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Chapter Introduction
Section 1: A Changing World
Section 2: Early Exploration
Section 3: Spain in America
Section 4: Exploring North America
Visual Summary
Chapter Intro
A Changing World
Essential Question What events and technological advances paved the way for European exploration?
Chapter Intro
Early Exploration
Essential Question Why did Spain and Portugal want to find a sea route to Asia?
Chapter Intro
Spain in America
Essential Question How did Spain’s conquests affect the economic and social development of the Americas?
Chapter Intro
Exploring North America
Essential Question Why did European nations establish colonies in North America?
Chapter Time Line
Section 1-Essential Question
What events and technological advances paved the way for European exploration?
Section 1-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• classical
• technology
• astrolabe
• pilgrimage
• mosque
• Quran
Academic Vocabulary
• acquire
• impose
Reading Guide
Section 1-Key Terms
Key People and Events
• Crusades
• Marco Polo
• Renaissance
• Mansa Mūsā
Reading Guide (cont.)
A. A
B. B
Section 1-Polling Question
Do you feel that studying classical or modern works is more important?
A. Classical
B. Modern
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Section 1
New Ideas and Nations
The Renaissance began in the Italian city-states and spread throughout Europe.
Section 1
• The Crusades brought western Europe into contact with the Middle East.
• European merchants knew they could make a fortune selling goods from Asia, and their interest grew after Marco Polo returned from China.
• In the 1300s a period of intellectual and artistic creativity—known as the Renaissance— began.
New Ideas and Nations (cont.)
A Young Explorer
Section 1
• Italian citizens studied the classical works of Greece and Rome with renewed interest.
• During the Renaissance, the development of nation-states in western Europe helped expand trade and interest in overseas exploration.
New Ideas and Nations (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B
C
D
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The French term “Renaissance” translates into which word?
A. Greek
B. Learning
C. Rebirth
D. Italian
Section 1
Technology’s Impact
Technology produced better means of navigation and paved the way for European voyages of exploration.
Section 1
• Advances in technology paved the way for European voyages of exploration.
• Several advances made a difference for explorers:
Technology’s Impact (cont.)
– The printing press
– More accurate maps
Navigation Tools
Section 1
– Instruments, such as the astrolabe
– Europeans also acquired the magnetic compass
– Better ships
Technology’s Impact (cont.)
Navigation Tools
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B
C
D
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Who invented the compass?
A. The Italians
B. The Spanish
C. The Chinese
D. The British
Section 1
African Kingdoms
Ghana, Mali, and Songhai were among the most powerful empires in Africa.
Section 1
• Between A.D. 400 and A.D. 1100, a vast trading empire called Ghana emerged in West Africa and prospered from the taxes imposed on trade.
• Mali’s greatest king, Mansa Mūsā, made a grand pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca and returned with an Arab architect who built great mosques in Timbuktu.
African Kingdoms (cont.)
African Trading Kingdoms
Section 1
• Led by Askìya Muhammad, the Songhai people eventually captured Timbuktu, introduced laws based on the Quran, and developed a sophisticated plan for his country’s government.
African Kingdoms (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B
C
D
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Muslim houses of worship are referred to as which of the following?
A. Cathedrals
B. Temples
C. Mosques
D. Churches
Section 2-Essential Question
Why did Spain and Portugal want to find a sea route to Asia?
Section 2-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• saga
• line of demarcation
• strait
• circumnavigate
Academic Vocabulary
• devote
• alter
Reading Guide
Section 2-Key Terms
Key People and Events
• Henry the Navigator
• Bartholomeu Dias
• Vasco da Gama
• Christopher Columbus
• Amerigo Vespucci
• Ferdinand Magellan
Reading Guide (cont.)
A. A
B. B
Section 2-Polling Question
Do you feel that traveling to new places is beneficial or fruitless?
A. Beneficial
B. Fruitless
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Section 2
Seeking New Trade Routes
Portugal took the lead in finding a sea route to India.
Section 2
• Prince Henry of Portugal, known as Henry the Navigator, helped lay the groundwork for the era of exploration that was beginning.
• In 1487 King John sent Bartholomeu Dias to explore the southernmost part of Africa and from there to sail northeast into the Indian Ocean.
Seeking New Trade Routes (cont.)
Early Portuguese Exploration
Section 2
• Vasco da Gama was the first Portuguese explorer to reach India.
• Events moved quickly after da Gama’s return home, and soon the Portuguese capital of Lisbon was the marketplace of Europe.
Seeking New Trade Routes (cont.)
The Caravel
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B
C
D
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Which of the following explorers claimed part of Brazil for Portugal?
A. Vasco da Gama
B. Pedro Álvares Cabral
C. Bartholomeu Dias
D. Christopher Columbus
Section 2
Columbus Crosses the Atlantic
After Christopher Columbus reached the Americas, Spain and Portugal divided the world’s unexplored regions.
Section 2
• According to Norse sagas, a Viking named Leif Eriksson explored what historians believe was North America about the year A.D. 1,000.
• Christopher Columbus planned to reach Asia by sailing west, but underestimated the size of the world.
Columbus Crosses the Atlantic (cont.)
The Vikings
Section 2
• For most of the 1400s, Spanish monarchs devoted their energy to driving the Muslims out of Spain. After the last Muslim kingdom fell, Queen Isabella was finally able to support Columbus’s expedition.
Columbus Crosses the Atlantic (cont.)
Section 2
• Columbus reached part of the group of islands now called the Bahamas, but believed he had reached the East Indies.
– To convince the crew that they had not traveled too far from home, Columbus altered the distances in the ship’s log.
Columbus Crosses the Atlantic (cont.)
European Voyages of Exploration
Section 2
• In 1493 Pope Alexander VI drew a line of demarcation in order to divide land between Spain and Portugal.
• In 1502 Amerigo Vespucci concluded that South America was a continent, not part of Asia.
Columbus Crosses the Atlantic (cont.)
European Voyages of Exploration
Section 2
• In 1520 Ferdinand Magellan sailed through the waters of a strait and into the Pacific Ocean.
• Although Magellan later died, his crew continued west and became the first known people to circumnavigate the world.
Columbus Crosses the Atlantic (cont.)
European Voyages of Exploration
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B
C
D
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Who had already sailed to North America several centuries before Columbus?
A. The Chinese
B. The Portuguese
C. The Vikings
D. The Romans
Section 3-Essential Question
How did Spain’s conquests affect the economic and social development of the Americas?
Section 3-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• conquistador
• pueblo
• mission
• encomienda
• plantation
Academic Vocabulary
• grant
• found
Reading Guide
Section 3-Key Terms
Key People and Events
• Hernán Cortés
• Montezuma
• Francisco Pizarro
• Atahualpa
• Hernando de Soto
Reading Guide (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3-Polling Question
Do you agree that European explorers had the right to disrupt other civilizations?
A. Strongly agree
B. Agree
C. Disagree
D. Strongly disagree
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Section 3
Explorers and Conquests
Spanish explorers conquered Native American empires and found new lands.
Section 3
• Explorers known as conquistadors received grants from Spanish rulers to explore and establish settlements in the Americas.
• Hernán Cortés landed on the east coast of present-day Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztecs and their emperor Montezuma in 1521.
Explorers and Conquests (cont.)
Spanish Explorers
Section 3
• In 1532 Francisco Pizarro captured the Inca ruler, Atahualpa, and destroyed much of the Inca army.
• Juan Ponce de Leon made the first Spanish landing and settlement on the North American mainland, arriving on the east coast of present-day Florida in 1513.
Explorers and Conquests (cont.)
Spanish Explorers
Section 3
• Inspired by stories about seven cities of gold, Hernando de Soto led a failed expedition throughout the present-day southeastern United States.
Explorers and Conquests (cont.)
Spanish Explorers
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B
C
D
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Which explorer searched for the Fountain of Youth in Florida?
A. Juan Ponce de Leon
B. Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
C. Hernando de Soto
D. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
Section 3
Spanish Rule
As the Spanish settled their colonies in the Americas, a strict social class structure formed.
Section 3
• Spanish law called for three kinds of settlements in the Americas:
– Pueblos
– Missions
– Presidios
Spanish Rule (cont.)
Section 3
• In 1598 Juan de Oñate founded the province of New Mexico and introduced cattle and horses to the Pueblo people there.
• In the 1500s, the Spanish government granted conquistadors who settled in the Americas an encomienda. This system turned the Native Americans into slaves.
Spanish Rule (cont.)
Section 3
• To raise crops for export, the Spanish developed the plantation system, and by the late 1500s plantation slave labor was an essential part of the economy of the colonies.
Spanish Rule (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B
C
D
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Which class owned the land, served in the Catholic Church, and ran the local government?
A. Peninsulares
B. Creoles
C. Mestizos
D. Native Americans
Section 4-Essential Question
Why did European nations establish colonies in North America?
Section 4-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• mercantilism
• Columbian Exchange
• Northwest Passage
• coureur de bois
Academic Vocabulary
• globe
• chart
Reading Guide
Section 4-Key Terms
Key People and Events
• Martin Luther
• Protestant Reformation
• John Calvin
• John Cabot
• Jacques Cartier
• Henry Hudson
Reading Guide (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4-Polling Question
Do you agree that people today are accepting of other people’s religions?
A. Strongly agree
B. Agree
C. Disagree
D. Strongly disagree
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Section 4
A Divided Church
Protestantism became a powerful religious force in Europe during the 1600s.
Section 4
• In 1517 Martin Luther, a German priest, protested against the Catholic church, starting a great religious and historical movement known as the Protestant Reformation.
• John Calvin, a French religious thinker, also broke away from the Catholic church.
A Divided Church (cont.)
Section 4
• King Henry VIII left the Catholic church and became the head of the new Church of England.
• The religious divisions between Catholics and Protestants in Europe also influenced life in North America.
A Divided Church (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4
A B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
Which reason contributed to King Henry VIII leaving the Catholic Church?
A. The Pope would not declare his first marriage invalid.
B. The Pope would not allow him to marry multiple wives.
C. The Pope would not allow him to impose the death penalty.
D. The Pope would not make him a saint.
Section 4
Economic Rivalry
European nations competed to establish colonies in the Americas.
Section 4
• In addition to religion, the promise of great wealth was also a factor that pushed European nations across the Atlantic Ocean.
• According to the economic theory of mercantilism, a nation’s power was based on its wealth.
Economic Rivalry (cont.)
Section 4
• The voyages of Columbus and other European explorers brought together two parts of the globe that previously had no contact: Europe, Asia, and Africa in one hemisphere and the Americas in the other.
• Scholars refer to the exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between these continents as the Columbian Exchange.
Economic Rivalry (cont.)
The Columbian Exchange
Section 4
• England, France, and the Netherlands sent explorers to chart the coast of North America and, later, establish trade and colonies.
• They also hoped to find a Northwest Passage—a direct water route through the Americas—to Asia.
• John Cabot, Jacques Cartier, Giovanni da Verrazano, and Henry Hudson all searched for the Northwest Passage.
Economic Rivalry (cont.)
Section 4
• The French saw North America as an opportunity to make profits from fishing and fur trading rather than a place to settle.
• French trappers were called coureurs de bois, or “runners of the woods.”
• In 1621 the Dutch West India Company set up a North American colony—New Netherland.
Economic Rivalry (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4
A B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
Which of the Europeans bought present-day New York City from the Manhates people for about $24?
A. British
B. French
C. Spanish
D. Dutch
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
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Vocab1
classical
relating to ancient Greece and Rome
Vocab2
technology
the use of science in commerce and industry
Vocab3
astrolabe
an instrument used by sailors to observe positions of stars
Vocab4
pilgrimage
a journey to a holy place
Vocab5
mosque
a Muslim house of worship
Vocab6
Quran
the book composed of sacred writings accepted by Muslims as revelations made to Muhammad by Allah through the angel Gabriel
Vocab7
acquire
to come to have as a new or added characteristic, trait, or ability
Vocab8
impose
to establish or imply by authority
Vocab9
saga
a long detailed story
Vocab10
line of demarcation
an imaginary line running down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean from the North Pole to the South Pole dividing the Americas between Spain and Portugal
Vocab11
strait
a narrow passageway connecting two larger bodies of water
Vocab12
circumnavigate
to sail around the world
Vocab13
devote
to commit by a solemn act
Vocab14
alter
to change
Vocab15
conquistador
Spanish explorer in the Americas in the 1500s
Vocab16
pueblo
home or community of homes built by Native Americans
Vocab17
mission
religious settlement
Vocab18
encomienda
system of rewarding conquistadors with tracts of land and the right to tax and demand labor from Native Americans who lived on the land
Vocab19
plantation
a large estate run by an owner or manager and farmed by laborers who lived there
Vocab20
grant
special privilege or authority
Vocab21
found
establish or set up
Vocab22
mercantilism
the theory that a state’s or nation’s power depended on its wealth
Vocab23
Columbian Exchange
exchange of goods, ideas, and people between Europe and the Americas
Vocab24
Northwest Passage
water route to Asia through North America sought by European explorers
Vocab25
coureur de bois
French trapper living among Native Americans
Vocab26
globe
the planet Earth
Vocab27
chart
to map
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