Poetry and VisualsName:

POETRY – IMPORTANT TERMS

Poetry – a term applied to the many forms in which human beings have given rhythmic expression to their most imaginative and intense perceptions

The following list of definitions will be useful in our discussions of poetry this year:

Cacophony – a harsh, disagreeable sound

Euphony – the opposite of cacophony, pleasantness or smoothness of a sound; assonance; assimilation of the sounds of syllables to facilitate pronunciation and to please the ear

Figurative Language – intentional departure from normal order, construction, or meaning of words in order to gain strength and freshness of expression, to create a pictorial effect, to describe by analogy, or to discover and illustrate similarities in otherwise dissimilar things.

1. Allusion – a passing or indirect reference; in literature, an author will often make an allusion to a famous book such as the Bible, or a famous work of art

2. Apostrophe – someone (usually absent), or some abstract quality, or a nonexistent being is directly addressed as though present (Lady Luck, smile on me.)

3. Hyperbole – conscious exaggeration, to heighten effect, or produce comic effect (This dog, with teeth the size of axe blades, started chewing at the seat of my pants.)

4. Irony – the recognition of a reality different from appearance5. Metaphor – a direct comparison of two unlike things i.e. the moon was a ghostly

galleon.6. Simile – a comparison of two unlike things using “like” or “as” i.e. the water curled like

snakes.7. Oxymoron (Gk. Oxus, sharp and moros, dull) – a figure of speech in which two words or

phrases of opposite meaning are set together for emphasis or effect, i.e. falsely true8. Personification – giving inanimate objects human characteristics i.e. the leaves danced

in the gentle wind.

Imagery – using words which appeal to one of the five senses i.e. The path through the forest was a lush green velvet color.

Lyrics – words of a song

Onomatopoeia – the use of words that by their sound suggest their meaning i.e. meow, crunch

Poetic License – the poet’s privilege of departing from normal order

Repetition – repeating a word or phrase for emphasis

SOUND TERMINOLOGYAlliteration – the use of words beginning with the same consonants or any vowel

sounds in successive or closely associated syllables, especially stressed syllables i.e. “In a summer season, where soft was sun…” OR “Apt alliteration’s artful aid is often an occasional ornament in prose.”

Assonance – similar vowel sounds in stressed syllables that end with different consonant sounds i.e. “Lake” and “fake” demonstrate rhyme. “Lake” and “fate” show assonance.

&Consonance – the use at the end of verses of words in which the final consonants in the

stressed syllables agree but the vowels that precede them differ i.e. “add-read,” “bill-ball,” “born-burn”

Chorus – a refrain repeated after each stanza in a poem or songMelody – sound devices, the main one being rhyme (assonance, onomatopoeia,

alliteration)Meter – board note/explanation to follow

Parallelism – the repeated use of a grammatical pattern in a line or lines of a poemQuatrain - four lines, usually having one of these rhyme schemes – abab, abba, abcbRefrain – a group of words forming a phrase or sentence and consisting of one or more

lines repeated at intervals in a poem, usually at the end of a stanzaRepetend – a poetic device marked by a repetition or partial repetition of a word or

phrase frequently throughout a stanza or poem. Repetend differs from refrain in that the refrain usually appears at predetermined places within the poem, whereas the repetend offers an element of surprise by appearing irregularly.

Rhythm – accents of syllables in the words fall at regular intervals, like the beat of music Rhyme scheme – the pattern of rhyme in the poem (abab cdcd efef gg)Rhyming Couplet – two lines with identical rhymesStanza – a group of lines of poetry having definite pattern; a division of a poem,

separated by white spaceIambic pentameter – a ten syllable line in which for every two syllables, the first is short or unaccented while the second is long or accented; used by Shakespeare

POETRY FORMS

We will cover SOME of these types of poetry this term.

Ballad: a type of lyric poem that is usually sung or recited.

Important Characteristics: (1-3 are the most important!)1. it tells a story2. often written in quatrains (4 line stanzas)3. subject is romance, tragedy, or the supernatural4. there is usually rhyme (such as abab)5. about common people (not royalty)6. can be sung (rhythmic)7. dialogue and dialect often present8. passed down in oral tradition – anonymous author9. figurative language is often present10. circular (end goes back to beginning)11. a chorus or refrain is not uncommon12. jumps right into the story with little background information

Blank Verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter that is commonly used for long poems, whether they are dramatic, philosophic, or narrative.

NOTE— Iambic Pentameter: a ten syllable line in which for every two syllables, the first is short or unaccented while the second is long or accented (used by Shakespeare).

Elegy: a formal poem that is about a poet’s thoughts on death, or another solemn theme. It is often about the death of a particular person, but it may be a general observation or the expression of a solemn mood.

Epic: a long narrative poem that tells a story about characters of high position in adventures. It forms a whole through their relation to a central heroic figure, and through their development of episodes important to the history of a nation or race.

Free Verse: based on irregular rhythmic cadence (sound patterns) instead of using meter. It may or may not have rhyme. If it does, it is used with great freedom.

Lyric Poetry: a brief, subjective poem strongly marked by imagination, melody, and emotion, creating a unified impression. The original lyric poems were sung while the performer played the lyre.

Types of lyric poems:1. hymns2. sonnets3. songs4. ballads5. odes6. elegies7. several French forms (ballade, rondel, rondeau)

Monologue: a speech, either written or oral, that presents only one speaker. It represents what someone would speak aloud in a situation with listeners, although they are alone.

Narrative Poetry: a poem that tells a story or presents a narrative (can be simple or complex, long or short)

Types: 1. Epics2. Ballads3. Metrical Romances

Ode: an elaborated lyric, expressed in dignified, sincere, and imaginative language with an intellectual tone. It has a single purpose and one theme.

Sonnet: 14-line poems written in a special meter called iambic pentameter. There are two major types, which are easily distinguishable by their rhyme schemes.

Types:1. Italian Sonnet – has an octave (8 lines) and a sestet (6 lines)

Rhyme Scheme: abbaabba cdccdc OR abbaabba cdecde

The octave presents a brief narrative, makes a proposition, or raises a problem.

The sestet drives home the brief narrative, applies the proposition, or solves the problem.

2. Shakespearean Sonnet – has three quatrains and a concluding coupletRhyme Scheme: abab cdcd efef gg

The couplet provides a comment on the previous twelve lines.

Villanelle: a fixed nineteen-line form, originally French, employing only two rhymes and repeating two of the lines according to a set pattern. Line1 is repeated as lines 6, 12, and 18; line 3 is repeated as lines 9, 15, and 19. The first and third lines return as a rhymed couplet at the end. The scheme of rhymes is aba aba aba aba abaa. Dylan Thomas’s “Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night” is one of the most famous villanelles.

Visual Terms _

Angle - space between diverging lines; part that sticks out; position from which something may be viewed

Asymmetry - lacking equality, balance, or harmony; not regularly arranged on opposite sides of a line or around a central point

Background - the part of a picture or pattern that appears to be in the distance or behind the most important part

Balance - The way shapes are arranged. When shapes are balanced, they create a feeling of order or harmony. When shapes are not balanced, they create tension.Composition - The arrangement of visual elements within a picture (layout of the elements)

Contrast - an effect created by placing or arranging very different things such as colors, shades, or textures next to each other

Color - The appearance of objects (or light sources) described in terms of a person's perception of their hue/tint. It is used to represent the ways things really look and also to create feeling

Dominant Image - more important, effective, or prominent than others

Emphasis - Drawing attention to something by use of color, size or placement

Focal Point - Part of a visual that is the main area of interest

Focus (in or out) - the quality that makes an image sharply defined with clear edges and contrast

Font - style and size of type

Foreground - the part of a picture or scene that appears nearest the viewer

Frame - a structure that surrounds or encloses a particular space

Genre - The kind or category of visuals.Ex. Landscape, portrait, nature photography, abstract painting, etc.

(Intensity - Purity or strength of a color (brightness or dullness)*** not on spec list)

Harmony - The quality that binds the parts of a visual image into a while. It is often created through simplicity and repetition

Lighting - the amount or type of light in a photograph, painting, or other artwork

Line - The basic unit of any image that has both length and direction

Movement - A sense of energy in a visual, determined by the spaces between shapes and by the shapes themselves

Panel - a section depicting a single scene in a comic strip

Perspective - the appearance of objects to an observer allowing for the effect of their distance from the observer

Proportion - the correct or desirable relationship of size, quantity, or degree between two or more things or parts of something

Scale - a ratio representing the size of an illustration or reproduction, especially a map or a model, in relation to the object it represents

Shadow - a darkened shape on a surface that falls behind somebody or something blocking the light

Symbol - covered in previous notes, it still remains that a symbol is a person, place, or object which stands for or represents an abstract thought or idea i.e. the Canadian flag represents our country, its people, its ideas and its history

Symmetry - the property of being the same or corresponding on both sides of a central dividing line; the harmony and beauty that results from such balance

(Value - Lightness or darkness of a color *** not on spec list)

FORMS

Caricature - a drawing, description, or performance that exaggerates somebody's or something's characteristics for humorous or satirical effect

Collage- a picture made by sticking cloth, pieces of paper, photographs, and other objects onto a surface i.e. see my right wall

Comic Strip - a series of cartoons that tell a story or a joke i.e. Garfield, Peanuts, Cathy, For Better For Worse are my favorites

Editorial Cartoon - a cartoon that appears in the editorial section of a newspaper, using humour to criticize a serious issue in the news

Graphics - the presentation of information in the form of diagrams and illustrations instead of as words or numbers

Photo essay - a collection of photographs in a magazine or book (or English project), often accompanied by a short commentary, that provide an overview

Poster - a printed picture, often a reproduction of a photograph or artwork, used for decoration or advertisement

Print - a work of art made by inking a surface with a raised design and pressing it onto paper or another surface

Storyboard - a set of sketches, arranged in sequence on panels, outlining the scenes that will make up something to be filmed, e.g., a motion picture, television show, or advertisement

Drumming for Mandela

Text: Views and Viewpoints, p. 243-245

The South African activist and former president Nelson Mandela (1918-2013) helped bring an end to apartheid and has been a global advocate for human rights.

Watch a short documentary about Mandela’s life:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgQBoXsxr8w

Read the poem Drumming for Mandela on p. 243-244 and answer questions 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6.

1. Given what you know or have learned about Nelson Mandela, what do you think is the main message of the visual?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Explain how the following visual devices enhance the visual’s meaning: composition, color, focal point, line.

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3. What does Mandela symbolize in the visual? Give evidence to support your response.

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4. Choose two elements from the visual and explain how these reveal the oppression of Apartheid.

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5. Compare the mood of the visual to that created in the poem. Show, with reference to both texts, how the atmosphere is established.

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1. Choose three visual elements and explain how they work together to create an image about identity in today’s digital society.

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Sonnet 55

William Shakespeare

Not marble, nor the gilded monumentsOf princes, shall outlive this powerful rhyme;But you shall shine more bright in these contentsThan unswept stone besmear'd with sluttish time.When wasteful war shall statues overturn,And broils root out the work of masonry,ChNor Mars his sword nor war's quick fire shall burnThe living record of your memory.'Gainst death and all-oblivious enmityShall you pace forth; your praise shall still find roomEven in the eyes of all posterityThat wear this world out to the ending doom.So, till the judgment that yourself arise,You live in this, and dwell in lover's eyes.

Sluttish: slovenly (neglectful of neatness of cleanliness)Mars-the Roman god of warEnmity-ill willPosterity: future generations

1. Write the rhyme scheme of the poem. What patterns do you notice? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Paraphrase the main idea after each quatrain and the final rhyming couplet in the poem._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the “powerful rhyme” to which Shakespeare refers? What is he saying about poetry?

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4. Find an example of allusion in the poem. What message is he sending by including it in his sonnet?

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5. Find an example of assonance. Explain how it is effective in the poem._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Explain the irony in the following quote: “Nor Mars his sword nor war’s quick fire shall burn/The living record of your memory(lines 7-8)

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Ta Prohm (prasat taprohm) is the modern name of the temple at Angkor, Siem Reap Province, Cambodia, built in the Bayon style largely in the late 12th and early 13th centuries and originally called Rajavihara. Located approximately one kilometre east of Angkor Thom and on the southern edge of the East Baray, it was founded by the Khmer King Jayavarman as a Mahayana Buddhist monastery and university. Unlike most Angkorian temples, Ta Prohm has been left in much the same condition in which it was found: the photogenic and atmospheric combination of trees growing out of the ruins and the jungle surroundings have made it one of Angkor's most popular temples with visitors. UNESCO inscribed Ta Prohm on the World Heritage List in 1992.

1. Choose the image from Sonnet 55 that best describes these ruins in Cambodia. Explain your response with reference to the poem.

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2. Discuss the use of shadow and light to explain the effects of “sluttish” time.

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3. In terms of understanding the concept of identity, is it important to have artifacts from the past? Explain your opinion with reference to both the visual and the sonnet.

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Name:_________________

Identity CrisisBy Monica Holliday

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You said to be beautiful, I had to be thin.You said to wear that dress,I needed perfect curves(Whatever that meant).You said to drive that car,I had to have gorgeous eyes.You said to wear that scent,I needed flawless skin.You said in order to get that man,I had to have long, luscious lashes.You said to get that job,I needed big, pouting lips.You said to succeed in life,I had to be perfect.You said to be happy,I had to conform to all your obsessions.And now as I lay here,With my living breath departed,Looking beautiful againstThe creaseless silk of My eternal bed,I ask you why you do this,Why I died this way,Trying to exemplifyPerfect.

Selected Response Items (5 %)

1. Which best describes the form of this poem?

A. BalladB. ElegyC. Free verseD. SonnetE.

2. What is the effect of the brackets in the quote: “(Whatever that meant).”(Line 5)?

A. To emphasize the speaker’s passing commentB. To further explain the imagery described C. To separate the topic of curves from carsD. To set off information of little importance

3. What literary device is used in the quote: “I had to have long, luscious lashes” (line 11)?

A. AlliterationB. AssonanceC. ForeshadowingD. Onomatopoeia

4. Which literary technique is used in the quote: “Looking beautiful against the creaseless silk of my eternal bed” (lines 20-22)?

A. Denotation B. MetaphorC. Personification D. Simile

5. What tone is created by the repetition of “you” throughout the poem?

A. AccusatoryB. DoubtfulC. Self-blameD. Vengeful

6. Identify the theme of the poem “Identity Crisis” by Monica Holliday. Identify and explain two techniques the poet uses to develop this theme. Support your response with a reference for each. (10 %)

7. Identify the message of the visual and show how, through contrast and focal point, this message is effectively conveyed. ( 5 points)

8. Identify a tone that relates to both the visual and the poem. Provide a reference from each text to support your response. (5 points)