Chapter Introduction

Section 1 A Changing World

Section 2 Early Exploration

Section 3 Spain in America

Section 4 Exploring North America

Chapter Summary

Chapter Assessment

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They both have Paradise at the top, Asia below Paradise, Europe to the left, Africa to the right, and they both include the Mediterranean Sea.

Chapter Objectives

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• Examine how technology made long sea voyages possible.

• Explore the factors that allowed great civilizations in Africa to flourish.

Section 1: A Changing World

Guide to Reading

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New knowledge and ideas led Europeans to explore overseas.

• classical

Main Idea

Key Terms

• Renaissance • technology • astrolabe

• caravel • pilgrimage

• mosque

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Marco Polo

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Expanding Horizons • Marco Polo’s book, Travels, written in

1295, described his travels to Asia.

(pages 38–39)(pages 38–39)

• It inspired Columbus and other explorers to journey to these lands 200 years later.

• The cities of Venice, Genoa, and Pisa became centers of the growing trade in goods such as spices, silks, perfumes, and precious stones.

Expanding Horizons (cont.) • The Renaissance, a period of renewed

interest in classical Greek and Roman learning, spread throughout Europe in the 1400s.

(pages 38–39)(pages 38–39)

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• It encouraged Europeans to pursue new ideas and challenges and set the stage for exploration and discovery.

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Why do you think Western European explorers found Asia so interesting?

Possible answer: Europeans had the ideas of becoming wealthy through foreign trade and learning about lifestyles in distant lands.

Expanding Horizons (cont.)

(pages 38–39)(pages 38–39)

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Powerful Nations Emerge • The development of large nation-states in

Western Europe helped spark foreign trade and travel outside the region.

(pages 39–41)(pages 39–41)

• The monarchies of Spain, Portugal, England, and France looked for ways to increase the power and wealth of their countries.

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Why was it necessary for monarchs to work at building powerful and wealthy countries?

Possible answer: Countries wanted to appear powerful so they would not be invaded and overtaken by any other country. Wealth would allow the monarch to outfit a powerful army that could defend the country or invade another country.

Powerful Nations Emerge (cont.)

(pages 39–41)(pages 39–41)

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Technology’s Impact • Better maps and navigational instruments,

such as the astrolabe and compass, helped navigators more accurately determine direction and location.

(pages 40–41)(pages 40–41)

• Larger and sturdier sailing vessels, such as the caravel, enabled sailors to travel faster and carry more people, cargo, and food.

• These advances enabled sailors to explore new routes, especially a sea route to Asia.

Technology’s Impact (cont.)

• Portugal and Spain began searching for routes to Asia and traveled south to the West Coast of Africa.

(pages 40–41)(pages 40–41)

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How does modern technology make our lives easier?

Possible answer: Modern technology helps us do things better, faster, more efficiently, and cost effectively.

Technology’s Impact (cont.)

(pages 40–41)(pages 40–41)

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African Kingdoms • Three West African kingdoms flourished:

Ghana, Mali, and Songhai.

(pages 41–42)(pages 41–42)

• Ghana was a huge trading Empire between 400 and 1100.

• Its trade in gold and salt contributed to its prosperity.

• When Ghana’s power declined, the empire saw new states emerge.

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• Mali and its capital, Timbuktu, became important Islamic centers. Mansa Musa, who ruled Mali from 1312 to 1337, was its greatest king.

(pages 41–42)(pages 41–42)

• He made a pilgrimage to Makkah (also spelled Mecca), the Muslim holy city.

African Kingdoms (cont.)

• The Songhai Empire rose in the late 1400s and became the largest in the history of West Africa.

African Kingdoms (cont.)

(pages 41–42)(pages 41–42)

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• Its ruler, Askìya Muhammad, encouraged trade with Europe and Asia and introduced to his country a legal system, a system of government, and schools.

• The empire fell in the late 1500s when the Moroccans attacked its trade centers.

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Why did great empires arise in Africa?

The resources of the land, the trade with North Africa, and powerful rulers helped create these great empires.

African Kingdoms (cont.)

(pages 41–42)(pages 41–42)

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Checking for Understanding

__ 1. a period of intellectual and artistic creativity, c. 1300–1600

__ 2. an instrument used by sailors to observe positions of the stars

__ 3. relating to ancient Greece and Rome

__ 4. the application of scientific discoveries to practical use

__ 5. small, fast ship with a broad bow

A. classical

B. Renaissance

C. technology

D. astrolabe

E. caravel

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

B

D

A

C

E

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Checking for Understanding

Reviewing Facts Name three technological advances the furthered European exploration. Describe how these advances helped explorers.

Possible answers: Mapmakers refined their methods and created more accurate maps; the astrolabe improved navigation; the three-masted caravel allowed ships to travel farther.

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Reviewing Themes

Culture and Traditions How did the Islamic religion spread to the early kingdoms of Africa? What is the name of the holy book of Islam?

The Islamic religion spread to the early kingdoms of Africa through trade between African kingdoms and Arab Muslims in North Africa. The holy book of Islam is called the Quran.

Critical Thinking

Drawing Conclusions Why do you think the Renaissance began in Italy and not in another part of Europe?

Italy’s prosperity enabled citizens to pursue an interest in the region’s past.

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Analyzing Visuals

Geography Skills Review the map of the African trading kingdoms on page 41 of your textbook. Which of the trading kingdoms was established earliest? In which region of Africa did the three trading kingdoms develop?

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Analyzing Visuals

Geography Skills Review the map of the African trading kingdoms on page 41 of your textbook. Which of the trading kingdoms was established earliest? In which region of Africa did the three trading kingdoms develop?

The earliest trading kingdom was Ghana. The three trading kingdoms developed in West Africa.

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Columbian Exchange Chart

How do you think the Columbian Exchange has enriched each hemisphere?

From the Americas to Europe, Africa & Asia

From Europe, Africa, Asia to the Americas