often an assembly line
Vocab11
transmit
send from one place to another
Vocab12
mechanism
mechanical device
Vocab13
corporation
a business in which investors own shares
Vocab14
stock
shares of ownership a company sells in its business which often carry voting power
Vocab15
shareholder
a person who invests in a corporation by buying stock and is a partial owner
Vocab16
dividend
a stockholder’s share of a company’s profits, usually as a cash payment
Vocab17
trust
a combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement, especially to reduce competition
Vocab18
monopoly
total control of a type of industry by one person or one company
Vocab19
merger
the combining of two or more businesses into one
Vocab20
partner
associate who agrees to operate a business with another
Vocab21
trend
general direction
Vocab22
sweatshop
a shop or factory where workers work long hours at low wages under unhealthy conditions
Vocab23
trade union
organization of workers with the same trade or skill
Vocab24
collective bargaining
discussion between an employer and union representatives of workers over wages, hours, and working conditions
Vocab25
strikebreaker
person hired to replace a striking worker in order to break up a strike
Vocab26
injunction
a court order to stop an action, such as a strike
Vocab27
identify
recognize
Vocab28
environment
the complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors that surround living organisms
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