Upload
nathan-anthony
View
217
Download
2
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
SPIRITUALITYSPIRITUALITY
HEALTH AND HEALINGHEALTH AND HEALING
DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS
Religion (from Latin - religare) - re: back
- ligare: bind together
- Expression of man’s belief in and reverence for a superhuman power recognized as creator and governor
of the universe
DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS
Spirit (from Latin - spiritus)
- Breath or breath of life
- Life force or energy that links all living things and sustains the universe
- Qi China
- Prana India
- Ruach Hebrew
- Gana South America
- Atua New Zealand
- Num South Africa
DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS
Religion Organized system of beliefs, rituals, practices & symbols designed to:
a) Facilitate closeness to the sacred or transcendent
b) Foster an understanding of ones relationship to others in living together in a community
Koenig, Handbook of Religion and Health, 2001
DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS
Spirituality “Personal quest for understanding
answers to ultimate questions about life, meaning, and about relationship to the sacred or transcendent, which may (or may not) lead to or arise from the development of religious rituals and the formation of community.”
Koenig, Handbook of Religion and Health, 2001
RELIGIONRELIGION SPIRITUALITYSPIRITUALITY
Community focused
Measurable, objective
Formal, organized
Behavior, outward
Authoritarian
Doctrine (good/evil)
Koenig, Handbook of Religion and Health, 2001
Individualistic
Less measurable
Less formal, organized
Emotional, inward
Not authoritarian
Not doctrine oriented
involve a sense of meaning and
purpose in life, provide a source of
love and relatedness, and help keep
believers in relationship to the
unknown and unknowable.”
David Lukoff, PhD, Psychiatric Clinics of N.A. 1995
“Both religion and spirituality
THE PERENNIAL PHILOSOPHYTHE PERENNIAL PHILOSOPHY
“The metaphysic that recognizes a divine reality substantial to the world of things and lives and minds; the psychology that finds in
the soul something similar to, or even identical with divine Reality; the ethic that
places man’s final end in the knowledge of the immanent and transcendent Ground of
being.”Aldous Huxley
THE PERENNIAL PHILOSOPHYTHE PERENNIAL PHILOSOPHY
Everyday world & personal consciousness are manifestations of underlying divine reality
Human beings can recognize the Divine Ground by direct intuition
Our hidden higher self, the spark of divinity – can be reached through love & compassion
Awakening, enlightenment, salvation, etc. is the purpose of human life
Ronald Miller, As Above So Below
THE PERENNIAL PHILOSOPHYTHE PERENNIAL PHILOSOPHY
Christianity: Kingdom of Heaven lies within
Hinduism: Atman (immanent, eternal self) is one with Brahman (universal ground of being)
Buddhism: “Look within, thou art Buddha”
Suffism: “He who knows himself knows his lord.”
HISTORICALHISTORICAL CONTEXTCONTEXT
“All of the world’s healing traditions are based on an understanding that modern
biomedicine has largely forgotten…we are spiritual beings, emanations of something beyond us, as well as bodies and minds. We are connected to one another, to the earth, and to that beyond in ways that are more powerful and deeper than any of us
may know.”
HISTORICALHISTORICAL CONTEXTCONTEXT
“Disease, they explain, represents an imbalance within ourselves and
between ourselves and the natural, social, and spiritual world. Our health and our healing depend not only on
careful diagnosis and expert intervention but on restoration of that
balance.”James Gordon, Manifesto for a New Medicine
“ “ The essence of Native American The essence of Native American medicine is awareness of the medicine is awareness of the
sacred connection with the Great sacred connection with the Great Spirit, with the natural world, and Spirit, with the natural world, and with one’s social, physical and with one’s social, physical and
spiritual community.”spiritual community.”Ken Cohen, Alt Therapies, 2003
HISTORICALHISTORICAL CONTEXTCONTEXT
“Christian, Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist, and shamanic traditions
all see the project of healing as intersecting with one’s spiritual and
religious identity.”
Linda Barnes, Pediatrics 2000;104(6)
“ “ We are not human beingsWe are not human beings
having a spiritual experience, having a spiritual experience,
we are spiritual beings we are spiritual beings
having a human experience.”having a human experience.”
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
HISTORICALHISTORICAL CONTEXTCONTEXT
Middle Ages- Church issued all medical licenses
Nursing- Emerged from religious orders
Hospitals- Built & staffed by religious orders
HISTORICALHISTORICAL CONTEXTCONTEXT
Scientific Revolution - Separate universes
- Faith and religious worldviews separate from scientific medicine
- Care of the soul & spirit Church
- Physicians hesitant to discuss spiritual issues
HISTORICAL CONTEXTHISTORICAL CONTEXT
HEALER
One that heals; especially a physician
A person who essays cures by spiritual, magical or other nonmedical means
American Heritage Dictionary
HISTORICAL CONTEXTHISTORICAL CONTEXT
Healing (from Greek - heilen)
- To become whole, set right, restore
- Medical Dictionary: (healing)
A process of cure; Restoration of integrity to injured tissue
Dorland’s Medical Dictionary
HISTORICALHISTORICAL CONTEXTCONTEXT
Spiritual Belief in the U.S. Today
- 96% believe in God
- 90% say they pray
- 90% believe in heaven
- 79% believe in miracles
Koenig, Handbook of Religion and Health
HISTORICALHISTORICAL CONTEXTCONTEXT
Spiritual Belief in the U.S. Today
- 82% in the healing power of prayer
- 73% that prayer can heal others
- 64% that doctors should pray with
their patients if they are asked
- 48% want doctors to pray with them
HISTORICALHISTORICAL CONTEXTCONTEXT
HMO Executives & Spirituality- 94% spiritual & religious practices
can help medical treatment- 74% spirituality can positively impact
cost containment- 83% relaxation & meditation training
part of medical school studies
Yankelovich Partners Inc., for John Templeton Foundation, 1997
SPIRITUALITY SPIRITUALITY HEALTH & HEALINGHEALTH & HEALING
Religion & Health
Spiritual Healing
Spiritual Assessment
Healing Health Care
Research
Practice
RELIGION & HEALTHRELIGION & HEALTH
Measures - Religious belief- Organizational religiosity - Subjective religiosity- Religious commitment- Religious coping / maturity- Religious history
Koenig, Handbook of Religion and Health
RELIGION & HEALTHRELIGION & HEALTH
People who are more “religious” Have less heart disease Lower blood pressure Better immune system function Fewer negative health behaviors Better psychological health, and… They Live longer
RELIGION & HEALTHRELIGION & HEALTH
Dartmouth Medical School- 232 heart-surgery patients
- Asked if they received comfort and strength from religious faith
- Patients who did were more than 3 times more likely to survive
Oxman, Psychosomatic Medicine, 1995
RELIGION & HEALTHRELIGION & HEALTH
Northwestern Univ. Medical School- 30 elderly women recovering from
surgery for broken hips
- Those with strong religious beliefs walked farther and were less depressed
Pressman, Am. J. Psychiatry, 1990
RELIGION & HEALTHRELIGION & HEALTH
Attendance & Longevity- Random sample of 21,204 adults - Followed from 1987-1995
- Nonattenders 75.3 years- Once a week 81.9 years- > Once a week 82.9 years
Robert Hummer, Demography 1999;36(2):273-84
RELIGION & HEALTHRELIGION & HEALTH
Mechanisms - Background factors- Childhood training- Psychosocial influences (PNI)- Lifestyle choices- Health care behaviors- Interactions
(non-supernatural)
SPIRITUALITYSPIRITUALITYHEALTH & HEALINGHEALTH & HEALING
Religion & Health
Spiritual Healing
SPIRITUAL HEALINGSPIRITUAL HEALING
“Systematic, purposeful intervention by one or more persons aiming to help another living being (person, animal,
plant, or other living system) by means of focused attention, hand contact or
passes to improve health.”
Daniel Benor, Spiritual Healing, Vol. 1, 2001
PSYCHIC PHENOMENAPSYCHIC PHENOMENA (psi)(psi)
Telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition
- Perceiving objects or events beyond ordinary senses (esp)
Psychokinesis / Telekinesis
- Mentally affecting matter (animate or inanimate) at a distance
Other – NDE, OBE, reincarnation, etc.
“mind-matter interaction”
SPIRITUAL HEALINGSPIRITUAL HEALING
Therapeutic Touch
Qigong
Reiki
Prayer
SPIRITUAL HEALINGSPIRITUAL HEALING
THE POWER OF PRAYERTHE POWER OF PRAYER
THE POWER OF PRAYERTHE POWER OF PRAYER
393 patients in coronary care unit
Intercessory prayer vs. control group
3-7 people praying for each patient
Daily intercessory prayer
Followed for 10 months
Random assignment / double-blindByrd, Southern Medical Journal, 1988
THE POWER OF PRAYERTHE POWER OF PRAYER
5x less likely to need antibiotics
3x less pulmonary edema
Fewer diuretics
Less CHF, pneumonia, cardiac arrest
No mechanical ventilation
Byrd, Southern Medical Journal, 1988
THE POWER OF PRAYERTHE POWER OF PRAYER
Replications
- Coronary Care Patients
- AIDS
- Alcohol abuse treatment
- Harvard Medical School
SPIRITUAL HEALINGSPIRITUAL HEALING
Prayer
Therapeutic Touch
Qigong
Reiki
Non-human systems
SPIRITUAL HEALINGSPIRITUAL HEALING
Humans
Animals
Plants
Bacteria
Yeast
Cells in laboratory
Enzymes
DNA
191 controlled studies of healing
Benor, Spiritual Healing
124 show significant results
SPIRITUAL HEALINGSPIRITUAL HEALING
PlantsPlants- Barley seeds damaged by watering Barley seeds damaged by watering
with one percent saline solutionwith one percent saline solution- Healers hold saline solution before Healers hold saline solution before
applying to experimental groupapplying to experimental group- Experimental group darker greenExperimental group darker green- Three trials p < .05Three trials p < .05
Benor, Spiritual Healing
SPIRITUAL HEALINGSPIRITUAL HEALING
Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells- Swell and rupture when placed in a Swell and rupture when placed in a
hypotonic solution hypotonic solution - Hemoglobin spills out and can be Hemoglobin spills out and can be
measured in fluid around the cellmeasured in fluid around the cell- Healer imagines cells are resistant Healer imagines cells are resistant - Able to reduce swelling & ruptureAble to reduce swelling & rupture
Benor, Spiritual Healing
MIND-MATTER INTERACTIONMIND-MATTER INTERACTION
Electrodermal activity - Sender and distant receiver
- Random arousal and calm periods
- No-mental influence control period
- 10-20 one-minute periods of randomly alternating influence and control
MIND-MATTER INTERACTIONMIND-MATTER INTERACTION
Electrodermal activity - 19 different studies / 5 researchers
- 400 individual sessions
- 53% success
- “Normalized” effects size = 0.25
- For aspirin & heart disease = 0.03Dean Radin, The Conscious Universe, 1997
(odds – 1.4 million to 1)
MIND-MATTER INTERACTIONMIND-MATTER INTERACTION
Random number generator - Electronic “coin flipper”
- Records random “flips”
- Participant are asked to mentally influence the output so that in a sequence of predefined length there will be more “heads” or “tails”
MIND-MATTER INTERACTIONMIND-MATTER INTERACTION
Random number generator - >1200 studies, >100 investigators
- Odds against chance > 4,000 to 1
- Opposite-sex pairs 2x as effective
- Bonded couple – 4x as effective
- No decline with distance
Dean Radin, The Conscious Universe, 1997
MIND-MATTER INTERACTIONMIND-MATTER INTERACTION
Thousands of double-blind, well-
controlled studies conducted by
respected researchers in eminent
institutions over many years have
clearly demonstrated the existence
of “psychic” phenomena.
MIRACLESMIRACLES
“Miracles do not happen in
contradiction to Nature, but only
in contradiction to that which is
known to us in Nature.”
St. Augustine
SPIRITUALITY SPIRITUALITY HEALTH & HEALINGHEALTH & HEALING
Religion & Health
Spiritual Healing
Spiritual Assessment
SPIRITUAL ASSESSMENTSPIRITUAL ASSESSMENT
WHY ?WHY ?
- Religion-motivated neglectReligion-motivated neglect
- Patient demandPatient demand
- PsychoneuroimmunologyPsychoneuroimmunology
- Anxiety and hopeAnxiety and hope
-- Coping with stress of illness Coping with stress of illness
SPIRITUALITYSPIRITUALITY
“ “That which allows a person to experience That which allows a person to experience
transcendent meaning in life. This is often transcendent meaning in life. This is often
expressed as a relationship with God, but it expressed as a relationship with God, but it
can also be about nature, art, music, family can also be about nature, art, music, family
or community—whatever beliefs and values or community—whatever beliefs and values
give a person a sense of meaning and give a person a sense of meaning and
purpose in life.”purpose in life.”
Christina Puchalski, M.D. Journal of Palliative Medicine 2000;(3):129-37
SPIRITUAL ASSESSMENTSPIRITUAL ASSESSMENT
“ “Spiritual history is a beliefs or values Spiritual history is a beliefs or values
history that explicitly opens the door to history that explicitly opens the door to
a conversation about the role of a conversation about the role of
spirituality and religion in the person’s spirituality and religion in the person’s
life..”life..”
Christina Puchalski, M.D. Journal of Palliative Medicine 2000;(3):129-37
SPIRITUAL ASSESSMENT SPIRITUAL ASSESSMENT
Different from Psychosocial How are you coping? What are the
stresses? Are you scared of dying? How is your family coping?
Despair? Meaning and purpose? Belief in
a God or afterlife?
SPIRITUAL ASSESSMENTSPIRITUAL ASSESSMENT
FF
II
CC
AA
Christina Puchalski, M.D., George Washington University, School of Medicine
Faith
Importance
Community
Application
SPIRITUAL ASSESSMENT SPIRITUAL ASSESSMENT
FaithFaith
What is your faith or belief?
Do you consider yourself spiritual or
religious?
What things give meaning to your
life?
SPIRITUAL ASSESSMENT SPIRITUAL ASSESSMENT
Importance
Is it important in your life?
Have your beliefs influenced your
behavior during this illness?
What role do your beliefs play in
regaining your health?
SPIRITUAL ASSESSMENT SPIRITUAL ASSESSMENT
Community Are you part of a spiritual or religious
community?
Is this of support for you and how?
Is there a person or group of people that you really love or who are
really important to you?
SPIRITUAL ASSESSMENT SPIRITUAL ASSESSMENT
Application
How would you like me, your
healthcare provider, to address
these issues in your
healthcare?
SPIRITUAL ASSESSMENT SPIRITUAL ASSESSMENT
Consider spirituality as a potentially
important component of every patient’s
well-being. Address spirituality as an ongoing
issue. Respect every patients spiritual beliefs;
don’t impose your beliefs on others.
SPIRITUAL ASSESSMENT SPIRITUAL ASSESSMENT
Make referrals to chaplains, spiritual
directors or community resources as
appropriate
Your own spiritual beliefs will help you
personally and will make the provider-
patient encounter more humanistic