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Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Interpersonal Attraction
Section 2: Social Perception
Section 3: Personal Relationships
Chapter Preview 1
Chapter Objectives · Section 1
Interpersonal Attraction
Explain how we depend on others to survive and the factors that influence our attractions to others.
Chapter Preview 2
Chapter Objectives · Section 2
Social Perception
Describe the ways in which we explain the behavior of others by making judgments about them based on our perceptions of them.
Chapter Preview 3
Chapter Objectives · Section 3
Personal Relationships
Explore the different types of love and relationships people experience throughout their lives.
Section 1-Main Idea
Main Idea
We depend on others to survive. We are attracted to certain people because of factors such as proximity, reward values, physical appearance, approval, similarity, and complementarity.
Section 1-Key Terms
Vocabulary
• social psychology
• social cognition
• physical proximity
• stimulation value
• utility value
• ego-support value
• complementarity
Section 1-Objectives
Objectives
• Discuss why we need friends.
• List and explain the factors involved in choosing friends.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 1-Polling Question
How important is your social circle in your life?
A. Extremely important
B. Kind of important
C. Not really important
A B C
0% 0%0%
Section 1
Why You Need Friends
• Social psychology
• Social cognition
• Being around other humans is a habit that we acquire beginning at birth.
• Social psychologist have found that we need company most when we are afraid or anxious, and we also need company when we are unsure of ourselves and want to compare our feelings with other peoples’.
Section 1
Why You Need Friends (cont.)
• Many individuals use the performance of others as a basis for self-evaluation.
• Friendship also offers support in trying times.
Schachter’s Results
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 1
Do you ever hug your friends?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Sometimes
A B C
0% 0%0%
Section 1
How You Choose Friends
• Factors in friend-choice:
– Physical proximity—the distance from one another that people live or work is one of the most important factors in determining whether two people will become friends.
Section 1
How You Choose Friends (cont.)
– Rewards values are another reason people become friends:
• Stimulation value
• Utility value
• Ego-support value
Section 1
How You Choose Friends (cont.)
– Physical appearance—people tend to hold more positive views of physically attractive people than those people who are not attractive.
– Approval—we choose friends who agree with and support us—they provide ego-support value.
Section 1
How You Choose Friends (cont.)
– Similarity—we tend to choose friends whose backgrounds, attitudes, and interests are similar to our own.
Section 1
How You Choose Friends (cont.)
• Reasons we choose friends:
– Agreement about what is stimulating, worthwhile, or fun provides the basis for sharing activities.
– Most of us feel uneasy around people who are constantly challenging our views.
– People who agree about things usually find it easier to communicate with each other.
Section 1
How You Choose Friends (cont.)
• Some people do choose friends or mates who are complementarity
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
What is the ability of a person to provide another person with sympathy, encouragement, and approval?
A. Physical proximity
B. Stimulation value
C. Utility value
D. Ego-support value
Section 2-Main Idea
Main Idea
We explain the behavior of others by making judgments about them. Our judgments are influenced by our perceptions of others.
Section 2-Key Terms
Vocabulary
• primacy effect
• stereotype
• attribution theory
• fundamental attribution error
• actor-observer bias
• self-serving bias
• nonverbal communication
Section 2-Objectives
Objectives
• Explain how we use first impressions and schemas.
• Describe several factors that influence how we interpret other’s behavior.
A. A
B. B
Section 2-Polling Question
Do you feel that first impressions shape your future view of a person?
A. Yes
B. No
A B
0%0%
Section 2
First Impressions
• Primacy effect
– First impressions sometimes become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Section 2
First Impressions (cont.)
• A schema is the knowledge or set of assumptions that we develop about any person or event.
– Schemas allow us to organize information and predict behavior so that we can respond appropriately in social situations.
– Schemas can influence and distort our thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors.
– We also form schemas about events.
Section 2
• Stereotype
– They can be negative or positive, and should be modified by experience.
First Impressions (cont.)
A. A
B. B
Section 2
Have you ever been guilty of stereotyping someone and found that you were wrong?
A. Yes
B. No
A B
0%0%
Section 2
Attribution Theory
• Attribution theory
– Internal attributions (dispositional)—personal characteristics.
– External attributions (situational)—acting in response to a situation.
Section 2
Attribution Theory (cont.)
• Fundamental attribution error
• Actor-observer bias
• Self-serving bias
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
What is a tendency to claim success is due to our efforts, while failure is due to circumstances beyond our control?
A. Fundamental attributionerror
B. Actor-observer bias
C. self-serving bias
D. Attribution theory
Section 2
Nonverbal Communication
• Nonverbal communication
• Many of the gestures we make and postures we adopt are governed by very subtle social rules.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Which is a nonverbal communication?
A. Winking at someone
B. Sneezing
C. Talking with someone
D. None of the above
Section 3-Main Idea
Main Idea
People experience different types of love and relationships throughout their lives.
Section 3-Objectives
Objectives
• Describe sources of parent-adolescent conflict.
• Describe different types of love.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3-Polling Question
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
How many children do you plan to have?
A. 0
B. 1–2
C. 3–4
D. 5 or more
Section 3
Parent-Child Relationships
• Erik Erikson believed that parent-child relationships could influence people’s later adult expectations about their relationships with the significant people in their lives.
• Parents also provide the first model of a marital relationship.
• Parent-child conflict may develop during adolescence.
Section 3
Parent-Child Relationships (cont.)
• Causes:
– Generational identity
– Changes in both the parent and child over the years.
– The parent and child have different ideologies and concerns.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 3
Do you have different viewpoints than your parents?
A. Almost always
B. Sometimes
C. Not very often
A B C
0% 0%0%
Section 3
Love Relationships
• Two common types of love:
– Passionate love—intense, sensual, and all-consuming love.
– Companionate love—friendship, liking someone, mutual trusting, and wanting to be with him or her.
Sigmund Freud
Section 3
Love Relationships (cont.)
• Liking is based primarily on respect for another person and the feeling that he or she is similar to you.
Section 3
Love Relationships (cont.)
• Zick Rubin identified three major components of romantic love:
– Need—a longing, hunger for that other person.
– Caring—the desire to give.
– Intimacy—special knowledge of each other derived from uncensored self-disclosure.
Section 3
Love Relationships (cont.)
• Rubin found that women expressed the same degree of love for her partner as he did for her.
Section 3
Love Relationships (cont.)
• Robert Sternberg’s triangular theory of love contends that love is made up of three parts that are present in various combinations:
– Intimacy
– Passion
– Commitment
Triangular Theory of Love
Section 3
Love Relationships (cont.)
• Two principles tend to govern behavior leading to successful marriages:
– Endogamy—the tendency to marry someone who is from one’s own social group.
– Homogamy—the tendency to marry someone who has similar attributes.
Section 3
Love Relationships (cont.)
• Healthy adjustments to marriage seems to hinge on whether:
– the couple’s needs are compatible.
– the husband’s and wife’s images of themselves coincide with their images of each other.
– they agree on what the husband’s and wife’s roles in the marriage are.
Section 3
• Most people who end up divorced experience “separation shock”—a period of mourning that lasts until the person suddenly realizes that he or she has survived.
Love Relationships (cont.)
Section 3
• Children have a harder time adjusting to divorce because they:
– usually do not want the divorce to occur.
– might not understand the reasons for the divorce.
– can’t exercise any control over the situation.
– are not emotionally mature enough to deal with the experience.
Love Relationships (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 3
Which type of love do you think is more important in a successful marriage?
A. Passionate
B. Companionate
C. Both are equal
A B C
0% 0%0%
Figure 1
Schachter’s ResultsThese graphs show the results of Schachter’s experiment about the effects of anxiety on affiliation.
Figure 2
Triangular Theory of LoveIntimacy refers to the feeling part of love—as when we feel close to another. Passion is love’s motivating aspect—feeling physically aroused and attracted to someone. Commitment is the thinking component—when we realize that a relationship is love and we desire to maintain that relationship over time.
Profile
Sigmund Freud1856–1939
“Martha is mine, the sweet girl of whom everyone
speaks with admiration, who despite all my resistance
captivated my heart at our first meeting, the girl I feared
to court and who came toward me with high-minded
confidence, who strengthened the faith in my own value and gave me new
hope and energy to work when I needed it most.”
Concept Trans Menu
Chapter Concepts Transparencies
Correcting Attribution Errors
Parent-Child Relationships
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Vocab1
social psychology: the study of how our thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and behaviors are influenced by interactions with others
Vocab2
social cognition: focuses on how we perceive, store, and retrieve information about social interactions
Vocab3
physical proximity: the distance of one person to another person
Vocab4
stimulation value: the ability of a person to interest you in or to expose you to new ideas and experiences
Vocab5
utility value: the ability of a person to help another achieve his or her goals
Vocab6
ego-support value: the ability of a person to provide another person with sympathy, encouragement, and approval
Vocab7
complementarity: the attraction that often develops between opposite types of people because of the ability of one to supply what the other lacks
Vocab8
primacy effect: the tendency to form opinions about others based on first impressions
Vocab9
stereotype: a set of assumptions about people in a given category summarizing our experience and beliefs about groups of people
Vocab10
attribution theory: a collection of principles based on our explanations of the causes of events, other people’s behavior
Vocab11
fundamental attribution error: an inclination to over attribute others’ behavior to internal causes (dispositional factors) and discount the situational factors contributing to their behavior
Vocab12
actor-observer bias: tendency to attribute one’s own behavior to outside causes but attribute the behavior of others to internal causes
Vocab13
self-serving bias: a tendency to claim success is due to our efforts, while failure is due to circumstances beyond our control
Vocab14
nonverbal communication: the process through which messages are conveyed using space, body language, and facial expression
Vocab15
generational identity: the theory that people of different ages tend to think differently about certain issues because of different formative experiences
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