m a see d o r e islands ge;t;fisr. in ;f"rf%ndJ$ clurstretrs,

it standa done geogrftphicalfy, hEIZf-way between Greece

Asia a n o r , fLa3.f-way betwe- ft"urope mc'l Mricsr,

It st@s apart fmia reat of Greece, and inrllea

f~ua the rest of the mcfent wfkd, in ite unique c2.vfl;lmtloa,

which aqq well have been f o a t % ~ e d 'by its geopaphical posit%oa,

sea-surrouJnded, it was shielded f r ~ a lmga wavea Q$

imigrants l i k e tihose WZli~h diarugteb $he l i f e o f the zasLtn-

advanced, and high3y ind iv idW culture. Its texti le too l s

suggest the a r r iva l of newcotuers in the Zar3.y Bronze Age, but

froa then un t i l after the final destruction of ICnoaaos a

dlleniuin later, th@ history of textf f e groductfon in Crete

foma one horslogeneous chapter,

sea-connect&d, at the centre of the, eastern Aegisan

sea-routes, it was prevented f rom becoming an isolated back-

water, and, through trade, was in contact w i t h the ideas, art,

s k f l l s and products of countries as far aiww as mbylonia-and

~gypt, Conversely, other civil i aations encircling t h e island

could not remaln unaware of Miaorn acfaievments, and its 19-

f l u m e was naturally greatw in lbackwsrd' countries, aad

chief mong t-heu, mainland Greece.

Crete fs a p~rraQox, both in ma past, and to-,

for it is difficult not to -ink of it bath ar P-1; of &&ma.

e X t %a naticesrble that while i t is goaaibls to

writs an account at the archaeology or prahb&tory of Crete 3

with minimal reference t o C~eeorir, it would be w.7:

difficult $0 mite a greNatory o f Greece without including 2

Crete, ao great w a s i t 8 influence on this rmblould a d t;b

other islands.

Today, thanka to its a m strenuous effort@ to i

* - - - - * .-. - ~ - - .ss'

2. E.g. E. Vermeule "Greece in the ~ronke @sRh 1964. 3. Oeorge Mikes "Eureka! (Rummarging in G ~ e e o e ) , 1956.

become so, i t is p a r t of Greeoe, and garhapa tha m8$

t y p i c a l l y Greek part aP the country - y e t i t is aubtly

different, The difference, d i f f i cu l t t o define, may be

that i t is a l i t t l e mare Greek than the rest of Greece* A11

the qualities o f Gresoe, both land and people - beauty and

sunshine, h o s p i t a l i t y , courage, intefligenoe, =d th&L

excellent c h a r a ~ t e r i s t i c which is not well-conveyed by t b

English word cunning - are 'writ largef in Crete. Boi;h

archaaalogically and otherwise, it provides the comgaratf ves

to the rest of the countryrs p o s i t i v e s , aid to its scornpar-

a t i v e s , the supsr lat ives .

The humourist George Mikes, i n a slight but very

perceptive sketch of the islandls chmacter, tie119 the

story of a young man i n Eferaklsion who, upon being asked if

he arere Greek, rep l i ed proudly that he was one hundred per

cent Greek - and t w o hundred per cent Cretan. The atory

summarises the Cretan paradox neatly. As one or the

Greek lands, Crete has its plaue in this thesis; but as

a land true t o its own tredAtiona, it requires individr ia

treatment.

1. E.g. J. &* 3. Pendlebury "The Arohaeoloe;~ of C ~ e t e " . 1939: R. W. Hutchinson '"rehistoric creten, 10

the I;a"itiab School o f A P . G ~ ~ ~ Q ~ Q L & ~ ' @ expert creLsLn w9rlis;Eiiaorr

from E[nosreoee w i l l W o u b t w be aware U a t Crete %S b e

o s a t part of Greece, & Uoaasora is the vast part o f Crete,

This ettatgmaat contains a fair degree of gmerELt amhe-

ologieal trut*h, and as far 88 the subject of %hie thesfo

ie concerned, can scarcely be qusetionhtCt, Frogs N%aLiUit= 1

to Roam times Knoesos wae coricernaa in t i ie ymductlon of

t e x t i l e s , often 0x1 a large s c a e , In the Nectfithic

period particularly, when i t ie the on ly Cretan aito w

far excavated to produce much evidence for e p i w h g and

weavings it bars grielded one of the earliest and wst

complete repertoires of t e x t i l e toole anywhere in the

In 1957-lq60, John Evans concructed excavations

below the central c o u r t of t h e putace at Knossos. Late

~ e o l i t h i c reaaine l i e abost imediately below surfwe

here, because the Paace builders levelled o f f anc3 cut

back the mound to accarnodate the c o u r t . Bedrock w a s

reached approximately seven matraa below the ccurt, sod

between the two isy a succession of geclithic aettlasnts,

the earliest, of the Early Neol i th ic period, establiehed

st the end of the seventh or the osplnning of the sixth

nrillenim B.C., ard the lateat, Late Weclithie one,

flourir~hing some three aiUeaia later, The houaeaS of

1, 3 have men numbers of Hellcanistic miel Noam ;;LoamweSghb turned up wkrfle working on dslcceavatione in meas ~ l o u a d the Paace, and they rule coama find8 among the pZou@~& efartb of the sum-ing vAn9y.mJ8,

mdbpfak or pis&, o%ten on a rto~eb foundakisn, with beaten

earth floors, were laid out on the a m orislntation for

several millenia, awgeatfng a bmta oontfnulcy Ln the I

sektlaxnent . Ten phases of ocoupation are recorded, and a W o t

all the svidlebnce far spinning and weaving coma from the L a a t 2

three, St ra t a f If -1, whioh represent the l idd le tvld Late

Neolithic periods.

The first r e l i ab l e indication of the crafts is

provided by the precsding Early Neolithic I1 Stratlull IV,

which i s carbon-dated &o the first; quwtrar of the fourth 3

nillsnium B.C. T h i s consisted of a ~ragment of a mde

whorl, two incomplete clay objects tentatively ident i f ied 4

as shuttles, and a long, fine bone needle.

There is e a r l i e r evidence, but it is inconclusivec

A stone toggle , witness t o clothing but not neoesswily to

c lo th , was faundl i n the lowest l e v e l , Stratum X (another 5

came from Stratum. 1x1. Disca chipped out of discarded

sherds occurred as e a r l y as Stratum V31, and, as has been

seen, they were the precursors of rnade 'ilphofls on the wdnland 6 - but the majority of the Knossian ones had no aentra3, bole.

They may have been merely unfinished, but they anay have been

intended f o r some quite d i f r s~sn t purpose, l i n e c ~ m t era.

One of the pot te ry discs recovered from Stratum 'Wl was cen-

t r a l l y pierced, and the same phase prcrduoed a possible stone

3. 3. D. Evans, B.3.A- Val . 83, 1968, pp, 267 - 269, 2. J, D, Evans, B.S.A. Val. 59, 1964, p. 293. 3. J, D, Evans, 1960 ope tit*, p* 272. 4. J. D, Evans, 1964 ope c i t . , p. 132; I ? 6 1 ; P3.8 60,

1, No, 6, 5. J. D. Evans 1984 op. cite, pp. 142, 1W; Pig. 58, Nos. 89,

25. 6 , J . D. E v a 1984 op. tie., p. $335, fl* S, N w c 3, 8.

Khorl, and a bone needle; P;ke rucossaing Strratu V U b

four p i e ~ o e d discs, anokhsr po~sible stone whorl, and a

a stpay. These trPo pkumes belong to the later part of

date8 in the f i f th m21-Zeaiu91 B.C.

The great wealth of material w-aces in t b

Middle NeolltMc Straturn 111, which produced twenty-five

discs (out of a total o f eighty), a clay shuttle, a

p o s s i b l e bone needbe-shuttle - and at l e a s t two sets of

loomweiqhta.

Stratum XI, transitional between Middle and

Late NeoHitMc, saw m extraordinary increme llsl the numbers

of made whorls. No fewer than one hundred were found, three

stone whorl, a loomweight, and two shuttles.

Stratum I, the Late Neolithic phase, was apparently

less prackzctive, but it should be remersbered that it had

been p a r t i a l l y destroyed by the buildera of the Palace. 3t

had a group of loomweights too shattered to be counted, thir-

ty-six whorls, of which one was decorated, and two shuttles.

1) a D i rer m d a Prorp d l i a ~ l ~ ~ d e d PO$-

tie- oe~urred in a l l etrrta f m m PfX t;o 1, -4 thew re- f!

partioulerly large ~urxrbers ta Strata TV a d l l Z . & ~ L J

unpierosd ones rere found, that they ought. p ~ u b a b l ~ r t o be, re-

a d designed For 80196 other purpose. 1% i8 hitarsat- that

the m d s whorls, Just as on the maiPlaad.

2), dtone Olborls ( ? ) . Thsrs l a no reaaou tha

flat or f la t t iah centrally-plsrcsd &eca of stone fouad fmm

Stratus VI upwa~da should not have been used as w-h~rls, If

they had a &,aster of at l a s a t ten centlmetsea and/or a mi@&%

of at least tan g r m (page 80 ff, above), end the csnt;ral hole

ww large enough to reueive a apFndh. These objects, ursual-

Ig only In emall nurnbera, are found fn strata of diverse per- 3

at sgtsa a l l over Greece, wd, no doubt, further a f i s l d

a lso , Other uses, such PS pendants in the cadla of snrall,

well-made ones, and lib or net weights In %he case of ksuygrsr

ones, do suggest themselves, w d it is not possible t o be dag-

mat ie about their function.

1, J . P, Evarsa, i3,S.A. Vol. 59, 1064, p. 192, Fig. 56, ko. 6, B1, 5'7, 2, Boa. 1, 4, 5, 12,

2, J. D. Evarre 1964 ope it., p* 236. 3. Page 153 above, note8 8 - 7 ; elso L, ema arb& Br%a

"Poliocbi", 'S964, 673, Y h CLXXXOPX, EJolP, 14, 3.7, 3.9, 2.1, GUXXYXPX, Pos, 16, 17, 25, GWUUaXX, 230s. 6 , 8 ; tg, t@ "Excavations at T$;arrPJ, 5n Laahotrn, 1936, p, 3.61, FQ, 46, &a 4, fl. XXVI, No. 3%-53A; J , L, Crpskay, Beaparha V02, 25, 1956, p* 161; P. M. 9Caweza "Ygrt;aaW, 1978, p. 2W, Pbg, 2,- luos, 161,- 164; 0. ~ri;dd~1 and a. Pelrgasa "&insH, PUS, p. 253, Fig. 377; Y. Va-a "The SSecUarh kesaaiaz f?lxpe$;tt- ion", 1938, p, 854, Par, 9; T* D, At&&&oa e% a, *~x~att ' - ations at Pbplak;opi", 3OW, pp, 800 - m1,

i a e e the whorls of &sofit&.io uorsreas ars P W L ~ ~ fro& pllmo-

convex wid d f a c - a w e d thmaagh biconis; 1 t~ P l ~ t L e f ~ e d

g l o o u l a r , The ~ t r ; o r r f ~ & l sectLori ier s a i d Iko Q ( s ) ~ x ~ tka@

m a t popular, followed by the plezno-coz4wex typaar, w u l s tm

two opp~ait e extrsaea af bun-shaped and dirt-shaped *era

The rragutentary whorl of ~tratucg 1V waar not of a

comon type, alti~ough two other8 w i t n similar decoration

occurred in Strata 12 and I. It Dad been e epMroid

object, the black surface of which bore incistad dote filled

with wmt e.

The great urajority of' the heolithkc hoseiran 2

whorls t ha t i was able to exauctne, whettbr:r their profile8

were discoid, biconical, or plano-convex, were wide a d

f l a t (Stratun; ~ 5 3 : Fig, 1.7, P I . XXViIa, b; Stratum 11:

pig. 18a, P1. XXViIc, d; dtraturu L: SIZg. lab, Y1, XXVl ie ,

f ) . T h e i r diameters, espec ia l ly in S t r a t u 111, approached

5 as. rather than 3 cruse, were s~metf9 ies a little in 3

excess of the larger f igure, bach phase produced one or,

t w o higher biconical or "bun-shaped" whorls, the aiaareters

of shich tended to be a l i t t l e saaller, mad this type seem t o

have become s l i g h t l y more numerous in the Late Neolithic

Stratum I. Their numbers are augmsnted by those published 4

by Sir wrthur Evruis, wkrioh presurrmbly cane from upper md

tnerefore l a t e r haolithic lev%Ps,

. - - . -- - - - - - - ---- -- - -.--- -- -- Stratum f I; 10-02 the 36 frw* 5Watum X.

5, Exact stagist ics are not poss ib le as so wgq *em Sxacow ulete.

Very few of the rrhorle are decorated, a d rwkea

they w e , the duaigna are of the otirarplest, dots, or pair8 of I

lines m ~ i n g fros $he oen6ra1 hole t o tks cirederernaa,

~ l m s t a l l , hsne7~er, are very *ce l l made an8 well Pired, The

clay is usualfg quite f i n e , and var ies Froa greyish-blaok t o

blonde, with intermediets coilours of daPIk grey, dark red, sad-

mnn pink and pale yellow. Some of the .Irrhorlar MI mttleri 3s

variegated aolouris irolaa the firing, which I s mst q t t r ~ ~ t i v e .

M a y have burnished or alipgsd and burnished finiahea. Xa

spite of many ixlcomplete speoirn8D.L, it i% a haasisoms colfect-

ion.

2 Despite their emswator's oocasional quet ;ion mrka,

there can be l i t t l e doubt that the objects published as loom-

weights, are loomweights. A l l except two were found Pn

groups. All except these two are unbaked, or yetry l i g h t l y

baked, and would speedily disintegrate in water or weather.

The holes of solpe of the more rtomplets exmples bear distinct

marks or thread wear (Figs. 19a, b, 21a; P1. X X V l l i a - d), while otherst holes a r e broken in a mmner suggesting st~afn,

The hiddle Neolithic Stratum IIX contained two sub-

phases, and one set of weights was found in eaah, The

slightly earlier set consisted of roughly reotangular objeots

w i t h psrforatloxs~l at soroe or all corners (F ig . 19a, P1. XXVLI I

a). The only re la t ive ly complete one has holea at all four

coruera, and thread rear indioatea that it huAg aa illus-

trated in Fig. 19a rand Pl, XXVIIXa. Four o f its broken

fellows probably reeembled it, but the thread weax- on a - 1. P.M. I, F i g . 10, l o , 7 ; Christian 2 0 ~ ~ 0 8 'L8&rt de l a

crate beolitaique e t hinoem&" 1956, Pl, 115, 2. J. D. E r p n ~ , 0.Y.A. Val . 59, 1064, p. %We

f i f t h (PI. jlXV~iIa, bottour right) indlcatfts that I t huu

diezgonally. A seventh weight ( P I , XXVlLXc, left), made cf

the satas fine, cretarrng olag a8 %ti is group, ~srrd found i n the

same trench an the a w e day, ettt bearirg a different cata-

logue number, is p ~ o b a b l y one o f the scune &st.

An eighth weight, w i t h the same catalogue n w b r aa

the mafority of the group, i s quite d i f f a r s n t frou them

f ~ i g . 19b, P1. XXVLllllc, l i g n t ) . Zt i s aP coarse, d m k brick-

red fabric, had a round rather than a rectculgular p r s f i l a ,

and two boles, through one of' which it is now broirsn. it

is s l ight ly rerrtiniscent of the l a t e r s~inoan discoid two-

hole weights, except that it is very aach thicker, i t a

presence i n the group i s probab ly accotmted f o r by i%s

being an o l d weight, or a spare weight f r o a another set ,

brought i n t o replace a breakage,

Guboid weights, usua l ly pierced w i t h f o u r holes,

were to be one o f the standard types o f hinoan weig3tu;

they were t o be particularly prevalent i n t h e &iddle hinoan

per iod, and to De v i r t u a l l y conriried to hast Grete. They

raay w e l l have been t h e desceridants of this group f r o n

Neolithic Faossos. Their design is d i s t i n c t i v e , s o nuch

s o that one feels t hey mst have beeti created f o r s o w

s p e c i f i c purpose, some apecia l i sed kind of weaving. having

four holes, they have provision for f o u r thin bunches of

warps, instead of one or two t h i c k ones. Perhaps these

bunches were of different colours.

There 1s a farm of weavirlg called tablet-weaving,

which is rAormally uaed ror narrow strips of patterned cloth,

like braid, but can also be used for decorative b o r d s ~ s .

The (tabletsf are thin plates or s;ilecrsa o f oard wikh varyfng I

pasasd. By trsm.l.r@ the teiblets a varyhg uurnbrtr o f tu- in 1

varying birectiane, a pat;tencr in the rrsirp 1% oreated. Par-

haps the C ~ a t a a ouboid weight# were uaed in a so~~awbat sfail-

ar manner.

lhs seoond and @light ly later seL of U d d l s Bee- 2

a i i t h i c t weights are larger and heavier thm tkle Pfrre, and

oF a dif Perent de8ig.n. Again they are approxim%sly rect-

angular, but with roundad tops and flattsnsdbaatrs, They

are sometlmgs tal ler than they are wide, bomtims wfder than

they are high; they are always rider than they are thick,

and pierced with two ho~izontal holes through their shcsrtest

ax is , a little b e l o w the top. They dift'er considerably in

size and shape (Pigs. 20a, b, 21a, b, Pl. XXVILI~), and 3

weight, but not so mch as t o preolude t h s i ~ use on tha one

loom, There are f i v e reasonably well-preserved sxanq?les,

and a fur ther s i x recognisable ones; a l l but one are of the

same g~syiah-brown Pabrict with white grits, as are two cur-

ious, slightly tapering cglindriaal objeota apparently found

w i t h them. One broken at one end, the other at both, so

that it is only posaible t o gueast at their original f o m .

They may once have had a aingle horizontal piercing near the

top, or they may simply have been large, up ierced clay

cylinders, although they do not appear to have the slight

'waist1 usual on bobbins or spools (Y1. XXVTXIe),

1, Por a fuller explanation, aes Audrey S. Bashal l , P.P.S. Vole XVI , 1950, ~m 130 ff., p* 14%; also Elizabeth Sfewertsz vatl Reesraa "~ontribution t o the E w l y Ustorg of Textile Technice", 1926.

2. The weight w i t h four halea weigha 195 grarps. 3. The weight Fn Fig. 20a ia well over 500 gratjas, the limit

of the aaalea used; that in *%go 20b, 330 &ramot (broken) ; that in F i g , 21a, just over 600 grarprr; iutd %hot fn Ffg. 21b, 368 gr- (@Upped),

Tia *etpayt m i & b t s were Pawd, The lirst wois s f

the fine, dark grey f &brio used %or so- of $ha Wbrla, a d

l i w c , them r l so , It was wall-firerd, mtf ooat;ad with a rz~arm

burnished slip, It waa muoh smller tiha any of the otfrer

weighta, and had two holes aaer ita allghtly-rounded top fFu.

22b, PI.. XXVIiPd, bottos Icsf'tl . It am fro& cn rSddle &so-

'lithicr ooatsxt. The other, frola the trmaitllonal iiri~ble/

Late Neol i th io Stsatuna XI, was a f1stC plaque o f ves- barfd-

fired brick-red aoarse ware, w A t h holes at all four, coasrr

showing signs of wear. ft rm tctrgbr arid f latter than

either the Middle Psol i thic or the Y h o e n cuboid wsrigh$r wLth

four holes, and h m no close paralls3.s (Pig . 22a, ff. XXVILLd,

top).

The looswelghta mentionad ao far, are only t b s a

which have been fortunate enough to survive the yaw9 iP a

recognisable fom. A bag of bsiokS that none, but thor

w e t oonaoientioua of arohaaologiata would have diringuiahed.

from l q s of mud, includes an ooeaaional smooths& and rowsd-

ad corner, and the Fabric appear8 to be bha sanrc, aa that of a

very fragmntasg weight from a late Yiddle Meolitjbi~ osnteltt; 3

f Pl, XXVXTld, bottom right), which came from the trcench.

Another possible group of weight8 came froa the Cste Pieolit-h-

fc Stratum L; they were so ahattemd that i t raa not posaibEe

t o estimate their number or aomment on their fom, and their

interest iiae mraly in the fast that they demxmtrate that

the warp-weighted looa oontinuad in use.

1. The piece of weight illustrated in PI. XXVPIPd, bottom rlght, wrrarr f r o r ~ Trench B, Level 10, and ths *mud br5ctk' from Trench 8, Level 8.

MA o b j e c t i t ~ r ; to t h e ~ x ~ o s d i a n shutitfee is C a i h t

they a r c of't ,rz thicker m a ttlways shortel. than Is ~ e s i r t r o l a ,

arid t n i s i,iecms t r ~ a t thby h; l a shct r ter l~n,jti.:s of' t r ~ r t &a

tn-itr~ t n e y :r;ight. l$xptr"rirf,unb; with the t n r ee i t t u a t r k t a a

i n Fig, c3, u s i i g % - ~ l y wool, snowed that 25a cudfd t&e

twenty-Pive turns of the thread, a length o f 4,ad mtres;

z3c cou ld accoti~~~cGai4 cwenty-six t u r n s , o u t w i t h i t 8

s n o r t e r length, this was orlly 3.75 ~ , , e t ~ e s ; ~ 3 b nt:lu i ' u r ty

tarns of' thread, wid as It is broxen wid Its origixral

length unKnown, it i s not possible t o es t imate wnat lerath

or' cnreaa t h i s r e p r ~ a e n t s , but o b v i c u s l y it woald nave klela

-,,ore thwi tne otner two. i f the average capac i t y of a

s c u t t l e is taiien as being 5 ;,;etres, and c l o t h hslf ~i metre

w i X e is being woven, it means the s h u t t l e w i l l nave t o be

re f11 ted a f t e r every r ~ i n e or t e n rows +3f weft; are inser ted .

hichoxgh a loriser thread ~;c)ala b e p r e f e r a b l e , t n i s is by

rio ;;!ewis SO i 'necluont as to preclucre tiie u s e 3f the o b j e c t s

as ~ h u t ~ l e s .

-. ~ f i e ~ e is no 5ovd reason why shutzlles snodld be

cecorkteri, !unless f o r t r i c i r owners' p leasure - Nia If tilis

t"i5~r; t ~ e c ~ s e , it s:,en;s s t r a i g e tna t n a p e of the wharls were

r ~ c b iricisec. Tne i n c i s e d 3tlrf8~€23 of t n e Shuttles were

i j o s s i ~ l y o f sollie l-lelp An g r k g p i ~ tile first t u r n of t n ~ e a d ,

a L d preventin3 it froirk slip,sing. - if indeed the objec t s

were used f o r izolaing thread*

ks John &vans points o u t , the fact that the

sfldttles make their agpaarmce at the same t l m e as the

i'lrst r~ade wnorls, and orlly a l i t t l e before the first

loomeights , f a i n favour of their being connoated with

shut;tlea, wid it i s very qrobsB3.a P;netg used POP this

purpose, but i t caf inot bs incont;ravert%bf g prored.

S i r A r t h u r E v w s f e l t that mmy of tw bone SooZa

II which ahourlcledf~in hf s Pisvlitklc atsposlt aust be G Q ~ G @ X A @ ~

w i t h a t e x t i l e industry, arid he men5lanu spacifically shut- 2

tleea j '! , needles, culd ''punches, perhaps for l e a t h ~ r , ~ ''

There was an abundance a f bone t o o l s on the reoent

excsvatfr>irs also , and s o w of" the pointed, polished an03 m y 3

have s e r v e d as p i n beaters, awl& o r purichau. r i l l exc;tjpt

Tour of the bone needles with eyes w~iicn are illustrated look 4

f i n e enough to pass through loosely-woven homespun, ma thet S

f 'our tha t are t o o wide or thick f o r this purpose are aaftable

Tor use i n pa t t e rn weaving - olie of t h e m is, in fact, almrta$ ti

tor~g enough f o r a needle-shuttle,

S i r A r t h u r &vans considered a= Incissd chequer mtfr

on soue 0;' his pottery t o be of "obviously t e x t i l e or ig in" 7

ipig. 23d), kt fu maro di f ' f i cu l t to i m q i n e incised p o t ~ e ~ g

pa t t e rns as cloth than 1% is painted anes. ir the incisions

are inrLtating a pla in check, tkiere is notinin& d ; t osay except

that t t z ~ s i s one of' the si~rr~lest patterns top~odur=e, ~f

they represent pmets of vertical stripes altsmkating w i t h

1. J. D. Evans, E3,S.A. Vol, 59, 1364, p, 233. 2. Pek . I, p* 42. 3. E.8. J. D. Evans 1964 op. tit., P I * bl. 4, J. D. Evans Id64 op, cite, 29. 60, 1, NOS. Z - 3; 2, kos,

t, - 4, 5. J. d. Evms 1964 op. @it., P1. 60, 1, boa, B - ?, 6 s J, iJ* X V ~ § 1364 o . cite, P I . 60, 1, &o, 5 , F 7, P.L. 1 lac, ci t , , &g. d , Raa, 4 - 5,

mavua, di . l l~n& QP lorsung+a, r + r t i o a l l j hetcrhstll bum$. and ao 3

on, 4 be b r f v s d f r c ~ r n tsx%llr p m % t + m , But i t A& net pea-

Geprinr b a a @ .ism reeor+rad fmr a l l lareXr of tlm

Epore reoant *xoavat ioue Only t b r e o f tha fie&, La rab b

period8 hawe b a a rtudied in depth u yet, but th. r.rulta

are ints~eating. About t b s s - q u a r t a m of a11 the b s r of

guirhed, sheep boner rees t o Bpt* bee9 a b ~ u t IUUF Lima# aa

''a e q l a n a t i o a fur the prcrdiouaraaa of ah++p rt Jbstarsoa may

be s e w in tho loml t ~ p ~ g r a p b y , with gent13 m13.a

h i l l r and fa i r ly olosa vegotatian i a mra a U t 8 d t o 8 b e p tBra

t o goate. a t is not till Pufthsr inlaad thrr oae meeta rith

miore w e d eurroudingaa, tho sommnly pprsfarmd e~loimmmat 3

1, be Do P S V ~ U , B.YmA. VoI, 50, 1366, PI@. 47, Q, Ine, 8; 48, 1, 0 . 4 a$, 1, Nor, 3, 6, 19, 34; 60, 1, Be. 8.

2, \T. D. Bvmr IBM ape a%%., P X k 48, 3, Wor. 9, 8, 6, 0; 46, 4 0 0 4 8 a h * a?, 5, 4, d k X uM& WXMpe woo B (E,Y. xz) ; +B, t, m a t ~ ~ p + ~ i a x y w9. ar; 49, 1, a l l shemila (k.&.); 49, d, bath aham%# ( & S W ) j W, Z, d l &ha%#&; $8, 1, Iwm, 3 - 6 etcr,~ U, a, 1500, 1 26, 10 f L.B. ) ; W, 1, #a, I? fnobio+ eft-t ef re- sallac), &la a; 63, S, Berm 6 - 8,

3, Ye R, rtld 8, I, Jisrwrrn a dm D, $ s p r l l q ) # BwS*l* k 3 * MJ I@@&, PP. 866 * BZW; P ~ U G pg, 84& f % w , 848, as, &&be

'woolXsa inidautryt pmpouad+b for ~ w u ~ C z I%%ep Yinorn mete

998 ff, belor) M;P not hmm bad i t@ o~&$i r r r h+m,

Tho infommtion about r g b a f n g a 4 *raw- Jm t b

reat of Heolithicr Crete i s mini~sal, -4 s h e d nhorf, ma& frsr 1

incised ware, wadi fouad at rogaaa, and a few ~ b s n b o ~ l o of $fblr

highcrr b i c o n i u ~ ~ l type, 8081etims buised , a m W a o frooa 2

PhPiatos*

Tne evidence frorn Krroseou, h.owevsr, ie rrutfioimt;

coinpenastion for the dearth elrerh.ro.

By the and o f the Early Neolithic period, tkm W-= I i t a t e of h a s e o s were gosaibi ly pmdu~ing enough thread far

their own neecia with shsrd whorl8 and the firrrt -4% whe~'L8~

and the olag shuttles may be evidenos for wcbav2ngg.

In the LidcUa Neo1iQhio period it s+r9la IikaXf tihat

thsrs rpls a conaidarable in~reaae ia tha p ~ ~ 8 u c r t i o a of $st-

tiles. Both the =in aats of Isorlim+ig&ta euaf;aiRed uns QP a

fabric Ufferent fmm the pasts, aad these %ro m y aaoe hov%

belonged t o other groups of weights sisxtlar $6 thierrsalvw,

The am~a3S ulippad w~bQ@it illurrtratsd ,Ln Fi.6. OS& aq hrsv* b d

J ? Q ~ ~ Q W ~ # , rid the f r m t w Wd@t b a QS b r ~ i * '

.r +hm tm looas in efistemar, an8 tW aWsr 4w+ beas

as Ugh aa s i x . 'Pha erer the sxoavation a~vabbd

the &uses fa*. UnI~a1t t ) ~ BOQBL~~ gredti gaud forkwe a l l t;hs

Zoom of the mttlolrtsnt ware getha~rd in ona -a, a factor

rorth stat- that l o u ~ t s i n ursa in Q.raeoa today haw U s r t ;

aLwaya bean handed down In a f-ly POP at leuat thcea 6sn.r-

ationrs, snd it; would have bsbn r naturcrl procedu~. in praJlir-

torfe tiarea alao.

The aglpg apindls wborls d e o o f t e n oufflce both

granciwtbars and grad-daughtsro. Tba number fawd in tbs

Yiddlr PTeo1iP;hlo 3%rattroz III, twenty-five, fe ample for the

area exaavatad, and th* hundred whorl8 Prom thm auocaed3.q-g

Stratus 11 i e quite exceesiae* A t the end o f the kiddle

N e o l i t h i ~ period, the inhabitants of hossos must certainly

have been producing far mre thread than they rsquirsd tham-

aelvea, and it seema very l i k e l y they were also weavhg

surplus cloth.

Add t o these indications the hint of a divers i ty

of teohniquss provided by the two diffarsnt forb- of looar-

wcighta, a glbaner of professional pride in the de~oratmd

shuttlea ( ? I , the suggestion of patterned 010th ~ & i l e c t e d by

inciaed designs on pottery, and an unusual predontipanus o f

A t Tyliasoa today, where msmy of the 3ahbitantet weam under oontrasrt t o tourist rshQge ;tn Heraklefcm, thsm rn three looms Zn one gmup of houaes a little l w e r t h a that covered by the Knossoa eroavotiotla, %'hers aw, other l o o u e2aewhere iP the vil1q.b. It i t s t l ~ t b w ~ ~ t h y that there i s not a loo& irt svsr;p houecla A* L b kcbssem%cul v i l i a g e of HarpoPora, -oh i r r not ~oxts@Pn,&a w%%h the toask.. ist trade, them i a only ona loam, flCh;Seh ~nyohs m y use at need.

'keep bones, u cppoasd t o nurm o.prAnu bones, a r m in tb.

@ettlsrent@a eorlioat phase@, a d a rather 8trrtlIng pLotulv

awrgarr.

Sooner or later the i z ive~tad O U P ~ W have t o be

removed Prom the word. taxt.til6 i n d u a t q t In c o n n e c t i ~ rlth

Crmte. I think it 18 hlghly pmbable thrt a text l lu indru-

t r y W P ~ a1ready fn erlstenee st Kr~oasca in the Ieollthic

Early mome M e i% a satiefwtory period, 4%

large nmber anit wide v~utietjr of QiPcha@ologfcaP finas sap

either definiteru or vary plausi'o3y be attributed epbzxhg

and weaving, and, whila -ma have their orig ins gx43ced-

ing period, afsd a few continue in use in the succe&iag ~rtear,

the raaifority are & h a s t atirely confined to the zwen;ae

Age, sometimes even b t k e exeent of wing uscaful da t j~g at-

eriaL, which i a lulusui%f, with b o l a .

Although t h a t t ex t i l e Mole of the mr3y Bronze &e

are n o t alwaya found in the saane cornoinations, or even w o c -

iated w i t h t h e same type o f pottery, they do tend to ciirLde

the country in to four zonea, within each of which a certfflln

degree of uniformity may be expected. Tnese w e : the nclrtb,

including Macedorua, Thessaly, md the ia1;ands of Leanos, aPd,

t o et lesser extent, Lesboo; central Greece and Pe l~p~=e&e ,

w i t h a ~phere of influence which seeme b have iaclucied aoas of

the Iogian islands; the wcfades; arid Crete,

Crete was the mst isolated of these sones. Its

tex t i l e tools were quite different, not only fro= those of the

reet of meece, but also from those of its o m ea;rrl;taW period,

There is a poesible slight affinity w i t h sople o f P;he other

islend8 - Santos, Lesbos, tand Kea - but on the &ole, Crete

stood apart.

The other three zones, although retaining

own cha;racter%stice, show a pleasing ogen-rntndeiLnesa3

towards the ideas of their neighbcrurs, or possib;l$, f since

textile too ls are conservative and c o m o ~ l ~ e ob,jacte

unlikely to travel fer without their o m ~ f s ) , towarc;%a a e i r

neighboura i n person, The picture is one of sporadio and I unhindered movemanta at' anal1 groups of peoples i n various

direct ions, a peaceful and benefiocpnt exchange sf ideas

and t echniqw *a.

The sea m a t have played a ;ptajor part i n this

i n t e r a h a w , providing the best of a l l highroads, needfng

no making, requiring no upkeep, suffering from neither

sumer dust nor winter mud. Travel by s u p nust have

heen faster and more oomfo~table than any form of transport 1

available on land, so long as the weather was f ine - and

if it were not, there were islands az~d harbours enough i n

which t o shelter.

T h i s last explains the coqarat ive i so la t ion of

Crete. Even i n c l a s s i ca l times, ships t r ave l led by day

and were beached a t night. Crete i s about eight hoursi

sail f rom Thera even in today's ships. Although there is

general evidence for Bone contact w i t h other p a r t s of t he

Aegean, it must have been a much more d i f f i c u l t journey,

o f t en involving undesirable night sailing.

Although the Early Bronze Age may be considered

as approxfmately occlupying the t u r d millenium B.C., them

are the usual d i f f i c u l t i e s over chronology and terminology.

'Early Bronze Age' is as exact a def in i t ion as may be 2

expected f o r t he Horeh. The central and 80uth8rn main-

land and the Cyclades have the advantage of t b t r ipar t i t e

divisions of Early Helladic I, IT, and ILI, and ;Early

I Cycladic I, 11, and fIS, but too little material kaa been

accurately enough dated to ifiake them of mch use in Chis

thesis*

In cer~tral Greece, where the evidence is aased I chiefly on Eutresis, the barly Rel ladfc period see- t o have I e ~ ~ d e d with a destsuctfon, followed by a change of populutian,

1 I at the esnd o f i3. W, 11I, the succeeding phase beire of I course the !diddle Belladic; but J. L, tiaskey, excavating I at Lema in the Argolid, found that there the destruction

arid change occurred at the end of the E. B. I1 period, and

puts forward a good case f o r tne same sequence ~f 8verit.s I elsernere in the north-east P e l o p o ~ e s e , i~otablg at Zygaurira

2 and Asine, This theory has t h e rnodevt support of a spindle

whorl, of a kind typical of the &iddl8 Eelladic period only 3

a t E u t r e s i a , which was found in sn Early B e l l a d i c context 4

at Lerna.

The evidence to be considered consists of nuaterotis

I varieties of spindle whorl, mong which, however, two or

three ~ i n d a predominate; one of them, with rare exceptiorra,

can be dated to the Early Bronze kge on the evidence of type

alone; almst a dozen different varieties of loomweight;

curious little clay objects known, bectause of their shape,

I as lanchors', again certain indicators o f the Early Bronze

I Age in Greece, the connection of which w l t h text i les is,

I thougn kjpothetical, o f t en suggeeted; bone needles and other

I bone tosla; a feu bronze needles; nurasrous ruab irqresaions;

I arid a scrap of cloth,

I. ti. Goldram "Excavatioru a01 Gutrssis in Boeotia", 1933; I

a) Spindle 'Whorls.

Greek Early Bronze Age whorl is the one variously m o w n as

plump conica l , convex-aided conical , semi-ovoid or hemi-

s p h e r i c a l , and f o r the purpose8 of this thesis called ' doued8,

L i ~ e t h e majority of the period's whorls, these are usually 1

large and heavy. mle some exanplea are coqarat ive ly Low,

(~igs. 270, 28d, 30e, 3 l f ) , t n s majority w e of a height which

is only a l i t t l e less t n a ~ their d i a e t e r , There ee vir-

t u a l f g no exu?les in wnich the height exceeds the d i k e t e r ,

The flat s u r f ace, usually re fer~ed La in publicatioria a8 %he

base, but poss ib ly actually the top (page 76 above), is some-

t imes s l i g h t l y concave f Figs . 25w, X, y, Z, aa, 2 8 e ) , o r 2

hollowed (Fig. 26a).

So many whorls, the grcat majo r i t y of the domed

type, were found a t E a r l y iislladic Corinth, t h a t their excav-

a t o r , Leslie "Jalxer-~iosmpouloa, thought t h a t the t e x t i l e

industry rnight have been as important a t the s i t e then as it

was t o b e i n later dless ica l and H e l l e n i s t i c tines (FLg. 28d, 3

el. ?he same type of whorl has been constantly found a t 4

otner excavations i n t h e vicinity, including dorakou on the 5

coast t;o the north (Pl. XXXXc, hoa. 1, 2 ) . 0thet.s were 6

Zound further south , at Phliua near 3emea (PI. XXXld) , and 7

at Zygouries (PI. XXXfb) ,

1, r ipprox iu te maximums: 7 c w , diameter; $0 grams weight. 2 . See also If, UolQam 't&xaavations at Eut~ssis in baootia",

1931, p. 392, Fig, 265, top. row, No. 7,

Although no domed whorls are i l l u s t r a t e d in t h e 1

Tiryns publ icat ion, four are on display i n the archaeologiaal

museum at Lafplion, in a caae of Early Helladic finds from

that s i t e . Two (Nos. 1287, 1288, Fig* ma, bl are of the

usual s i z e , while t h e o the r two (NOS* 1290, 1396, Fig. ~ O G ,

d ) , although approximately the sama shape, a r e s o much smsller

that they ought perhaps t o be excluded from the category.

Five more Tirynthlan whorls are on disp lay 51 the Nationdl 2

Archaeological IYtuaeum, Athena, and of theae, thee are of

the domed type (Fig. 308 - g ) . I t is very d i f f i c u l t t o

equate the t e x t of the Asine pub2icat ion with the i l l u s - 3

t r a t i o n it r e f e r s to; but again there is a t y p i c a l domed

whorl a o n g the material from t k a k s i t e 131 I.lafplion museum

(Fig. 303).

The small finda from Lerne have not ye t been

dated, but t h e s i t e had over f o r t y domed whorls which are 4

c e r t a i n l y Early Bel ladic i n appearance (Fig. 29a - d l .

Three-quartera of these were of the more usual higher

var ie ty . Almost all were made of' well-refined and very

well-fi~ed buff clay; three (t6.9, L6,11, L6.42) were of

coarser r ed fab r i c , and these and ~ o m e others were p a r t i a l l y

blackened f rom f i r i n g ; a11 were well-smaothed, sometimes

with slip whfch kaE, preserved finger-marks, and two (L5,327,

~ 5 . 1 5 4 ) were burnished; two (L2.41, L6.11) had s l i g h t l y

concave tops , but the major i ty were flat o r very s l ight ly

convex. The gimetsr range w a 3.7 - 5.5 e m . w%t;fi an

1, Kurt ~ f l l l e r " T i r ~ m s ' ' Vol. IV, 1938. 2, Gas% 15, a l l rrith No, 1613. 3. 0. Frddin and A. Pcsrsson 'Asineft, 1938, p. 250 ff,, Fig.

177. 4. I ~ h o u l d l i k e t o thank Prof, J. t. Caakey, o f the Un4,-

verslity of Cinoinnat;i, for allowing me t o study these md o t b r small findr Prom +he site, arid t o inelude them in %he thesis.

20 1

average of 4,75 csis., czrtd the rang8 of height;@ was ~~4 - 4.5 cm., with an average of 3.5 ~ m , The central holes, with

a range of 3,6 cnrs . - 1 .2 cuss , and an avspage sf 0.d OM.

m a t have acoowodated spindles siarilar in a i m t o today's.

Although the cloned whorls were perhaps more

numerous in Corinthia and the Argolid than elsewhere, they

were by no means confined to this part o f Greece. Wsea m

Arcadia is f o r once iu l ine with otner sites in having dosed

wnorls in its Early Helladic levels, but produces its usual. 1

confusion by claiming them also for the Neolithic period,

Across the water from Gorinth, near Perachora,

this type of whorl has recently been fourid in a context which

m y be E. H. I. I t continued to be used in the succeeding

The whorl also occurred very early at Eutresis, and

pwe 3953 (Fig. 28a). Other sites in central Greece at

which it has been found include Aghios Kosmas on tne A t t i c

coast near Athens ( P i g . ;C?e - g), and r,lthares near Thebss

(Pig. 27a - d ) . The whorl i l lustrated in Pig. 27d, with

i ts bevelled upper edge, approaches an asymmetrical biconicaf.

shape, and i s s imi lar to one of the smaller whorls from Tiryns

(pig. ;X)c), and two fron the nortn (Fig. 23aa, t).

1. Erik J. Holnberg "The Swedish Excavat;ions at Asea fn Arcadia, 1944, p. 117 ft., F i g . 113, hoa, 2, 7.

2. J . aa. - o ~ s e y , B.S.A. Vol. 64, 1969, p. 65, Fig. 8. 3. J . L. arid Zlfzabeth G. Gaskey, Hsspelnia XXIX, 1960, pp.

1+2, 145, 157, P l . 53; 8. Goldman "Idxcavations a.t; Eutresia in tloeotiafi, 1931, p. 192, Fig. 265.

11 4. 0. E. ~ ~ y l o n c ~ s l aghlos Korsmasi', 3.069, pp. 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 42, 146, pig. 170, Nw. 2 - S, 7 - 111.

5. T. G. SpyrogouTos, Deftion A * , Val. 24, p. 29, YLs,

202

Far rhorls f ~ o r the Gjc l~des have been publfsbd,

and even i e n r dated. Ths domd wbrl do08 appelr t o hare 4q

beem rsprerrenterd thors, however, uu twe fzwm lhblos 011.8 on

display In the t4ation.l ACch.+mlogi~fi Mu&etu, Atheru (Fig. 31 2

9, f ; .lid ~ 0 t h . ~ 18 horn f m Am~rgo. (Fig. 310).

The whorl i t? leas frequeatly found north oQ che

Spercheios. Thera i u l i t t l e record of it 3s 'Pha~srly unless

Taountas8 rather smsll Yo. 21, found in both Stone and Bronze, 3

&es, i a taken lato aocount (PI. XXZX~, Mo, 21). X t seem 4

to be present in Maoedonir, however, at Vard.ralt.a (F ig . Uv) , 5

end at Anabnochori in the far north, where rill the ahorla are 5

reported aa having concave tops (Fig. 25r, s, aa). Three

domd rhos18 have been found in the recent excavetione at

Servia, Two (NO@* 71 and 110, Fig. 26b, G; Pl. XXXd, centre

and right) coma from reasonably eecure Early Bronse Age con-

texts. The third (Blo. 303, Fig. 26a; P1, XXXd, left) is

f r o m a mixed level, but, except for the accentuated hollow top,

is very l i k e the domed whorla of the Peloponnase in fabric,

f i ~ i n g and f ia iah. The s i t e at Servia wao &aacfoned at the

and of the Early Eronee Age, and not Uaturbed thereafter save

by Borne middle Byzantine p i t s and perhage a World War I; Fr#noh

array bivouac, so the a8signation of the w h o r l t o the Early

Bronze Age i e mrs secure than it reem81

The type oocura in some n% Oree~e's farthest ialaad..

It appeare t o have beem kaann at T h e m on Leaboa, althu%~gh

1. Cme 64, bottom shelf* 2, C. Taountu, A.B. 1098, pp* 166 - 168, PI.0 8, lo* 9, On

d i s p h y in the National Arahawlogioal Yussu, &thane, Case 72, bottom #&If, L30, 6542,

3. C. T B O U ~ ~ L ~ , L e D 1908, p. 343 Pf *, PI* 44, bow @J.* 4. W. A. lleurtlay A P ~ h i s t o r f o ~medonio", 19259, p. 87, Ffs.

1 quite mother type of rborl pre&BPinatad $ham. Twa irryj-

mentary. Wrla frono Dijrpfald'a exrravatiam at S t m o oa Lbukar~ 2

aeenr to be of this type. P h e X l y , the rhorl rraa lCougd Pn

the Par xlorth-west af Oreeoa, rat Aptriana oa Corfu (fl. -&a, 3

NO. 171, cn leolitbic#~azlly Bronze b9e sits a d d t o hawe af-

f i n f t f s a a t h both Latalcam and southern f t a l p in f%rt earlfer * I settlement, and with him~ and llaoedonia fn its latter osrtr. I

M a n y Greek E w l y Bronee M e tools have c lew ot.%g%n~,

somtimes within the ~ o u n t ~ y , often beyond its borderrrp. There

appeara t o ba little trace of these whorls beyond Greecse,

Scfalienmn l l l u a t r a t s s two fma his exoavatione a% Troy, aad a

plain oonica'l, Gype wiLh a slightly convex profile b e a seem to

habe been in uas i n hia earliest cfty, but it differed from 5

the Greek whorls in being "a lustrous blmk a~lour.~ Evan

these, however, do not appear t o have been uonmton in Anatolia,

I where, as on Lesbos, quite another type of r h o ~ l pmdoanated

6 in the E W ~ V 83'01186 &6. . -

Greece had many tools, in aommron w % t h her neighboar%,

I but domed whorls do not seem to have been esongst them. The I

I Inescapable conclusion is that the type w a developed Ln I

4

Greeoe itself, perhaps in the north-east Pelopomese, where it 1

I ocrcurred ao frequently and in auoh ntuabers, or ia central 1 I

I Greece, where it @an be d&sd to the very b%g;tnning of the I 1. 1, Laxib "Excavatlonrr at T h e p a on Leaboss, 1936, p, 161,

Fig. 47, NO* 27, 2. W. drpfe ld "~lt-ltbaLan, 1927, pe 284, P1, 56d, batton I

row, left; P1. 69b, lo. 4. 3. a. Bulle, A t h . kitt. LIXL 1032, p. 167, Fig. 4, Po. 17. 4. H, 8 , L. ETmmnd "Qfrsra , 1967, p, 363 Ff,; J. I;. Gaskey, - C.A.H. V o l . I, Chap. XXVIa, 1864, p. 23. 6. 8, Sohliemann nTrog a d Its Be~ur;lna", 1876, pa 187, P1. XXI,

307; 310; "Iliou", 1080, g. 28o, Lloa. XW?, 16510. 6 , See C. Blegan a t "Troy Val- X, 1050; Seton &loyd and

Jams Yellaart "Beycesuftaa" Vol. J;, 1062, for (L v e w large creleotion.

Brogae Age at Perachora and &treeis.

A1t;holyJb other w b r l s introduoed in %he h;mXy &a&-

l a a o period were to survive fato later timai, the domd

whorl8 are aeldQar seem after the end of the Early Ilro~ase Age.

There are a f e w sxoeptiune: at Eutresis, where they oontltn- * -

uad into the hiddle aad Late Balladio periods; at CarhW1, 2

where two were towad in gravers nhth Middle lielladlio putt;e~y;

and at liohoria in &essenia, a r e a frgqpmnt o f one nae found 3

in a Middle Bsllodic conte&; but basically, the do-4

whorls both c t a ~ ~ e and went with the E a r l y ii.ellsdlc era,

2) Tall Convex-Sided Cones. Theas laay be r e l a t e d

t o the domed whorls, but the fact that their heist exceeds

their diauaeter makea the domedt dseoription inappliaable.

They are usually of coraiderable size and w e i g h t . They are

not very cosmon. Their idemtifieation nith the Early Bronze 4

Age res ts on their presence at Aphiona (PI, WUIIer, Lo, 161,

and on Tsountaat clasaifiaation of them in Theagalv (PI, XXIXb, -

20). The others i l lustrated, f r o m SYCOB (Figs 32a1, 7 8

,l&opi ( F i g . 31d), and Lema (Fig. 29g), a r e dependent

upon analogy f o r dating, and that this may be inaeoure is

indicated by the ocowrenoe of ruoh er whorl in an b. 8. XI

context at kiohoria ( ~ 4 3 8 433 Pf. below).

- - - --- I - -- C r -

192, Fig. 265, Rowa 2, 3; 2. Theodore L. Shear, A.J.A* ZOUtlV, 1930, B. 408, 3. H, TE)S, I ai~ould l i k e t o thank ~ r o f e a i o r W. A* rochad$

of the University of hinneaota, for allowing me to study the mterial f miti bf chert a. and inolude it; i n the theais. I

4. 8. B U ~ ~ O , 8th. k tt. L ~ X , iw, p, 167. ~;tg. 4, NO. rsl 5. C, ~sountas,b, 2 ., 1908, p. 343 Pf, PI. 94, NO, 20, 6. Oa display in the Blational A ~ o h a a a Z o g i ~ a l kuseuiu, Athem,

Gas 71, bottom shelf, No. 5242, 7, On diaglay in ths lYatlonal Arohaeologiaal Yuseunr, Atbna,

Case 64, bottom ahelf, Blow 5846, 8, L6.116,

bectog~rcl eertablished in G)reece ia the Lags N@ol&tb;to period.

Thsy mare notabla i n kloumre 4 of R m i * r T b i H Period ( p e e

172 above), and, in vfan of their overall n W 4 ~ 1 3 ~ say relZ 1

have oontfnusd in w e there. They were r h o inetitutsd

early m S m & (page 153 above), and may h a w 4 b e a ~ m an 1sJlmd 2

type, being found on Amrgoa (F ig . 3Ta, b), m d f mas (Pig. 3

31gr h). Twenty-five were found at Lema, but no date i s , .

available for there. Tro are, 12liuet;ratad (Fig. 2@e, f), but

the one with the uonaave top (Pig. 2981, be- the only one

t o have this feature, should pe~hapa be regarded as a daffer-

ent type, &any of thea, although too low t o be called

@ doaedl, have a slightly oonvez, rather than a straight-sicied

lower half.

Both the low conical whorls illuaGrated from

Armenochori (Fig. 25x, y) also had czoncave tops, and Beurtlsy,

in a footnote, charaoteriaea as a typical 'Danordiai 4

form.

4) hediw Cones. Straight-aided oonioal whorls o f

mdium height w e perhaps an even more o o m n type than &opted

whorls, which may have developed from them, as ruggested in

the terms 'plump oone' and 'oanvex-s%ded aonel, They are

often fowd in E f i a same contexts a8 their mre rounded

counterparts (e.8. Fig. 28d. They may be either true ~onea,

je,g. F i g . zed), or truncated Gone8 (Fig . 268). Soma were

1. A. J . B, Kaoe and k, S, Thonnpeun "Prekistoria Thessalyn, 19l2, pp* 42 - 430 63, Fig, e8.

2, C. Tsountas, &.El bt398, p, 168, P 1 . 8, No. 7; on aap lay in National Arohaeologf oal jaruseuar, Aeh-a, Oaae 72, bottoar shelf, No. 5342.

3. On display in #ational A~ohaeolo-gisal Yu&etua, A t h e ~ a , Gma 70, bottua shelf.

4, 11. A. Heurtrey "Prel-liatorio Mcrol6Qairn, L*3@, p. 87, P(ote 4.

already bn uir% in the Gate feo l&th io 4-8;s (pa&@ 170 f f , above),

and, one@ eatabliofred, they oonthusii t o be used thP9ughaut.

the preUstorio period and latar, 80 that they omnot be dated

on f o m alone, Ear'Ljr Bronze 4 6 apeoimem, howevcsr, say,

again, oftea be cPfstirquishsd by thei~ oaaparet;fvely large erfee

and weight,

X t Is diff icult to tUnk of cm 23arfy Bronze Age si%e

and Zygouries (PI. XXXSb, l e f t ) . They were numerous at

Lerna, although not aril numerous as the blaed whorls; about

t h i r t y were found, some plain, 0 0 ~ ~ 3 burnished or slipped and

bum% shed, Three had oonoave topa. (Fa, 2 9 ~ ~ ) .

whorla froa Lerna, being undated aa yet, are includead only tin

poesibls Early Elelladie typea ( F i g * 293, 1).

onnese, at Aaea, and at prehistoric sites n e e Oly9tpia.

They appear to have been prevalent in the weatera parts of

Oreeoe, as they were the dominant type at Pelikata, Ithaca

XXXIa, No, 18).

1, Lealie Walker-Kosmpouloe nThe Prehiatoria hhabitat ion of ~orfnth' , 1948, p. 67, type d.

2, C, Blegea "korakou", 1921, p. 104, Fig. 129, No. 3. 3. C, Blegen "~ggouriea", 1028, p, 190, F i g * 179, No. 14. 4. L6-102, L3.23, LS.146, 5. Erik J, Holmberg "The Swedish $xoavations at Asea in

~rcadla", 1844, p. 117, Fig, 113, Hoe, 6, 8, 6. FF. Reege, A t h * Yitt. XKXVl, 1911, p. 180, Par. Ii; 1. Grp-

feld "~lt-~Lgrrapia~, 3935, p* 276, Fig. 24- 7 , W, A, Eieurtley, 8,S.A. XXXV, 1034-1935, p. 36, Fig, XI, Boa.

138, 19t2, 146, The first two came from Area IV, wUoh had about th;lrt$ &.B, sbarda anroag tb.ouarande of $,He onser Bo ;Lnfortaation 1s given for Area I, f r o ~ r nhioh bloc 146 oagta,

Tf-rta two excavationt~ at Eutresis bear wztssess to the 1

whorl's use in central Greece (ng. 28a), The pre-World 1-

I excavator8 Taowtara and Wace anb Tholapson a r e St8 chief ad-

vocates in ThssstrSy. Ta~untas* No, l3 (Pl. xXUL~), a ratttler

tafl whorl w i t h its f l a t t ~ p decorated w i t h incleions, haas 2

ptiu-8llel~ in Bulgaria, He f0otmd bth a18 and hi8 0 t h ~ ~ Con-

leal type, go. 18 (PA. XX3Xb) in both Stone and Bronze Age lev-

els. Wace and Thornpeon reported four conical whorls fPoa 4 5

Rini, and Ugh conical whorlfs in their later strata st T s a a i ,

Further north, conicaf wharle of various s i zes a r e

well-represented at Servia, The ra%her low go, 280 (Mg, 2615,

p1, X X X ~ ? second from l e f t ) cones froa an early phase of the

~ a r l y Bronze Age, The largeHo. 336 (Fig. 26d, PI, XKXa, l e f t )

18 securely dated to the Ea~ly Bronze Age. No, 319 and Bo. 200

(mg. 26e, j ; P1. XXXa, two on right) are f r o m basically Early

Bronze Age levels whlch contarned a l i t t l e earlier material.

Ro. 193 (PI , XXIEB, centre) cane from a mxed l e v e l , and io Gat-

ed by analogy; and t t e very truncated No. 70 (ng. 26f) u~th

zts groove round the hole on the upper surface, c a m frcm a con- 6

text containing mstly Early Bronze Age riiaterid. A large 7

conical whorl is song those from ~ a r d a r o f tsa (~ig, 24u) . 1. H, ~olc&an nExcavations at Eutresis in ~ o e o t i a " , 1931, p,

192, Frg. 265, Top Row, No80 2, 6; J. L. aad Elizabeth G. Caskey, Hesperia XXUC, 1960~ p. l.45, P1, 53,

2. V, Bkov and E3. Djrunbazov "Die Grotta von DevetakiH, 1%, PI. 86,

3, C, TsOLletasr A.&, 1908, p. 343 ff.~ P1. 44, N o s , 13, 18, 4. A. J. B. Wac8 end E, S. Tbqpeon gsPrehietorPc meem&yta,

19x2, p. I 3 4 0 5 . A. 3, W 8 C 8 d 98. S o T ~ ~ ~ Y , w A ly%2 0 . 6 , me page 120r not#! 5 above. I should ! zke c1t*p&u9* to the mn. mclsrrtaa Rzdley for much additional infomation con- c e m n g the context# of the f l a d s frcm ~ e m i a ,

7 , v, A, )feurtlgy Hprehi~tom.c I l a c d o a a n I9399 p. 87 I Fxg. 67U

A conical whorl of medun height has been found in 1

an Early Cycladic context on EYtums. Although $here, aeem t o

be few reports of others, it i s a type that might be expected

in the islands, where low uonical whorls appear to have been

i n favour.

I i c a l whorls are found which are so large and heavy that their

I function aa spindle whorls must be in doubt, The two extreme

I 2 exampl~s come from K i r r h a , the ancient port of Delph i , and

are published as weights, a purpose for which their size and I

weight are suitable, but their form i s not ( P I . XXXVd, left). 1 i

The larger, No 6488, has a d i a ~ e t e r of 7 cms., and a (broken)

height o f 6 cms. With sucil d~msnaior~s, it would have had a

weight in excess of 160 gram, the postulated maxiufum weight 3

f o r a whorl (page 81 above). The objects could possibly have

been used as weights by passing the bunches o f warps through 4

the v e r t i c a l holes, and fastening the^^ to a small s t i c k below;

ari ingenious but clumsy a r r a n g e m e n t , perhaps unlikely t o be

used i f orthodox and n m r e convenient weights were available 5 I

at the s i te ( P I . XXXVd, r igh t ) . If these heavy things were i I

used as whorls, they were probably f o r some specia l i sed form

of spfnriing, like doubling thread or W i n g cord.

These objects are not securely dated to the E a r l y

Bronze Age. Both Ear1-y hel ladic and kiddle tfelladic reatains

were fouxid at trimha, and no indication amears ta be given

2. L, I)or e t al, "Kirrha", 1960, pp. 106, 143. Pl. LX11, B O B , I

m e u m at Delphi for this suggestion, 5. L. Dor e t al. 1966op. c i t e , pp. 106, 243, 2%. XSshi, ho.

22% (fi488),

a8 to whether they belong Ca one peplad or thg otkea?. They

are incJudad here only beceuae large w b r l a w e utucb more tm- i c a l of t h e E m l y %hart o f the lvtiddXdHelladlc period, srow-

ever a ~ i u l i f a r firid aegstlis to have been mds at ~ ~ i d d l e Broaee f .t

Age hdona.

The two large conical wharls illustrated fro% Lerala

\Fig. 291, k ) are also undated, and are included only for com-

parison. They were the two largest vhorls round at tne sits,

6 ) aniature IVhorls. Bven in the Larly bronze &e,

o b f ects which have the fomn of whorls, but esem rather too

small fo r the purpose, o c c a s i ~ n a l l g occur. ?virrff red Lamb

rightly remarks "There is no d e f i n i t e border l ine between

spindle whorls md beads.. . ,one's choice o t a naFoe usual ly 2 '4

depertds on s i ze . " Two such objects are illustr~ted from

Servia . B o t h have a cantrcil piercing which would be unnec-

e s s a r i l y l a rge i n a bead; and although they krave low burnish-

ed finishes, neither can be cal led pret ty , Tim ~pherica l ho.

236 (F ig . 26hj was useful as a who~l; but the conical ho. 100

[Fig. 261, PI. XXXa, r ight ) , weighing only 8 grants, a s s i s t e d

the rotation of the sp indle very little.

7 ) alindrical b r l s . t y l i r i d ~ i c a l objects which

are probably whorls occur in sn~al l nuurbers at scattered sites.

They seem t o have been a definite northern type, osing foimd 3 4

at t.iritsaria ( F i g . 24bb) and Agio8 bfiamas in the Ghaloidice, 5

and at Vardaroftsa ( F i g . 24cc). They occur in the

1. 3. Evangelidhou, Epirotikm dhronika Vol. TO, 1935, p, 2i36, ( g ) , Pl* 9~~ hoe e5*

2. W, Latbb "Exca~atiorts at Therid in Leirbos", 1996, p. 161, 3, W . A. fieurtleg ''Yrehistorics buacedonia", 1Bj133, p. 87, Fig.

67bb. 4. Y. A, hsurtleg and I;. A. H. Radford, d,S.w. l iXiX, 1$27-

1~28, p. 150. 5 , IP, A. Heurtley 2936 op. tit., p. 87, F i g , 6? cc; Bf, A.

Beurtley and R. W. dutchinson, B.S.A. XXVTX, 19a6-1$26, p . 34, pig* 21, 140. 2.

--- 1

ionian ialeinds, in Ltbaca, a d apparently In the Gboirosp3l$a 2

I Gave on Leakas, which uiay Sndieazte rn early date for -t;Mrsl on 3

tha t island.

14 One is i lfustrated fro% Lithares near Thebaa, and,

3 though not specifioa21y mrjntionsd in the publlaatioa, one is

on display anu~ngst a group of domd whorls from Agtiioa irosgtaa 8

i n the Pdational Archaeological &usew, Athens (Fig. 27h), Bn

almst cylindrical whorl from T i r r ~ m s (Pig, 30h) is also a s -

foreground of the illustration ref erre

2, W, Nrpfeld "~lt-lthaka", 1827, pp. bot tom right - note acale.

3. W. Dlfrpfela 1927 op. c i t . , pp. 266, 4. T. CE. Spgropouloa, Dcaltion A' , Vol, 5 , G, E, ~ylonas "Aghios Kosmas", 1959

played in the INatianal huseum w i t h the same catalogue number

as the dolaed whorls raentioned above (page W)O, noke 2) ; gn-

other very like it is mown fron Zygouries (P1, XXXlb, second 7

from left), Tsountael t ype 21 (page 202 above) is poasfblg

mre l i k e these two than the true domed whorls, One w i t h a

s l i gh t ly concave top or base is i l lustirated f ro= Lema (Fig.

2%); it is, of course, undated.

The l a rger trxmples of these whorls are one of the

f e w t y p s that can be confused withloomweights, Their form

i s similar to that of the pierced c lcy c y f i n d e r s , and although

these are usually too large t o be ds taken f o r whorls, smaller

versions occasionallg occur, There is a small cy l ind r i ca l

weight f rom Lithares on display i r ~ the archaeologioal nusew

at Thebes, which has clear marks of atPfng war in i ts centra l

hole, and it may be the swe object that i s shown i n the centre

above (note

1, W. A, Heurtlsy, B.S.A. XXXV, 1934-1935, p. 35, Ffg. 30, $0. 144, The object caglg fr~nArecl fV - sea page 206 note 7 above.

- 6, C u e 42, bottom shelf, 7, C, Blegen "~ggouriea", 1928, p. 190, Fig. i79, Iio, 2.

mfy" Unoaa Crete? out t heg are, na%urau, sf a very swger-

for kf nd (page 265 oelowl.

81 ~ i e o n t c ~ clnd s h e m i d Wh~r4.s (w @ ~ t e r

their ear* inventioa in the gaol i thie period ~p@.&@8 - U 2 ,

133 f f , above), these, t n e s o f wkicrrls were a lws ; l r s in use in

some parts of' Greece t b o ~ h o u t @kie pseliistoric period, andl

A;L-thwgh i t also acquired aewer f orrslki, Servia r w a b - ed loyal. to the shape of whorl it had first amptied in the

Middle leoli lf i ic period, The larget haav o i coa i ca w h r P go,

350 (Fig . 25b; Pl, X;#Xb) came fmu an b p e c ~ a b l e liawly &=owe

we context, while No. 45 (Fig, 25a) was f'olsla in a level which

eonsieted largely of pot tery of t h e m e period, go, 375 mg. 1

25f) , a surface find, is dated by i t s Likeness to taese two,

The mre spheroid No, 528 (Fig, 25d) c a e f'rou a level contain-

ing nondescript pottery, tne snly recognirjable fragaat;s oe-

longing to an early phase of me Early Brome U e ; axxi W e

surface fiad NU, 374 (~ig, 256) tho-ugh l e s s syametricd, is

similar. The low oiconica;], NO. 27 (pig. 2 5 ~ ) ~ aecosated v i t h a l u s t r o ~ s black eUp, cacpe from the makeup of 8a Wly moue

~ g s f loor, 80 could be of that period ar a l i t t l e earliw,

The unique NO. 295 (Fig. 25h9 P1. XXXC), w i t h a fir tree fn-

c i s & on its reddish-buif slipped surface, is fropl an early

phase of the Early Bronze Age. It looka like an escspee

from Troy, and, in view of the type of loomweight found at

t h e site (page 228 below), this is quite l ike ly . The wide, l o w No, 376, a surface find, is rePLixxLlacent of the ltwhee&-

shapedw whorlrs SchUma~ found in hie lowest stratum at may;

1. por the speciu circmatancea of occupation at Senria, see p, 202 above,

- -

it i s adomsd with thfa, bla~kish & l i p , bu* c m o t ba f,

ca l l ed nbrZ12iatlt*m

Biaonioal and spheroid rtMrle ware aXao papuhw at 2 3 4

Kritaaasl ( F i g , 24 3 - q), &&iou krarae, a d Swatare.

They ~eaa inad the prafsrrsd $yps in the V s m b a d S

Roaso period# rhloh suoceeded the dteuro phme ol PolioclWi.

m d wem 91.0 parmmunt at T h e m on Leaboa, although there S

the m j o r i t y repe deoorslted (page 22S ff. below),

They hpd been knom in pcsttr o f Theearly in the Blso-

lithfc period (gage 147 ff. e o v e ) , and croatinusd t o be unsd ?

at T a o w t a a R sites t P 1 , XXIX9, gob. 14 - 16, 22 - 23) and

elsewhere, One of the three "double conoid* whorls from

Hsklvnani waa found in the Third Psriod'rr Bouss 4; the atLEe~ 8

two may have been in use later. Pour biconical rfiarlo arcr 9

known fronr Rini; a d , like the higher conical whrrrla, bi- 10

conical rhorla were e o m n in the later phases at Taani ,

They rere bet- used, alth~ugh not in great auiPbarr, 1L

in the Ionfan islands, at Aphisna [PI. XMIa, Noa, 14, 15.1,

1. 8. s c h l i e m p ~ "Troy md i ts Remain.", 1875, pp. 136, 3.87. -. --- Y I . u1. W. A, Beurtley "Prehistorio Neoedoaia, 1939, F i g . 6? 1 - q, W, A, Beurtfey and C. A, R . RatAford, B,S,A, n X X , 1927- 1928, p. 150. 1; A. Heu~tley, B.Y.A. XXX, 1928-1929, p. 140, L, Bernarbo Braa "Poliochni", 1964, 2, 666, P1, CI+XXX, --

6 , We Larnb "Excavations at T h e m in Leeboen, 1936, p. 161, a. * A .-

- - - F - --- - - -------- ------* 8

1912, pp. 42 - 43, P i g . 28. A. J, B* Wace md &i. Se Thonrpaog 1912 op. eft,, p, 12% Am J. B e Wa~e md Ym S. T ~ ~ S W B O ~ 1912 oa. ~ f t o m lo- 148- - I 1 -

11, H. Bulls, A t h . Utt, LU, I@-%, p. 167,-~fg. 4, Nos. 34.

3. 8 in Leuksls, end at Pelikata (Fig. 32k, 1). A t lssat one

I 1

I One 8-11, low biconiuaf w h o r l i s on display in the I I kational Muaeu mmag &he Eerrly Iislladia domed whurla frola

4 I islands was. L i k e Leaboa, S a m 8 had %noised b i ~ o n i o a l whorls

5 ( see below). n re-myceneson" biconical ~horls, some Inciead,

are mentioned from Phylakopi, but cannot be mru exactly 6

dated. Three amall spheroid whorls from Chalmdriani, Syroer, 7

are in the Eational Museum; one has a hollow, another a circ-

ular groove or ohannel round the central hole (~ig, 328, f), I 1

a l e a third (Fig. 32d1, airioh may be that illuatratcsd by 8

t Tsountas, has vertical facisiollla all round, wtri.ch give it a

1 segmented appearance.

I has already made a f e w appearances in Late k4eolSthic Greece, at 5

G l y n t P l u s Iri iuiacadonia, and in Theaaslls i P 1 . XECIXb. hos. 14 - I 161, but their n u m b e r s were vem small. and their designs

I - 1 - - - I - -

141, 145, 86; 141 c a m f r & a A ~ s a l V , llljd]010. 145 frokArea

ver;g aillrple.

Blooniorrl, and, lose f requantly, Bpkrsrotd r8o~lr

with all-over i a ~ i a e d paetem~~ are t $ p i ~ ~ a 1 OP t b ear lie^

phaass af the &ply Broaee Il$e in ~olCo1ia . They ape &ox-

present there in the Ghaloolithho period, but wepe intrsduoed

in E. 8, 1, b e w h g p&terae dssoribsd ae "rsatra~nect", rrh-ich,

li&e the early G~eek ones, seem t o have consis%ed of dote and

terns charaoterioed the E, B. II period, At tkrs sad UP thils

different type of wborl appeared in E. B, 111.

Whorls l ike thoae of E. 8, I1 Beycesultan ware faun&

at Themil on L e a b o ~ , especially in the first three settle-

Theruli was contemporary w i t h , and olssely connected

with Troy I, and its whorls may have been derived from LMsu

at that s i te (PI, X U X d ) , Two whorla of this type appeared

amongat the otherwise plain biconioal whorl8 of Polioohn~~a

Verde and Rosso phases, and one of these (Fig, 2631, haa c l ~ s t ~

Bronze Age Vardino in Maczedonia (Fig. 26m).

&o incised biconical whorls are defirritely assigned - --- 1, Seton Lloyd and Same~ Yellaarrt "i3eyseaultanU Vol. f , 1962,

3, Seton Lloyd and Jamas lellaart 1962 op. o i t , , p. 277, Fig. F5, and Pig. F6, Lev61 XIII.

' , Seton Lloyd and &ella& 1962 sp, c i t e , p, 277 f f, , rig. P6, Levels 3U1 - V f .

5 , W. Lamb "Exuarvations at Them$. in ~ssbos" , 1938, p, 169, Fus. 46, 47.

6 , L. Bsmnwbo Brea "~olioohni", lQ64, p. 655, GmvUl,

1. &&on Rey, B.C.P. %3[ - XLII, 1917-1919, p. 236, PI, ZZX1, No&. 1 - 3, 6, They ~ a ~ i l a , Prom t b e e a i tss j w C tradit of Thesadoniki, two on the sea, -4 one criroa 20 ~ i l o a e % r e a rnland,

e. v. u i l o ~ i i 6 ff$emou B a d 2 - Die ~ ~ i h i . t o ~ i t m h @ Sledlwig mter dem Heraicn, Orabung let53 un& L966*, ?t961. Pl, 49,

$0 the Yrpclsdsrria~ B r ~ l y Bronjts Age otbr tW the ~FQI

Semi. (page 211 ahr.), .hLch t r an unusual one 14 rnz owe;

but the Prenob uchaaologirt Re). publi~bed a ..leetion of "9m-

kyoeneemU iaolaed whorls e i r l l a ~ to the B. 8. 11; &yca~ultuz 3'

ones (PI. SWXel, and the@@, ooupled n;tth the L a t e B m c e age

*1?1 i ~ a ~ l r VuKLLno, rrad tlaa bleollthio ones frosr OPgntbus, Bug-

$eat a lozag and atab le Matory for bisonicraZ I r r ~ i s a d whorls ga

Yacedonf a.

fnoissd biconAoraX whorls a%ea 6s baae been in use b

som of the -re aautherly islands. Their oacurrenoe ig 2

S a m e is obviouaPy attributable t o the proxi&ty of batol ia ,

ff thb incised bioonieal pre-llyoanaaen ahorle from Phylakopi 3

are of the s m m kind, the s t y l e may have made i t a way etorsaa

the Aegean, although tho whorls themelves were loear prodacta,

The rather a h p l y iao i sed whorl frottt c;bdandriaaf (pa&@ 213

above) raay Aao be taken into acoount,

The whorl% under oonsideration seea tbersfors t o be

derived froln Anatolia, aad to have moved into Qreek cerritorg

by two routes, one through the nor%&-nest of Anatolia ta the

n o ~ t b e a s t of Oreeoe, and probably alao, It not exclusively,

by sea across the northera Aegean; rand the other from south-

weet Anatolia, dom the Laeander val ley to S m a , anu perbape

from them restrar& across the southern Aegean*

PI& bicronieaZ1 and diphepoi& nhorLo fair3;9

be called inhigenous t o al l p&8 of the nahllagd; but an

in te rea t tng facet o f the distrlbutSon sf bioonicnl a d

spheroid whorls, whether pla in or SncPsed, i s that 23n the

Early Bronze Age, and the Early Bronze Age on3.7, tbre hs

a kirrd o f ' bald patch' bhertil the7 are as &@arcs FL8 gf $0-

bidden by law, Thia is the third eons nierntioaed previously

(pwe 196 above), the Psloponnsse and central Greece, t h

v r t ~ y ax-em that; was the chief tePrftory sf &kse d6md aburla,

If Olyzapia is included with the western si -e ~rther than

with the rest of the Pelopom@se, Kghios A s s m a s ruay be the

only site ir, the whale area t o have even one blconicaf

whorl (page 213 above), T h i s is a13 the more surprising

when i t i s reuerzlbered haw numerous this type was at the

Franchthi Gave in the Late lseollthic period {page IS0 ff.

above 1 ,

(F ig , 24ddJ. The rather large, wide, thick arid w e l l -

row~ded one illustrated f r o m Aphiona (PI. WOlla, ho, 132 2

has tt comtterprtrt on display in the new msreum at Olympia,

and the t y p e m y be indioated in an early archaeolof~,"!cal 3

report from tha t s i t e . The two illustrated from Syms 4

(Fig. 32b, c ) are probably best regarded as local faiosyn-

crasies; the larger one is very rough, and probably ufired.

F l a t whorls (except for sherd whorls) are seldcrn seen after

the end of' the MeoZithio ~ e r i o d ,

I covered while dinginisz the foundation8 ?so the buildina.

which occur only once us twice, and are loca l odd it its^. T U - A

verGically cruciform whorl f r o m Kriesftna ( F f g . 24%) and the 2

kite-shaped whorl from lthaca (~ig. 323) mag be vwiat;lona

of biconical and tall conical whorls respectively. The

l a g s oonoave-sided oone f m m Krltarane. (Fig. 24 ff) i r ~ mt too 3

large to be a whorl, and is not very suitable for a weigh*.

The bell-shaped whorl from Tiryns (Fig. 30i) aharts the acugke

catalogue number as the domed whorls from that %St% (page 200,

noze 2 above), snd is presumably of the same perfod, w 4

somewhat similar whorl is publ ished from Asea. Conical

whorfs with concave sides occur from the biiddle Belladic

period onwards, and these last three whorls m y be fore-

rmer s of the type.

Tnere are occasiocal remarks about disc-like objects 5

with projecting hubs; these, while they could certainfg be

used as whorls, may in fact be uiniature c a r t - or chariot- 6

wheels, such as have been found in 8.resopot;aui.a.

11) Sherd Yhorls. Sherd whorls are reported from

almost every Early Broaze Age site which has produced made

whorls. A selection from t b recent excavations at Semia

is given in P1. XXXe, and one is illustrated from Yaros (Fig. 7

Slj).

1. 1. A. Heurtley "Prehistoric ~acedonia", 1939, Fig. 67s. 2. W. A. heurtley, BmSoA, M X V , 1934-1935, p. 35, Fig. 3Q,

ho. 140. Tt cams from Area IV - aee page 806, note 3. 3, W. A. Heurtley 1939 op. c i t . , p l 87, F i g . 67ff. 4, &r+k J. Holmberg "The Swedish &xca~~l t fons at Asea in Arotld-

la", 1944, Fig. 113, Moo 8. 5. U. Blegen "Zygouries", 1928, p. 180, Fig. 179, Nos. 9, 15;

Y. Mrpf'eld '~lt-Olympia", lW5, p. 275, Fig. 24, 6. Eog* 9. N. KrBrnr)r "~radle of' ~1~111z&t lon~~, 1968, p. 186.

top. l e f t . 7 . On display in tho biational ~mhaeoiogieal kusenm, At;Wns,

Case 70, bottom shelf.

12) wne whorl.. aone uborls, vkieh had bed=

to appear at t3s and of the ~ s o l i t ; l i c era (page W wove1

became more po&ular in the &arly BroNe Age than they Were

to be i n axy other period,

They continued to be ueed in the ycrd8 @ ROssQ

period8 at poliochni. Teountae racorcle thm in Tl i sew. 3

me was found at e h i o s Koiimae snd several, of oifferent

kinder at Zygouries. Three from vmLa (unnateO) are

illustrated in Fig. 40e - g. One was found at peli~ata an

b) Lciowffeights.

1) pierced --- crlinders ( ~ p 7 ) . These were p e r ~ q s

the ~ o s t typical , nmerous snd wides~resd 04 all Grew XiXSly

Bronze Age weights. They consist of large (langtne circa 8

- 20 caa .) , thick (oiauoters ci rca 4 - 10 cuis.) c&Liraera of

c lay , pierced longitudinally with one or two holes. TGe ems

are sometines rolmded (pl. XXXIIa) , aoaetimes flat (P1. UXII

d), and the cross-section, though usually circular (Fig. 330)

is sonetines oval (~ig. 33a). There do not s e a to be any

instances of large numbere beity found together in the v ~ l y

morns Age, but two or three in the one area are not unusual.

1. L. BernarbO mea "~oliochai~*, 1964, p. 689, P1. CUXXX, NOS. l.5, 17.

2. C. Tsouataa, A.L.r lq08? p. 357, P L 46, Nos. US 14. 3. G. E, kayloaaca t l ~ g h i o s ~osmaa" , 1959, p. 147, Fig. 170, NO.

4. C. Blegen nzygouieeP, 1928, p. 191, fig. la, Noa. 1 - 3. 5. A. He~t3.w~ I3.S.A. XXXld, 1934*1q35$ P. 35$ P L 4, 80.

6. E.g. in Houee D .Id. at Lerna; this also had post-holes, stone supports, charred remains of wooden uprigha, four spindle whorls, and varioue etone and bone tools - 3. L. Caokey, Hesperia XX\f, 1956, p. 168.

839 1

In view of their considerable weight, sight or ten w o ~ l d

probably be sufficiant fo equip a loom, md a8 m a t ape

unfired o r very poorly f i r e d , r ~ m y may have disinlagratea,

They often show very ntarked thread wsar in the;lr holes ( P i g .

33a, b; 1'1, XXXlla; b, right; c ) , which indicates that t hey

i~ung with their central fsoles p a r a l l e l to the ground. ic'hs

weights with two holes sseui t o have been used indZfferent1y

with the holes one above the other, or side by s i d e (ZS,386

from Lema carries d i s t i n c t ma~ks of both types or wear - "ig. 3Saj, or s l i g h t l y askew f the weight i n Y1, XXXlTd, from

Tiryns, i s shown hanging in accordance w f t h the wear in its

holes). Some of the holes, especiab3.y those Ln the one-

hole weights, are large enough to have aocowodated a bunch

of warp threads direct, but in the case of the narrow perfor-

ations seen especially in two-hole aeights (Fz~. 33a), it

would probably have been more practicable to p u s a single

cord through each hale, and fasten the bunches of warps t o

these. T h i s w a s certainly the practice Fn classical times,

when Ioormeights w i t h narrow hales were fitted wfth rods o r 2

r i i l g ~ to which the warps were attached. It would be inter-

esting to inlow whether these was any technical reason f o r the

L ~ r e s e n c e of two holes rather than one - whether it .want bhe

use of two different colours, or whether the back warps were

conrinad to one hole and the front warps to the other - but i t is not possible t o prove anything of such a nature.

Like the dorned whorls, the chief territory o f the

cylindrical weights was the Peloponnese and central Greece. - -- - 1. The weight Prom Tiryns i l l u s t r a t e d in PI. XXXTId, whioh

was 10 ems. long and had a rmnxlmum diameter of 6,b cras,, weighed 335 gram, chipped - its original weight may have been c. 350 gram.

2, Gladys R, Oavidson u ~ o r i n t l ~ VoT, X U - The binor UbJactis", 1952, p. 147, Bate 4.

15reigbts w i t h t w o hole& rePe found a% horaklou {PI, W l c , 8~08. 1 Z

4, 51, Zygouriss, Tfqns f P I . XXXXXo, dl , Aoine, Lema 5 6

(Fig. 39a, bl , while O~cho&enoa mil Zutrs~siis bad both

v a ~ 2 e t i e s ( P I . AWXflIo, Nos. 3, 6); a t t b latter s i t & , their

us%, lfka that of the dubad whorls, le aaid go have coatinusd 7

into the hiddle Bellad&c period. The rather s a x cyX3.n-

drical weight; franr! tltharea has alrsadtg beea mentioned (pa&%

210 bbove); thia had orlly one hole. Only one eingltt-krole

weight waa fourid at Asea, k,zd th3s S a d to have been ~krlddl~ 8

Lfalladic. The refghts were found aa far west; aa Leaas,

and in publishing these, Ddrpfeld ment9ona o t h 8 ~ 8 at 10

Olympia.

In the north, there are the vexat iou~ undated 11

cyliuders from T s a n i , and a f e w from ZsountasE sites. 13

They continued t o be used at Poliochni, dchliemann found 14

them across the water at Troy ( P I . XXXllb), but they

1. C. Blegen "iiore~cou", 1921, pa 104, Fig. 129, hos . 4, 5, 2. C. Blegen "Z$gouriesq 1928, p. 191. 3. H. Sohliemrm "~iryns~, 1886, p. 146, Bo. 71. i should

l i k e to thank the Director. and member8 of the G e n n a n

p. 192 - 163, Fig. 266, lo#. 3, 6. 8, Erik J. Bolmbarg "The Swedish Excavations at; Aaech in

~rcadia", 1944, pa 120, Fig. 114, Bo. 1. 9. W. Mrpfeld nhlt-lth&a", 1921, pp. 284 - 285, PW. 3, PI.

566. 10. W. I#rpfeld loc. cit. The statement carries weight, as

Dtjrpfeld w a s the excavator at bobh s i tes . 11. A , 3, B. Wace and M. 8. Thornpaon 1918 op. eft . , p. 149, 12, A. 3. B e W ~ G S md k. 9. Thompson 1912 ope it;,, PW 73. 13. L, ~ernarbb Brea "~oliouhni', 2964, pa 658, PI. OTxV1I,

Nos. 7 , 0 - 151 PI. GUZ, No. 9. 14. H. Schliemsnn ~lios", 1880, p. 659, Nos, 1800, 1Q01.

dome these weights are mentioned EU having 2

been fowad a t Yhylakopi, but no ;Indication i s given as to

which c i t y they came from, and in view of other i'inbs in the

Ugoladss (page 292 below), they are just as l i k e l y to belong

to the Late Cgcladic period as to the e a ~ l y oas.

There are sporadic report8 of similar weights

be ing found t o the north of Greece: in an AeneolitUc 2

context in the Devetaki Gave in Bulgaria, i n an Xensolitftic 3

l e v e l at ka l iq i n nlbania (f 1. XXXVTXc, bottom row), fro& 4

one of the Swiss Lake Villages, and even f r o m hcsolftNc 5

lt i s d i f f i cu l t t o date the examples fro= beyond

Greece with any degree of accuracy. Greek p r e h i s t o r i c

chronology may have i t s d i f f i c u l t i e s , but it i s a paved

road coupared w i t h the jungle of Europe= prehistoric chucon- 6

o logy, The dwiss and Pol ish examples m y perhaps be

assigned t o the rrrld-third ruillenium i3.cl., and the i5ufgarim

and a l b a n i a n ones may be rather earlier,

In view of the exceptionally early ocourreace o f

1. T. D. At~inson et ale "Bxcavationu at Yhylakopf ', 3304, PO 214.

2. V. Bnikov and N, Djambazov "Die Cirotte von Uevetakin, 19450, Pl. 700.

3, F, Prendi, S tuaa Albmica, 1986 111, pp. 255, 260, PI. ITff.

4 . F. Keller (tr. J. E, Lee) "The Lake Owellings of .Switzer- land", 3,866, p. 66, P1. XXX, No. 7 (from Waqen).

5, Zdzislaw Sochaki in Tadeusz ~ i h l a n h k i (ed. The Neolith- ic in ~ o l a n d " , 1970; the weight, p, 323, Fig, 108, Wo, 6; Liegean influen~ea, pp. 303, 325; chronology, p, 448.

6. See Robert We Ehrich { ed. ) *~hronolagiss in Old World ~r~haeology", 1065, appropriate, claaptese.

222

of the weight8 at ~ i t a g r o i * ( ~ ~ a 135 ff. above), they i ~ $

perhaps be regarded as a Balkm type which spread northwards,

and southwards w i t h i n Grsece, but not furtuer aouth or eaat - a t least -&thin ths Early Bronze Age.

at sitagroi i t s e l f , where they had been in use for -

l * perhaps two millenia, they were replaced in t n e s i te 's IikrJy

~ r o w e Level V oy npyrmiaa2 clay weigntts of va r ious sizes, 2

and with a single perforation." *(&id t t ~ c t l l t r ~ hate 1 f,

lgith the exceptions o f Eutresis, arrd pernaps As-,

~entioned above (page 220) , ci l indrical weights appear t o have

gone out of use at the end of the ~arlx Bronze M e ; but the

t5'pe sems to have reoccurred in outlying parts o f GX-eece and

the Aegean in the Late Bronze M e , Heurtloy r"oua6i thm to oe

typical of his Period C burnt straturn at Varbroftsa (~1, 3

XXXIVd, Nos. 3, 5, 6, 9, 10). A large grow nas recently

been discovered in the excavations at Akrotiri on Tnera (pi, 4

u x I I I a ~ . Others are known from kfycercaean Miletus (Pi , 5

k ~ l i ~ I I b ) ; and they are sometiiaes found in Late s i n ~ a a Crete

2) s h e r i c a l Weights ( ~ a p 7 ) . These weigats, which

a r e rare, nave a siEilar h i s t o q to the above, ax3 wiy be sia-

ply a foreshortened version of the &ore rounued of tne cylin-

drical weights (cf, Pl.XXXIIa,b, right , with ~ig,&&a) ancl & o U d

have been used in the a m e way, m e i r sizes var4 from that

1. sitagroi I has a carbon date of c . 4,600 i3,C.j Sitctgroi XV, one of 2,440 - 2,360 B,C, - C. Renfrew "The merijence o f Civilisation3, 1972, p. 70,

2, C. Renfrew 1972 op. c i t e , p. 353. 3, 3 , A. Iieurtley ttPrehf etoric Macedonia", 1939, g. 87, pig,

L04q; k. A, Heurtley and R. W. Butchinson, B,S,A. U#I:, 1925-39269 P e 349 Ffg. 24, Nose 3, 59 6t 9, 10,

e . s. m n a t o s ttExcavations at mera IVft , 1970, p. 26, i"l,U~. 5 . wolfgang ScMering, let, mtt. 9 - 10, 1959-1960, pp. 25,

30, PI, 18, Noe 4,

of a medium-sized orange t;o that of* a grapefruff, h a11

cases except one, there i s on1.y a single tacrle, which usually

shows marked signs of thread wear, even when, as is the case

with Servia ko. 395 (Fig. 34a; Pl. X U L V b ) , the weight is

quite well fired.

This weight waa found in a context which, while

t e c h i i c a l l g unstratif ied, was actually alacoat cer ta in ly 3 J-

hay17 Bronze Age. Oespite its moderate s ize , i t weighs

a c o q a c t 370 grams. Like the spit support o f Late Neolithic

Olgnthuv (page 1d5 above), it is burnt on one aide.

I t has a very close paral le l from Lianokladhi i n 2

the Spercheios Valley (P1. XXXIVa) . This wei&ht was one

of a group of eleven found in a house belonging t o the s 2 t e f s

Third Eeriod, the datire of which seem p r o b l e m t i c a l . 3

T i r s t l y i t appears that the bui ld ing had two phases, and

there i s no indication which phase the weights were associated

w i t h . Secoxidlg the house contained both hand-made, matt-

painted pottery, which is reminiscent of that f ~ o n E. fi. 111 4

Lerna; and a quantity of imported, wheel-mde Grey hingan 5

ware; and pottery that resembled that of other sites in

1. Servia wrlv a essue dig; the site is now covered by the waters o.f the Haliakmon Dam. When time became very short, it was found necessary t o bul.ldoze the better-mown Early Bronze Age top l e v e l s over a small area, to reach a less well-documented Late Neolithic destruction beneath. As

5. A. J, 8, Wece and M-. 3. ~hmp&ok 1912 up. cit,, p. 186, sigs. 130a - o; 135,

Thessaly, and Ln kacedonia, ruld Troy, Ths impremion is of

a la te Early Bronae Age household ex i s t i r~g in an era that ww

chronologically h iddls kiell,adic, and 2.L is dZfficult to know

w U o h period to assign the weights to. ;It seems fair to say

that theg were probably an Early Bronze Age type,

The Lianokladbi weight i f lus tratad %B a 1it;tlls 2

larger than the one from Servia , but rather smaller and be%-

ter finished than sou8 of its Pellowa on dfsp lay fn Athsne,

one or two of which are mre l i k e foreshortened cyliziders than

true apheres,

the sitei s material waa E.H. f and XI. This weight haa t w o

Spherical weight8 occurred at one o t h e r Greek sfte,

the surprising one of Early minoan Payrtos (Fournou &orif i ) QEA

the aouth coast of Crete; they belonged t o the aitefs second

phase, clrca 2,200 B,C, ( p a g e 286 f f , below, P i g . 48b, Y1,

XLd, r ight ) . The type was a l 8 ~ popular in Late hinoan Crete

(page 288 ff, below, Fig. 478, c, Pl. XLlIc),

Once again the few foreign parallels are to the

north of Greece. Four spherica2 weights Were found on a

f i e l d survey at Gakatin in Bulgaria, the sherds obtained on

1, A, J , B. "Yace and n. 3, Thogqpaon "Prelarstoric Tbaea ly" , 1912, p, 185, Figs, 129a, b; Fig* 1%.

2. Servia No. 395 has a height of 7.5 c m ; the Lianokladhi weight, judging by the matahbox scale, is ciroa 9 onus.

3. In the Piatfonal Archaeologioal huiaew, daas 40, &Addle arrd bottou shelves, No. 8061; the dianreters of t h a a ~ ~ are circa 10 - 12 c1~i3.

4. T. Cf, Spyropoulos, MltSon A * , Val. 24, 1969, p, 29, Pl, 30 oc, centre back.

1 8-e survey baing Aeneolithic, is iLlus%ra%ecl f i e im

~ u c u t e z l in mm.nia,

3) ~yrmidaX and conical wef~hts (mp 8) u W z o u @

these two type@ of weight are often guiate distinct hi fom in

the E;arly Bronze Age, they a r e found in the s a e area8 of

~ r e e c e , sometimes at the same s i tea (Fig, 35; P1, =la) aad

are probably related types. The terms, oesideta, are lQoseLy

used, so that weights described as pyraicl4il in text will ap- 4

pear conical in illustration, aad where no il2w+u~ation is

provided, it is not possible to detemine how accurate tenah-

ology may be, They wi l l therefore be considered together.

These weights a r e probably related to t h e aostb-

Late ~ e o l i t h i c tall oblong weights like those of O l y n t n u s

and ~ikeU, Tash (page 1% ff, a'oove), which ao not appear per 5

se in the ~aru Bronze ~ g e ) and are alxiost certaialy the

successors of the mte Neolithic gyrcunida;l weights (gage

3.55 ff above).

The most nor theru occurrence of t h i s type o f

weight is that at Stagr~i already mentioned (page 222 above),

where pyramidal weights ousted the ~eofi+Lhic cylindrical

weights of the site, which, in the Ear3.y Bronze M e , e s w -

l i sk~ed themselves further south (page 218 ff, above),

1, Be Jikol~voAf'XEQA0rVlR Vole IV, P u t 41 1962, p. 71, Z5g.U. 2. Hubert Schmidt "~ucuteni in der Oberen Moldau, RmumienN,

1932, P1, 36, bio, 4* b o t t ~ ~ ~ left. 3. F. Keller (tr, J. E. ~ e e > "The Jake Dwellingo of Swibsr-

l a " , 1866, p, 66, P1. XXZ, No. 8. 4, E,g, W. A. M e ~ t l e y a B. W e Hutchinwn, B*S.Am XXVII9

1925-1926, Pp. 38 - 399 F f g e 24, 5 , unless at "Ssasri, where they a re :,said to have occus~ed in

831 strata - see p. ZS above.

w a t s e , duet east of measafaniki, pmduCeJ

large, rough conical weight (Fig. 35nn) P m k e r ,

neater pysamidal weights (Fig. 36 11, m) in its ~ m l y Bro~Ua

Age Period A, and ita sxcavertor, the ubfqilitous Efeurtley, con-

siders these weights typic63, of the ~ a r J y Bronze &e wrUe

Rey publishes some weights very sMXar in a-ypem-

m c e , but, if t h e heights @yen are correct, these- are fargs,

even for klacedonia (pl , XXXYa) . Two gy~tmidrtl ' ,spit-supports' are mentioned P r o n

a i o s &enas, one of them being found in a kilnp and U e s e a r e

compared with others from Varderoftsa, the reference g i v r m

being to a plate i l lustrating loomuueights, Two weights,

ltpyramidall perforated horizontally a ~ o u t the mfddlefs, are re-

ported from Period A at that s i t e (~1. XXXIVd, No, 1 ) .

Mve pyrdaa l weights were found at servia, anrl

two of theoi, N O . 238 and the miniature KO. 301 (fig. 3 6 D J C i

PI. )=XXIVc, third and fourth from l e f t ) are so neatly

shapecl, Eind well-fired md finished, that upon a cursory

kiance they might be taken for classical. Their contexts,

however, were securely Early Bronze ffie, and they have

steeper sides and more sharply truncated togs than the post-

prehistoric pyramidal weighta. No. 339 (Fig, 36a, PA,

XXXXVc, right, though a similar type, is wuatter, coarser,

1. %, A. Beclrtleyt B,S,A, x x x s 192&192?, p, (&spi t Supportrs' - Period A) ; ?'Prehistoric Macedoniag1, 1939, p. 87, fig. 69, U. - nn.

2. W, A. Ifeurtley 1939 loc, cit, 3. Uon Rey, B.C,H, XLI-XLILI, 1917-1919, p, 238, P1, XXXVIII;

heights given as 15 - 19 ems. 4. W e A* Hewtley aftd C o b e R. Rmorc?, B e S o A O XXLX, l927-

19289 PO Lfil , 5. W e A. Beurtley EUX~ R e Wo H U * ~ R B ~ , B.8.A. MNII, L9a-

19269 38 - 39, Ffgo 24, BQ, 10

and less wel l - f i red , These three weigkrt;a, thou& arsBsat

square i n ho~izontal section, are aif 1 piereed though the

slightly longer f~opizontal a x i a ( F i g . 36a - c ) , mad thLa

tendenuy is seen even mra olsar ly in the remining weights

Nos. 92 md 340 (Fig, 37a, b; 21. X'XXfVc, two on left).

These are s o flattened as t o be tent-shaped rather than truly-

pyraaidal, and the perforation passes through the dPstinctly

longer ax is . No. 92 is an interesting specinen, ~ l i s only-

the baae of the weight i s f i r e d , I t nrust have broken in a

immer sormwhat 8~lYtllar t o No. 340, and the m.issing top half

was neatly replaced w i t h unbaked clay. No. 340 and the

mre t r u l y pyramidal No. 339 cams from the atme context

the same trench, and, i n spite of their rather different

t'orms and fabric, there is no teohnical reason why they should

not have been used on the sarus loom. A l l the large dervian

weights have holes well-marked b y thread wear; and aespits

their comparatively modest s ize , are surprisingly heavy

(209 - 392 g r a m - see 3igs. 36 - 37). T s a r g 2 i t s "large, rough, pyr&imiddt' weights were

3. p o s s i b l y E a r l y Bronze Age; and Tsountasf large, unfired,

2 conical weight w a s certainly Bronze Age (PI, WUcVbj .

South of Theesaly the38 weights are seldom found.

There is one 2rom Aghia l r in i on the is land of ;bea (PI .

jCX)iVc). Tne small finds tram this s i t e , which ww occupied 3

throughout the Bronze Age, are undated as yet.

1. A. J. 3. W a ~ e and hil, S . Thoqaon rehi his to ria Theassly", It3129 PO 130.

2. C;. Tsountaa, A. T e s 1908, p. 346, Fig. 277. 3. h3.725. 1 should like to thank Prof. 3. L, Cttskeg, of

the Unlversfty of G%ncfnaati, for allowing to atudy the small. fin- from Aglala I;rini, an& include them in t thesis*

One smll [height 5.4 olar, ) o ~ I l i ~ f % l *@A@* W diaooversd & Z

h i ~ ~ h a (Pl, XXXVd, r5ghf;) A rrrylll @;prUdal ws;i,&trt frea

Steno on isuku, dabd b j &rpfeld to hie lAche*.nl period,

m y pePh.lrpa be preUatoric, but the other pyrp;glfdal weQkfifi 2

mentioned arre obvfously alasaLcal ftr later,

Fiaal19, the lNsolithiol gear-ahaged Weight from 3

A m a , if it La inda8d prehiatorio, probablg beloage LO the

period nor under co@aidsI,&tion, rather than %he one ~883&.wd

to it.

Of a l l theae Weights, thooa w%th the oleareet for-

eign parallels are the ' tent-slhajpedbeightrr of Sesvia. it

wae this type crf weight rhioh equipped the loom dilich left f t a

remains in Room 206 sf Troy IIg (page 101 above; PI. XKXVIa) *

The type continued to be used in Txboy 111 and TV CPl, XWLVLb, 5

C ) ; i t had alao bean found, at a considerable depth, on,

Schliemennts earlier excaviations (PI. XXXVIlb, right, Ho. 6

12031, S f e l a r weight6 may have been discovered Ln Bulgarfa 7 8

at a a f t 8 near PlovUw, and at &aranovo IV, but the i l lus-

trations referred t o are not very clear,

The more orthodox pyramidal and conioal forms of

w e i g h t do not seen t o have been used in Troy's earlier levels;

but one &her type of weight waB employed there beside the

1. L. Dor et al. "~irrha', 1960, pp. 106, 143, 25(b), No, 6409 pa. 1x11, 26ib1, lo. 6489.

2. 1. d r p f e l d "Alt-Xthaka", 1927, pa 284, P a r . 3, 3, Erik 3. Holmberg nTk.le Swediroh Euravationa at &era in

Ar~adia", 1944, p. 11'7, Fig. 113, @aw 3. 4. C, Blagen e t al. "Troy Vol. I", 19W), p, 4560, Figs. 333,

334, 869 (top). 5, C. Blegen e t &a. *Troy Val, TI", W51, Fig&. 53, 160. 6, B. Sohllsoiann *1150sfl, 18gC, p~ 668, NO. 1203. 7. Peter Detsv, &me Plovdlo V G ~ . I Z X , 1959, pp. S8, 79, Pig,

65b. 8. V. kikov, APXEOAOTHtl Val. X I , P@t 1, 1069, pp. 6, 12, Fig,

2

'tat-ahapadf one, Tfiaae were flottiob lrgighta wAth outlinas

that varied from con~Ld to oblong, axrd a hctrltontal pieroing

through tho shorter d a (PI, XXXVZe, top mn; bottum mrw,

left;) , Ocrcaaional exla~lplss were Found i a Troy X srnd IL, none 1

in Troy XI%, and a nuaab~r in Troy I V . The 1mgex examples

look sornewbt siadlar to %he G ~ e s k Late Ysoiithio tall oblong

weights ( c f . P l s . XVllo and XXXVIo), but the rm~ei&lm~e i a

not ~ k e d *

The cultural connection8 between the north of Qreeca

and the north-weat of b a t o l i a are emphasiaed by find8 at

Tbarmi in Lesboa. A conical weight abpeared is Tom V, a

stage conteqorary with the earlier part of Troy TI, and a

"pyrPmidal form with a f la t top md baue' c a m f r o m a aimd 2

deposit

In Bulgaria, the Devetaki Cave produced a pyramidal 3

type of weight, as well a9 the pierced cylinders; a cite

near Wlng Lozen had an apparently oonoid, or perhaps t a l l ob- 4

long weight in i t s second, or 'Late Neolithlef stratum; anst

p y r d d a l and oonioeil weights, aa ns l l as other tygea, have

been found in both Yeolithlc a d A.neolitbic contexts at v W 5

ioua other Bulgarla~ a i t e s .

I t is ths Rummian a i t e of SUou.f;u, however, wUoh

had weights of all the Yaoedoniaa typstr - cnonlual, tall o b l a q ,

pyramfdal - in its early Stratum IIc (Fig. 38a - e ) ; they ars

C. Blegea e t a l e "Tmg Vol, ;L", 1980, p. 104, Fig. 221, NO, 35-458; p* 3363; " T r ~ y Vole XI;', 1961, Pi&, TfiO, NOS* 36-388, 37-136, 37-286, 32-483, I, LarPb "Exrrarrrtioxm rt T b r P r i 3.1h Leaborn, 1836, p, 183,

- '60, P l , 52m.

4, 1, Petkov, APXWAOfMfl Vol, IS, P w t 4, 1960, p. 47, Fig.8, Hoe 1,

5. 15, Petkov, APXCCWPW VoS. VII, Pa& 1, 1985, p. 45 ff,

those publl-ahed by fieurtley esnd Bey (page 226 &QV~), so%% q-

welghzs are ~llustrczted fro& ~ucuten;i .

ConicaL a pysamxdal. weights a l s o m a d e an earIjr ag- pearance In the fax sou* 05: Anatoll&, a t sites near the I&m- deron ~ u l f , A 'weaverJ s mxk~nop' f'ouna In Mersxn X ~ I B W ~ E J e-

welghta w l w l r o w e d rather* than flat basea, mon;rre I weight found at the neigh'iourirg site of Taraus looks

~ h t i l c o l i t h i c weight from A l i & ~ , W e e type6 of weight ap-

pear to have been in use in both the succeeding phases of me

~arly monze Age at t h i s site: 1) a Nflattened ovalrL &inn (~1,

IMXKEPa, No. 4c) wihich differs f r o m the site's frat oval a d d l e

Bronze Age weights i n having a flattaned vase and a conicat

rather than oval out f ine , l i k e some Troy I - IV weights ( p w e 229 Note 3. above) ; 2 ) a type descrioed as Hroue:h& pj;r&ua.Lt'

which look roughly c o n i c a l i n illustration (?l. XXX'aIa, No,2a,

b) ; 3) truncated pyramidal weights (PA. XXXYIIa, Nos. 3 , 4a,61.

The Tarsus weights a r e compared with others from

7. 8. Goldman "TWBUS Vole XI", 1956, 9, 323$ Fig, 443, NO* 1; cf, H. H. von der Oeten "The AlishW f~ i iy i ik . Sewon& of P930 32" , 3.937, P o 939 99.

8. Ef, Goldman 3.966 ope ~1t.p pp* 9193 3239 FJlg. 4441, N08* 2 - 6.

1 2 Aliahew Fun$ R U & W a . The mvi~rkantigelnBg weights f'rw %be

wbneolithic s i t e of Tfgani on ama as (page 1543, note 2, above)

should be recalled here ae posaSbLe members of -a AaerWlSa

group, rather than the nosaem Greek.

The ktiddle m-onze Age (approximately the first lmLf

of the second millenium) saw stelongat&, roughly pyx'auidaf. and

conical formsat o f loomweight i n use f u r t n e r south, i n Pa;Lea- 3

t ine , and they were t o reraain t h e standard P a e s t i n i a n w e i g h t

u n t i l replaced by the doughnut-shaped weights of the PaLes'tjlP-

ian Iron Age.

similar types of weight ware thils in vlse in northem

Greece, south-east Earope, and Anatalia, i n periods referred to

as ate gcolithic' , 'Aeneolithic' o r '~halcolithic ' , and '~&r ly

~ r o n z ~ t Agef . Such nomenclature i s 0riJ.y meant t o reflect the

stage of development reached, and i s not a v e r y r e l i a b l e chrano- - logical indication, as t h e 'Late ~ e o l i t h i c ' o f one count ry nay

be contemporary w i t h t h e 'Early Bronze Age' o f another. C u l -

tural equivalences between neighbowing s i t e s can be of assis-

tance, but eventually a fixed d a t e is neeaed; usually carbon

dates a r e the only ones available, and t h e y are mything but I

fixed. Neverthaless, something must be attmpted,

The e m l i e s t occurrences of these weights aeea t o De

t o the XlOi &-east o f Greece - Dulgaria or Rumania - a c i we f a r south :? Anatol ia ,

Garststng suggests a date o f circa 2,8W B.C. for .the 4

l e v e l i n which his weaver's workejhop was found, The

1. E. H. von dar O s t m Yr'he A l i s h a r ~uri;k. Seasons of 1930 - 32", 1937, p; 2G7, Fig, 205, e681, 62101.

2, W. T,amb, Archaeoloaia Vol, Z3CKXVII (2nd. ser, V o l , XXXVTT) - I - - - - - - - - - - - - ----. - * , , l937, ge 256, Fig, 19, Noe 2.

3. W e F. Albr ight , A.A,S.O.R. XVII , 1935-1936, p. 5 ~ , P1. 45,

I NOS. 1 - 8. 4. 3. Garstang "Prehistoric Meraintl, 1953, g. 175. I

probably reasonable for these. Troy II is ueually held

to have existed in the aecsond half of the th ird IltiLlar~iu;

and the weights f m m Themi should B e oontenprorary w i t h the 4

earlier part of Troy 11.

Two carbon date8 are available for Si tagroi Vb:

2,135 f 150 B.C.; and 1,920 100B,C,

SZilcufja and Cucuteni seem to be approlrhmtaly

given for SHlcu$a, and although the authority nEu, quotes

them considers that Eur~pean carbon dates previous t o 2,000 8

B.C. are "uniformly t o o old1', it does auggeat that the

northern weights mag have been i n use earlier than the

Anatolian ones. This is a reasonable conclusion aa far as

the Greek weights are aoncerned, for they certainlg see= t o

have entered the country from the north.

The general pattern of distribution thus assumes

1. E. Goldman "Tarsus Vol. IIf', 1956, p. 319. 2, homr L. Thomasl "Near Ewterrt, kaditerranean and European

~hronology", 1967, p, 76; Patty Jo Watson in R. 8, fi;hrioh (ed. ) "Chronologies i n Old World ~rohaeology", 1965, p. 82; ruachtsld J. &ellink in R e I. Ehriob 1965 op. c i t . , pp. 1x0 f f . , 126.

6. Homsr E. Thomas 1967 op. cite, pp. 34 - 35, 97, Chwts 1 , 1 ; R, I. Ehrich in R e we Ehriah 1965 op. cit., pp, 427, 42t3 - 429, 447.

7. R, We Ehricrh in R. We Ehrioh 1065 op. o i t . , p. 441, 8 , R. W e Ehrich in R. W. Ebri~h 1965 Op. it. p e 439,

---

the shape of an uneven wUhboael, wlth the e t a in the

countrfes bordering the west shore sf the Bfack s&, J;ne

ebor t 6 t m t penetrating o w tkie northrsrn baLf of Greece at

most, and the long ann stretching right crcrossr Amtolia

and eventua3.l.y down to Palestfne,

The om s i t e@ which dittturb the logic of W i s

pattern are Merain in the fotr south of ~ n a t o l i a w3th i-

comparatively early date, and Troy in t n e far no~tb-west,

w i t h its congaratively late one. Yersin caariot be entirely

explained away - but an unorthodox and interest- A&eory

concerning zovaen t s of peoplea and intesrafatioa&ip8 in

the ~alicans and Anatolia advanced b-r .Taes u e l l ~ ~ r t ir

I L wort& considering in this context,

This updates Troy considen*ably, ~ ~ ~ a k i n g c u c r r t a &j

and B and 'late' Si+lcut;a the contemporaries of Troy il; 6~

S l c u 3 a and Cucuteni approximately contezc~yoraq with tne

Early Bronze Age in Macedonia, kltnowh there are other

objections to it, as f a r as loomweights are concerned, tnis

theory nakes excellent sense.

weights found at -a Irini on the islend of Kea is of except-

ional. interest in both form end context,

The weights conslet of f l a t o v a l pats of clay

I kith a smafl piercing through the mdler horizontal axis, I saw little distance below the sl ighw namow.cr end, They

m e quite well-fired, and so well-finished that their sur-

faceamay almost be consSdered burnished, Their shapes

1, Jarzies Y e l l a w t , Antiquity XXXIV, 2960s p, 270 ff, I

range fro& oval t o aquarish oval, the exkrews being seen in

Fig, 39a, b, but deapite $his ~ l l g h t variation of outsine,

they are so sirxllar as to give the irupresaion of having corn

f r o m one set; and indeed a number were F m m t b one trench.

They are 8.5 - 10 curs, high, 6 - 8 o m , wfde, j u a t over 2 cpaa.

thick, and the averwe hole d i m t e r ia a n w r o w 0,6 c m ,

The range o f weights i s also a very small one - 168 - 213, grams, with an average of 193 A r m . Fourteen of %he weighta

are illustrated i n PI, XXXVSIla, and two in Fig. 30a, b.

The set cane f r o m a very well-defined eontext, It

was a phase of t h e Early Bronze Age that was b ~ t t e p than the

standard Greek mainland E. H, IX with i"i; ssauceboats, but it

was not t h e E. B. 111 of, f o r example, Lerna 1V w i t h its matt-

painted p o t t e r y - this type of material b w not been found on

Lea. Bowever at the comparat ivel j~ nearby site of Lefiraridf, on

Euboea, the e a r l l e s t stratum, Lefkandi I, seem to have had

material similar t o that o f the kea loomweight stratum, and

t h i s w a s succeeded by Lefkandi PI, a phase which contained

orthodox E. h. ill mtrterial. The implication is thab the

loorri~zeight straturn of kea was cer ta in ly later than E. B. XL,

but p o s s i b l y earlier than E. H, 111, Its po t t e r3 included 1.

black burnished beakers with Anatollan antecedents,

T h l s is interesting, because very simit ar loomweights

( P I . XAXVlIlb) were i n use at at least one Garly Bronze Age

1. I shauld like t o thank Frof, 5, L, Gaskeg, of the University of Cincinnat i , not onty for allowing me to include these weights i n the thesis , but also for taking considerable trouble t o explain their exaat context, I should a lso lAke t o thank his assistant, bliss Lealie Preston, who excavated the weights, for her account of their finding, Re L e f - icandi, see also L, B. Saukett and M. R, kopham, "Bxoavatioacj at Lefkandi in kuboea, 1884 - 66", lG66, p, 8,

hatolian site, ~phrodisiaa, which fs s i tua ted in the valley

of' the ~ a n d a l a s . a tr ibutary of the maeander. The nsinkrto.

sohe (>I winich were found lying in a line ars tkUFi?y f e l l fror;l

the loosi, c a e from a distinctive phase of' the a i t e ' e occu-

pation icr~orm aa Gouiplex TI, whiLch succeeded a destruction

which took place circa 2,3Ut) &.G,, and preceded mother of 1

c i r ca 2,000 3 , ~ . The weights were thus near conttsrqgorarf-es

of the Aghla I r i n l s e t . They were probably i n uae ~ a r l f s r

at Aphrodisias, as Complex 1V at that s i t e produced fooaweights 2

siuflar to those of Gouplex II, but after 2,000 6 . G . "ffattish

o v a l weights" were seen no rnore at Aphrodisias, being mplacsd 3

oy a conical type. Guriously enough within the same cen- 4

t u r y theg appeared f o r the f irst t i m e at Tarsus, where theg

supplanted the earlier conical and pyrmiidal ~ e i g h t s , and

were the typical aiddle Brorlze Age loowweight at that s i te 5

( Y f . XXXViIa, No. 8).

The excavator of Aphrodisias conpares her " o q l e x 6

11 weights with "similar" weights f rom Troy 11 and IV. As

the ' t e n t t type i s not il lustrated, the reference raust be

to %he f l a t t i sh conoid or oblong weights which were partic-

ularly prevalent in Troy 1V (page 229 above; P I . XXXYic, top

row; oot tom row? left), The resenlblance of the AphrodAsias

weights to tnose published by Blegen is not striking - in

part icular h i s Troy IV weights have a f l a t baaa, while the

1. 0 . Kadish, A , J . A , bol, 75, 1972, pp. 135 - 136, 111, 13, 2. 0. Kadish 1971 op, cit., p. 137. 3. B. badish 1971 op. cit., 134 - 135. 4. fi. Goldman "Tarsus Vol. 1 1956 - date h . B . A . , p. 62. 5. H. Goldutan 1356 op. cit., p, 319, Y1. 441, No. 8. 6 , B. Kadish 1971 op. c l t . , p , 138, I

Aphrodisias AghPa irfni weights have a ~ounderd one, x

Trojan weight publishad by Schliemann, hoaejvsr, does r e s ~ u t b h s 3.

them f f l . X X X V L L ~ , Isftj.

A small, f l a t loo~~weight with a conical outline

found i n Late dhalcolithic Beycesuf tm i s ~omewbat ~ i s t i l a r

to the Trojan weights, although i t i s obviously earlier than

&gain, the reselublance is not marked.

Sdeighta akin to the Kea ones, but rounaer, are

KIAOWG f r o a two Greek islands off the coast of matolia.

pive d ~ s c o i d weights wzre found in the last three towns at

One similaP loomweight, w i t h u t pro-

venance, out assigned to the Early Bror-?je Age, came f r o a the

prehistoric settlement under the Keraion on Sarius.

F l a t xeishts occurred in Rumania. ~glcutja LV

had a discoid weight s i m ~ l a r to , but yl ight lg larger ~btul the

one from Therd. Weights i l lus trated from Gucuteni &re of

a more o v a l shape, and a comparatively >-arge size (c l sca 12 6

c m , high, 9 cm, w i d e ) .

Unlike oonical and pyranidal weights, however, there -...-------

1, H, Schliemann "I l ios" , 1880, p. 559, so , 1202. 2, Tram Beycesultan XXVllT - Seton Lloyd and James M~ellaart;

"Beycesultan Vol. I", 1962, p. 275, Fig, 2~22. 3, W. Lamb "Excavations a t Thermt i n Lesbas ", 1936, p. 163,

Fig. 44, No. 31,31. 4. V. ailojiSi6 "Samos - Band 1 - Die ~r!ihiatorische Siedlung

unter den keraion. Grabung 1953 und 1935~'~ 1961, p, 75, Pl. 49, ho. 1,

5, 11. Beroiu "~ontributf i La Yroblemele Neol i t i cu lu i i n Rorninia i n Lumina Msilor desoetari", P i g , 83, tuo. 4.

6. tiubert S c M d t "liucuterii in der Oberen hokdau, ~ummien", 1~32, Y1, 36, Fig. 4, top row, two on left.

w e no f L a t o v a l or discoid weights in uortklem Greece, azro

whether the ~ u m a n i a n Anat~Tiaxl n a t weigtlta a r e reLat9d

o r not? the Greek flat weight8 of Keal T b s d axid -0%

The loost typical of all the, gbinoan wei&n.r;~ was B fh%

discoid one, an?. thja type wars in use in Greta es ear iy as cfr-

ca 2,600 B,C, (page 276 ff, oelow). ~ t s form i~ sircci-lm- thet of the Thermi and ~amos weights in pm?tiCUar; axm no t

1 too dissimilar from the &Ma Irini weights, The resabimce i s suff ic ient t o suggest a relatioushig , although diff erstnces

also exist; out the exact nature o f the relationship is dif-

ficult t o detemdne (page 2% ff, oelow),

5) The T i r y n s Crescent weight. This type of weight has the form of a Pla t tened clay banana w i t h a ho e at e ~ c h 1 end, One example occurred at T i r y n s (Fig, 34b), Lhe o n l y

one found in Greek lands except f o r a p o s ~ i b l e one fronr II rS

Thermi . The Pryns weight should probably 50 assign& to tkie

erd of the Early Helladic period, a time when T i r y n s had close 3

connections with Anatolia - f o r the weight is aLmost certaixdy

of Anatolian derivation.

Crescent weights are f o u G at most m o u e Age Anatolian sites, apparently occurring first i n the north,

4 and progreasing gradually southwards, A t Alaca they sewi

I. Kurt hitiller ''Ti1",38 Vole IV", 1938, p, 64, Fig. 50, P1. 64. 2, 'tiinifred ~ a m b , who had crescent weights at Huslsra, seeus to

favour the idea that this Thermi one was an mulet - W. Lamb fl~cavations at T h e m in Leabosu , 1936, p. 15~; PI, W V s No, 31.61,

3, C, Renfrew I'The mergence of C i v i l i ~ a t i o n ~ ~ , 1972, 2 ~ , 20;3- 2G4

4, fossibly at Troy 11 7 - C. BLegen et a. " m y vok, X I t , lm, Fig, 369, t o p right; also 8. Schmidt MScUie.iwamss S w m l q f l , 1902, p. 297, NOS. t%?58-8260; n o t u n t i l Level E: (2000-1900 B.C, ) at Aphrodisias - B, W i s h , A.J.A, Vol . 7 5 , 1973, p, 135; nearly all from Ci ty C at Kezsura - VI', Lamb, Archaeo- logla LXKKMI 1936, p, 34, Mg, 151 lQ8. 1 - 4, UULXVI111937, p, 256, Fig, 19, Nos, 4 - 5; not untilL,B.A,Twijrus - EI. Goldman "Tarsus Vole 11", 19569 p, 324, P1, W , No. 123 - see PI, XXXVIIa, No. 11, this theafs,

t o have been used From the Early Bronze Age until the " R o w 1

and Phrygian" periods; therts is even a mport of airnllesrl3-

shaped wooden o b j e ~ t g b e i n g used a8 loo1811wefghta in T u r ~ e y in 2

this centusy,

tirescent-shaped weights, but with Sla t tenad bases, 3

were used, inevitably, at Silloupa, ( ~ i g . 38k, Ij, a aite

which seem t o have p a r a l l e l s for almoat ever3 type af weight

ever invented, Simi lar ones were found at m l i k i n A l b a n i a 4

{ P I . W V l l c , top a i d bottom right).

The weights a re fourid fu r ther afield, i n north- 5 6

west I t a l y , and even Ln " ~ o ~ p e r ~ g e " $pain, the author i ty

who i~ef i t ions the l a t t e r s t a t i n g elsewhere that "there seem

a p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t e a r l y Iberia was, a t l e a a t techr~iea2ly , 7

an o u t p o s t of Anatolia, rt

B j The Zygouries Wei~ht. An ap~roximatefy rect-

arigular weight of wderate s i z e was the only one of i t s vind

fourid a t Zygouries. ~ l l i t s sides were f l a t except one,

w ~ c h w a s s l igh t ly convex, It had two widely-spaced holes

H . 0 . A r i ~ "Les Poui l les DIAlaca ~8yUk", 1937, p . 117, PIS, i A L I , kl. 769; XCiiL; LXXXIX; XLLX; X1, AL. 1 - 6. W, L a , Archaeologia LXXXVII, 1937, p, 256; see also ~ r c h a e o l o g i a L;UO(VI, 1936, p. 34. A warp-weighted loonn, using weights o f an unspecified type, was seen in the village of Canca, south-west of Trebizond, as recent1.y aa ~ u g u u t 1069 - i should l i k e t o t h m kr. John a a l d o r ~ , a Ph. D, s tudent of the University of Birm.bghtun, f o r thisr information, AZlouFa iIb, IIc and XIS -..D. Berciu " ~ o n t r i b u t i i L a P rob lemle t e o l i t i c u l u i in Rominia In L&nm Boi lo r Ger- c e t a r i " , -, p. 241 ff., Figs, 41, 76, 77, 78. walik IlLa - prano Prendi, Studia Albanica 1'366 ( I ) , p. 260, Y1, I l i f , top and bottom right. Lagozza d i Beanate - s i t e bo. 439, 8. ~f l l lb r -ka rpe "nand- buch der Vorgeschichte Band II", 166B, PI. 255, 60s. 15, 19, ti. 2 . Savory "dpaln and ~or tuga l " , 1~68, p. 114. B. N. Savory 1968 op. c i t . , p, 164.

Lhrsugh its ahorteP horizantal axis, som l i t t l e U a t a x ~ c a

below its top. I t hod snce bean coated w A t h a reddish- 3

b r n m "glaze", It haa no good pars l l s la . A slight

sirnllarity t o one o f the wliddle Neolitbir= broaaim wsightes

(Fig. 21bj is probably fortuitous.

reveruibles tbe emall, neat cuboid #i noarr weights, elaotlpt

thaL it has ocly two rather crookedly-bored h i e 8 Ctzsough

i ts longest axis, i n s t e a d of the uaual four, Two of ita

a i d e s are decorated with seal. impress ior~ {toe faint; to be

deciphered); a d this again is l i k e the hinoan weights,

especial ly those from Palaikastro (page 293 ff. b e l o w ) . The

L e m a weight, if that is what it is, i s earliar than the

G r e t a ones, wktch are t y p i c a l of the hiddle ainoan period - but t h e y i n turn way have been derived fronz the k s o l i t h i c

Iinosaian weights fpage 186 a b o v e ) , and, if so, could well be

four-id i n ari E a r l y & i n o m context i n the future,

c j Glay Bobbins o r Spools.

k lapse unpiercsd clay cylinder with a slfgh$

waist i s i l l u s t r a t e d from T o m IV at Therruf (PI. XVlZlc, l e f t ) ,

and two others like it were found in or on a hearth ( p e e 3

184 above / . A slight 1y smaller unpierced, reef -shaped 4

object (Yl. XVlTfc, right), also o m % from Tooon fV.

Schliernarlri' 3 sixteen large olay cyliuaers from Tiryns (page

124 ff. above) mag p o s s i b l y have belouged to the Barly

1. C. Blegen oZygouriesf', 1928, p . 191, Fig. 179, No. 12. 2, J. L. Gaskey, kieaperia n l V , 1955, p. 45. 3. F. Lamb "Excavatlona at Thefmi in Lesbos", 1936, p, 164,

Ylo XX1XI., 30.54.

I pierced cy l iders (~1. X J T I ~ I ~ ) , He refers to ot;uers froez -l

' waista' were used a8 Lomweigkste in ~ t i l g a ~ i & .

mt.7 -=-+a. I gy -8 cc;cssicaa "WQ B ~ Q W ~ 3

finds? but do riot appear ~UUI-where in great riunibers.

8) Waisted Stun@ Weiste ,

L Tkeso were &till. f a w d i n q u i t e Large niuttuers ;in

4 Ear ly ~ r o n z e u e context@ at servia (PI. XI%), Their

use a lso co~tinued at polioc2m.i throughout the Verde and

~ o s s o pha~es of the ~ r i y aronze &e, md on i n t o *&e m 5

yet mpubl-ished ' ~ i a l l o ' period. One wes fouail in Troy

~ f , ~ u t the excavators were possiul;r right in tkiFnlring it 6

a ~ t r & y from a deeper deposit.

C l a y 'Anchorst (xap 9) . These l i t t l e obgects, which owe their nwe to the

f a c t #at they m e shaped l i k e a modem anchor, with, how-

ever, on ly two 'flukes' , are oftm said tc have been comected

I. 2;. Sek l i aann ftTirynsH, 1883, p, 246, i;o, 70, 2. P. Detev, Ann. Plovdiv Vol, VI, 1968, 24 Fig, 16. 3. E.g; &sta Siiflund "~xcavationa at n e r k t i 1 986- i93? ti ,

1965, p. 127, No. 22; C. EiZegen "Zygouries3, 1928, p, 191, Fig, 179, Nos. 4, 5 j J. L. and Elizabeth G, CaslEey, Hesperia Vol, X X I X , 1960t p, 142, P1. 52, Mo. IIX.23; Zrik J. Holmberg "The Wedish EScavationa 8% Asea in I l rcU&", 19443 p, l-20, f ig* 114, Nose 14, 17.

4. W, A, Heurtley "Prehistoric l,facedoniat', 1939, p, 86; and nine fro= the recent excavations.

5, L, Bernarbo Brea t t~ol iochnl l l , I-, pp, 6?55 706 - 7 0 7 , P1, CLilXXVS11, Nos. 9 , L1, W, 14,

6, C, Blegen et al, "may Vol. IIIHr 1953, 9, 224, fig, 298, El0 , 37-334.

.ze Age Greece,

Both their nmbers and t he i r e a r u apFearsnca there

suggest t h a t they were invented in hffecedonia. They vere fgeln- &;ularly frequenttt find& in the two lavest eettleraenta at -if-

2 sana, which contained a large quaxiti y sf ~ s o i i t h i c pottery as wel l as some of the Early monze me.

S They m a y hawe accwgtj l 4

in the earl ieat , Nero, phase of ~ o l i o c h n i , and were csrtainly 5

in use by the end of the oucceeding Azzuro phase, PuU~er north a t ~itagroi, however, they were n ~ t introduced u n t i l t3ua -

6 site's fill E a r l y Bronze Me Stratum V,

7 They were found in

€4 Ear-I,y Bronze Age l eve l s at w a t s e , servia (~1, m x e ) , and

Artlienochori. 9

I Tnere are early ex~mples of anchors both to the north- west of Greece, at_&aliq fife in Albania (~1. ~ ~ ' I I C , UD rowEt.,

I L t I

second frpy righa, arid t o the north-eest a t k i cka i l i t ch in 12

- - - to be eorscon f inds i n any of these countries, it s e a s r;ossZble

t h e t t h e form was adopted frocu northern Greece,

1. E,g, C. Renfrew ''The mergence of civil isation", 1972, G, 353; 0. FrBdin arrd A, Persson 'Asine". ls38, o. 250: I3. E. . ' F - - - - P - - -- mUnp, Antiquity, ~01. XjWV, lq60, p. -295.

2 , ?A. A. Eeurtley if~re'nistoric Macedonia", lw9, p. 87, Fig. - 6?gr f.

3. k . A. Iiewtley 1939 ope eit., pp. 17, 22, 4. L. Bernarbb Brea "Yolio~hni", 19654, p. 5LiE3, Pl- T T T e . f. h- 5 . L. Sernarbb Wea 1964 loc. e%%., P1. C m I f s . , , = - - -

ibly also c - h =d j, k, 6. C. Renfrew 1972 ioc, c i t e 70 %'o A , Bewtle~ 1939 OP. cit.9 D. 87% 7 i ~ . 671: B.s.A. xxx. - * - -- " , - - - - - 7 - --- .

l92*l929, p a - 1 4 3 , 7 ~ k . 32, NO. 1. -

8. :i;e A * ffe-tley l939 loco c i t e , Fig. 67fr plus sixteen from

I the recent excavations - cata7~os; 11, i8,-52, 60, 85, 204, 290, 292s 2949 309, 310, 3359 3489 349s 3%. 529- . . - -

9, K'. A. Heurtley 1939 foc i ~ i t ; , ~'i i . 676, 10, F, PrencX, StudSa Albsjlica 1966 (l), p, 265, Pl. TfIf.

Volo 1, 198, ppo 18, Bs Ffgo 100 12, N. Vlassa Dsaia Vol. VII, 1963. 4% - 4% (no coment on the

I - -- -

anchor) , fig. 6 , HO. 5 tsidoi-sf;aped pen&t". 1t rapye-8 1 to have cone from the ssme context as the famous tabiet~, the date of which is the subject of dispute,

associated with material which was probably conteruporary 1

w i t h t h a t of E. B. X I - 111 further south; one I@ found at 2 3

T s a n i ; f i v e a& Seaklo in Bronnre Age Strata; md one alt

Pagasae, sometimes miadatsd to the Late Bronze Age because 4

of a d s r e a d ~ n g of the, Geman text , bu& in fact turdated,

Arichurs abounded in central Greem, b e i n g i n use 5

as e a r l y as E, B. I at Eutresia; other examples are knom 6

from Lithares, Kastron o r Topol ia &aghouLa in the Gopaic 7 t3 9

Basin ( P I , W S X a - c), Schiste, Orchumenos, iiirrha f P 1 , 10 11 12 13

XXXLl[d), G a l a x i d h i , Siaf ina, aad the is land of Aegina,

14 Pelikata on Ithaca may have derived its anchor,

15 l i k e Its po t t e ry , from the Pelopomese, where nea r ly

every major site, and many a minor one, used the36 objects:

I, V, h A i l o j & i & , Arch. Anz. 1956, pp, 148 - 133, Fig, 8. 2, A. J. B, Wace and h, S , Thompson "Prehistoric Tnessalg",

1912, p. 149, 3 C. Tsountas, A.Z. , 1908, pp. 340 - 347, Figs. 280 - 282. 4, A , J. B, '{{ace andb, Y. Th0mp~OnlY12op , c i t . , p , 73,

Iiote 1; P a r 1 'Jlrolters, A t h . Baitt, XLV, 1899, p. 266 (he sags "gleichzeitfg gefunden, wenigsten gleichzeitig sr- worbsn" - "found at the same t i m e 85, OIZ at least acquired a t the sane tine aa'' some 'kiycenaean' vases,

5, H, Goldman "E;%cavations at Eutresis in Boeotia", 1331, p. 186, Fig, 269, Eios. 1, 3. The f i v e found were a l l in E, ii. I or e a r l y E. H, PI l e v e l s .

6. '1. C;. apyropuulos, i rs l t ion Vol. 24 A', 1969, p. 30, Y1, 32, left and r i g h t .

7. i n the c o l l e c t i o n of the British School of Archaeology at Athens. L should like to thank the S c h o o l r s director, Dr, H, I. Catling, f o r pbrmission t o include this anchor in tne thesis, and f o r allowing ne to experiment w i t h it.

8. G. Soteriadhea, A.E, 1908, p, 91, Text P I . 36, No, 9. 9. G , Soteriadhea 1908 loc, cit.; A. J. B. Wace and r, S.

Tk~ctlqpson 2912 op, c3t . , p, 237. 10. L. Dor et al. "~irrha", 1960, pp, 106, 134, Y1. M i l , Nu,

26. 11, Claude V a t i n , B.C,H, V o l . 88, 1964, p, 566, 12. D, R. Theochares, Yraktika 1951, p, 82, Fig. 19, 13. H, Goldman 1931 ~ O G * GI*, 24. W, A, Heurtley, B.S.A, XXXV, 1934-1935, pp. 39 - 41, Pig,

31, NO. 154. It cane f rom Area XI, whioh had only E, H, inaterial,

15. W, A. HeurLley 1938 op. oSt., p, 41,

and Lena. One was four3 lia a "late Early U~alladio I W ~ F " 7

at Aeea. hohors were among the Early wid Yibd3s BelladSo

amterial wedi*thed during the ~onstruotion of the new ~l;iueeum El

at Olympia. Finally, two sncrfiore found at blichorcia in 53

app8armce 19 f)rsooa. Thoere f o w d at QP near Borinth aces to

belong to the E, ki, 1 X period, but the excavator8 of Berbasi

and Asine assign their anchora t o periods they refer to as sf B.

TIT, and at Lerna they can oertainly be attributed %a the la%-

e a t phase of the Early Brones Age* A t Nichorla they be'ong

to a phase of the Middle Bronze Age defined as Y. P, XI; t a

the domed whorl already mentioned (page 204 above) axso belong-

ed to thia ptwe, it cappews that thia a i t a t e lU.ddla Balladfe

settlement nae in aome reapauta a relict of' the Early Bronze 10

Age o u l t u r e further north.

The picture i s %hue very 0 1 8 ~ . Anchors, occur-

ring at the very outae'; o f the Early Bmnze Age in West

kacedonia, apread r a p ~ d l y t o the north-west and the north-east,

and to the south, 50 Theaady, central Gmeou, eand the asrth-

1. i o o ~ k s ~alke~-&0am0po~308 "The Prehiatorio Lahabitation of Gsrintr ', 1948, p. 59, Fig. 41a, b.

2. T. Leslie 5 ar, A.J.A. XXXIV, 1930, p. 405. 3. Gbsta Siiflund "Exoavatioars at Berbati 1936-37", 1965, p.

127, boa. 28 lrend 29. 4. Kurt ~ i i l l a r "Tiryna Vol. IV", 1938, p. 64, PI. XXV, Ho, 3, 5. 0, ~r6di.n and A, Persson sine^, 1938, pp. 250 - 251, F i g ,

177, &lo, 1, 6. J, L. Caskeg, Beaperia Vol. XXV, 1656, p. 162, PX. 47 1 - p;

Heaparia V a l . XXVI, 1957, p. 182, PI. 426; Hesperla VoS. XXVII, 3358, g , 144,

7 , Brik J , Holmberg "The SwecUrh Exeavatlons at Asea in ~rcadia", 1944, p. 117, Fig, 111, lo* 5.

8. On Uaplay In the new m e e u , O l p p I ~ , . 8 . W201, N202, 1 should l ika to thank P r o f * R. A, BobnalB,

of %bar University of il;Lnneaota, for allonring rn t o fxrclttdi, t h e m in the %hasir.

10, The rer~ponaibYlitg far this eonctlueisn reat8 with me, Po Early Ballac¶ic settlesent haa bs+n found at Nioho~ira, but

eastern Pelopomsae. South of that point thielr pro&resa nw

slower, arp nitncrased pari;icularlg bp Lama ~tna Niohor+ia- Bx-

cept a t the latter # i t s , they do no% oocur after the and of

the Early Bronae Age - at l o u t , not in @rueor.

They retappear, however, in La%* Bronsa Bga kijilta,

ths Lipari fa lands, aad Iron Age Italy. Thcr mrb 're-

appeart Ss used advl~edlg, for* anchors from the aa%tlement

of Barija in kalta bear grooves or inrzieionna exeot ly l i k s

those found on some Greek exmzples, and their aAnUarity is

ao ~ ~ w k e d as to exolude tha poaaibility of' fortuitow rein-

vent ion. Furthermore, the loomwei&ts of Late Bronse Ags

haltet, including those f r o m Barija, were coniodl OF pyramSd-

al, and sometisea of considerable sics - like thorse of Early

Bronze Age hacedonia, Pottery may be Zndloative of ohronol-

ogy, but tools mark the patha of people. la v ier of such

finds, it seems poaeib'be that Malta may have preserved a

f o a s i l i a e d remant of the Early Bmnze Age culture of northem

The negative evidancm is interesting. ko anchor@

1, T, E, Peet, B.S.R. Vol, V, 1910, p. 160, PI. XV, Nos. 52, 61, 64, 69; Y, A. Murray "Exctavatians in Malta .L;Lg, 1925, p. 29, PI. XVTI, 11; "Exeavations in Y a l t a UI", 1929, p, 18, P l s . XXVTXI, Noa. 1 - 17, XVI, Noso 6, 7 , 9, 10; Y. A, hurray, Antiquity XXXV, 1961, pp. 69 - 6Q; D. H. T-, P,P .S . XXVII, 1961, pa 262; h t i q u i t y XXXIV, 1960, pe 295, P I . XXXiXo; Antiquity XXXVI, 1962, p. 224; 3. D. Evene, P.P.S. XXII, 1956, p , ~ . 99 - 100; J. I), E v a 8 "The Prehia- toric Antiquitis8 of the ha l t s se Island#", 3973, pp, 14, 37, 106, 171, 226, Z a , 71. 65, PO. 7 .

2. L. ~ e r n e r b d Brea and M. Cavolisr, B.P.I. a.8. X, Vol. 65, 1936, p* 62, Fig. 40 ff,; 5, D, B V ~ S 1056 1008 c i t e

3. 3. 1). Evan8 loo. ~ i t o 4. I elmtnld liks to thank Dr. William PhsZpe for draw%ng I B ~

atteatlon t o the Molteprs anohora, and for a l l o w i n $ ms t o study hie oQ those ltmm BarlJr.

5. d D. go-8 1971 Ope o i t o , pe 106, PI* 66, 8, d f a

have been found in Anetolia, none in the Gyclpdse, and none

in c;re%e,

Clay anchors are cireu d - 10 c m , high, and as

1 ~ m y wide from the tip of one l f ' lukel t o the tip af the other,

The shaft i s horizontally pierced a little below the top,

usually through the axis which is at right-angles to the

line of the fluxes (PI. XXXIXa, o; e top right and bottom

l e f t and r ight / , but souetimea through the parallel axis

(PI, XIIXIXd; e top left), Though a single hole is m s t

and these uiay be s e t side by side, or orie beneath the other, 4

or a coubination of 00th.

In s p i t e of the fact that most anchors are quite

well-fired, there are often slight signs of wear on the flukes

at the angle of their junction with the shaft - the type of

wear to be expected from f i n e thread; and some extuples

have two iricised l i n e s apparently devigned to accomdate

thread. One incision passes vertically over one fluke,

horizontally round the back of the shaft, and ~ertically

aown over the front of the other fluke. The other does the

same, but on the opposite aide, ao that the inoislons cross

each other a t the junction of fluke and s h d t on each s i d a

(P1. XXXiXa, b).

1, The single hooks which 8outstSrass occur in both Greece and hatolia, are often grouped nlth anchors, but seem t o me to be a different artsfact. See W, A. h u r t l e y "Prew- toric btacedonia" 1930, p. 87, Fig.. 67k, and bia references, for exwqlea .

satmy ant3bora are f '~wlb broken tbmugh the a W t a%

the hole, or at the junction of fluke and ahaft , or both f f 1,

XXXJXf), suggesting that they reps subjeot t o @train a t thass

pointa. It waa this that caueed D, tf, Trutl;pSs tentative B u g -

pulley, an essential part of the ho~5sontal treadle loom

cohwonly used in rural Greeoe today. The thea~y ia iaval-

idated by the Tact% t h a t the treadle loom seeme unlikely t o

have been in use before the Widdle Ages, and that the types

o f loon mown t o have been in uas in the ancient world fpega

83 Pf, above) do not require heddle pullaye.

The reasonlag beMnd the suggestion La nonetheXsss

biurray, whose theory that the object8 were votive anchs>ra f a

equally untenable, not only because some sites at nhich anchors

times -chars had not assumed their present shape.

i d o l a , or garlanded bullst heads, or amulsta, OF ornaments,

1. D. ki. T W p , Antiquity XXXlV, 1960, 235s 2. These have two to four heddlee, which are connected i n pairs.

The connecting cord passea over a small, wooden pul ley wheel with a grove round its ciroumference, or quite often merely over a hooked stick, which is attached by a rope t o the top of the loom frwework, &en one hoddRe i s raised, by mans of a treadle , the other i a lowered, and vice versa, ao that the connecting cord 'sawst back forth over the hook or

3. Yarta Hoffmann "The Warp-Welshted bornn, 16M, p. 237, 4, 1. A. taupray, Antiquity M X V , 1961, pp. 53 - 60. 5. Large pierced stones or boulders were used - see P.m. IX (l),

p. 24'2); S. lwrarinatoa "~xcavations at TBera VX", 2974, p. 19, PI. 29; Lionel Caseon "Skips and Seamanship fn $he 8nc- Lent Florid", 1071, p. 40, Note 45, pp, 252 - 253, Botes 112, 3 , i . $ 7 ; k. Eikolaou and He W. Catling, Antiquity XLII, 1'368, pp. 225 - 229, P1. M X l V ,

6. I&. A. marray 1961 loo, cib. 7. Leslie Walk-er-Kosmpouloa 'The Preh5st;brio Inhabitation of

~or inth" , 1948, pp. 59 - We 6, tl. Ooldruen "Exoavations at Eutresis in Boaotiatr, 1931, p.106.

and f padin and Perason's t ' d i # ~ c l i n a t i o n to attribute rc l lg -

ious a f g ~ i f i a a n c e t o ~oarss obJscerrW sbsne a very proper 1

eplrit. The circw%ancea in which they havu been found b I Greece indicate that they WePo houeehold objects, equally at

home in seaside, riveraids or inland 8ettlemsnts, They seem

to be single objects, for, although ncuroerous at 80W eate l , no

two are exactly alike, nor are they found lying together sra 2

% h o w used in ere%@.

There is no way in r h i ~ h there clay anchors could I I have been usefully employed on tho warp-weight%& loom lrhfch

was the one in favour in both Early Bronee Llge Greece and I I Late Bronze Age rplta, nor indeed on either of the other mafor I

I types of loom in use in the ancient world (cf, page 83 Pi'.

above; A.B. page 90 ff,, Fige, 7a, b, 88). Their hmothet- I I i c a l connection with weaving muat therefore have been at bast I

I a peripheral one.

&din and Persaon illustrate a conjeutural use for

their Pour-hole anchor f ~ o m Asine, which ahom it being eaa- 3

I ployed to Blake four-ply cord, T U B mtbd, howsaer, makes

no use of the objectg8 flukes, and, rhen the work was f w a h -

sd, the anchor roula ha- t o be cut out f r o m ths eentrs of ths I I cord (wk&ch I s beirig twisted in a different direction on eaoh I

equipping it with thread in the nuutnsr lndioated by its

Inoiaions. 1% wm then t ied t o a f i r e d ob3ect by a string

through the hole in i t s shaft, and uaed t o preae3~~8 tension

wmle the threads were p la i ted i n to braid o r ewiatfbd Anto

cord - b u t i n each case thia pullad the th~6ad.a &awards in a

nanner a t variance with the Ancisions, The same abJection

appl ied when it was used f o r a Form of tablet-weaving (page

la6 ff. ; 184, note 1 above), If it i s aceepted that tke

incisions were designed t o hold thread, then that t-ead was

intended t o hang straight domwards, even mre v e r t i c a l l y

than indicated in PI, XXXIXc,

It is therefore difficult to see how anohors could

have been c v ~ e c t e d with weaving in either a primary or a

*

lergs suggestion that they ar

I objects Sntendad to be suspended probaoly comes ziawsat the

t r u t h . If two loops of thread were fastened to an object such,

es the cloth of a cheese which needed to be hung up to drip,

a d these loops were hooked over the shaft of an anchor, one

f r o m each side, they would cross each other j u s t where the

f'lukes join the shaft, and har~g straight down on either s ide ,

in w manner e x a c t l y corresponding with the w 8 a r m ~ k s or

i r ~ c i s i o n s . T h i s form of fastening has the advantage of bsLrig

p a r t i c u l a r l y secure - there is no Yay the suspended o ~ j e e t can

s l i p o f f , as can happen w i t h a single loop over a s a x e hook.

The hole i n the shaft of cowsre be used to attach the

I anchor to a convenient branch or rafter. Suoh a use would

put stress on an anchor in $he three pL&oes in whish suob

objects are usualXy found broken. _C-

f) -. A l though flax ulay have been in use in firm2 Bee-

l i t h i c Greece (page 162 a ~ o v e l , o r even ear l i e r , there is no

incontrovertible proof of i t s existence.

In the W l y Bronze we, however, fte preseace i s

attested by a hoard of two hundred flax seeds fowm in an 3.

E, Z. I1 context a t ~ e r n a . The p l a r ~ t uey , of course, save

been cultivated for e i ther oil or r i m e , out its occurrence in

Greece at this t i n e lends credence t o tr,e report that a scrap

of cloth, found adhering to a dagger fm en Emu Cyc1ar;ie 2

tomb an kmorgos, is o f linen. No uescrigtion of t h e uethod

used f o r identif ication is given , t a t the cloth certainly as-

playa a 'linen' weave. It is n o t ~ o s s i b l e to g i v e a thread

count, b u t it is coapwaS3.e with the Keghala clot& iki;;ress-

ions (gage 160 ff, absve) in fineness. ,&..reds of thread were

a l so fo-und clinging to the heads of pins found in g&ves on

s m s ; no identification of tke aaterial is given, ma prob-

auljr mne was possible .

g) x a t frnpressions (gap 6).

The practice of standing or making pots upon mtting,

vrhlch was beconing prevalent at t h e and of the Neolithic per-

iod ( p q e i.33 t'f. aoovs), , continued and increased in the EarQ

Bronze &e. There is scarcely an Early C$cladic s i te tfrat

has n o t yielded ruat-inipressed sberds - thex have ~ e e a f o U oa

1. Y. Hopi, Jahrbuch dee ~Gmiech-~ermanischen Zon4a%kl&uoerc~rs, Ibaiw, Vol. 9, ( L I P 2962, p. 4.

2. ~ssil, (3. Zieis, YrPrktfka Am, &Ire Vole 29, 1954a p. 58'7, #ate 2; the dagger: C. T a o ~ ~ ~ t a s , A.E. 1898, p, 15% (T.14) PI0 12, N Q e 8,

3, me =rap of cloth, though clearly visible, is very &smU., and hss been c o a t d with ZwkUBr of varnfsh - Cease 72, top &elf, No. 4720, Plationall Arch#%sofo@oal Museutxr, Athens.

4. C, Tsountae, A*Eo 1899, p. 102e

and Syros. The sibes in which they have been di-scovsred on

lveraea, Tiryns , Aaine, Rafina, Orehomenos and Lisno-

coast, or up river valleys e a s i l y accessible from the coast,

coast, cer ta in ly , but somewhat west of Delphi. The obvious

conclusion is that the custom was a Cycladio one which spread

t o the ntainland (page 166 above). It appaent ly lingered in

the Gyclades :or s l i g h t l y longer than on the mainland, as mat

inpressions were i'ound at Yhylakopi on a type of pottery s a d

to bo associated w i t h the Second 2 i t y as well ars the F i r s t .

The on ly mainland site which produced a mat impress-

ion of past-Early Bronze Age date was Lianokladhi. This waa

r'ound in the s u e p-e of occupation as the spherical loon+

weights ( 2 q e cZ3 f f . above], and, l i v e them, suggests a

3.0 J * L o KJPes, J . R m A - 1 . XXV11, lSW, p* 178 fro , fl. XI1; P. Lfhmler, A t n . n i t t . XI, 14386, p. 38; C . Tsountas, A.B. 1538, p. 154, P I . 9, So. 24.

2. P.. Kondoleon, Praktika 1949, 119 - 120, Fig. 13; C. Zervos " L t A r t des GgcladeaR:*1957, P I . YO.

3 - t. Tso-mtas 1898 op. cLt . , pp. 182 - 183. 4, R. C , Bosanquet, d.S.A. 111, 1696-1897 . 62 - ~ 3 , P1. V.

2 ; c. c . b e a r in T. D. Atkinaon e t ai.P'sxcsvatLons at rhylakopi", 1904, p. 84 ff., P1. VI; the "geometric" pot- t e r y , p , 161,

S . 3, G. Bosazquet 1637 loc. cit., PI.. V. I. 6, L e a l i e 'Nal~er-ho~wpouloa "The Prehistoric Inhabitation o f

Corinth", llici0, g. 61, r ig . 45. 7 . U. Blsgen "Zygouries", 1g28, pp. 116 - 117, F i g . LOU. 8. '%lliatl R. Biera , Besperfa Vol. XWtVPII, 1369, p, 456, P1.

113, fro. 76. a. hurt zdller " T ~ q n a V o l . LV", 1838, p. 8, P1. &I, bo. 3, 10. C. %-&din snd A. Ya~asoti "huine", 1938, p. 229, Figs, 168,

12, D. H, 'kheoeharerr, Yraktika 1951, p, 01, Pig. 18, 12, t. nunze "Urchoaems Vol, lii", laS4, p. 75, F1, XXXIV,

h08+ 5, 6 r 13, A, 3, 8. Waos arrd v, d, Tbstripr~on 'P~%ta;Lr~.t;orio 'flhr%&errlgB,

W12, p. I*, P f g . 136. 14. Claude Vatin, fJ.c;.& VoX, 60, 1064, pp* 668,' $65, iPig8.3,d, IS* C. C. Edgar 1304 lo@* @it.

wslra chroaolagically the Eidrfls Bmltas Age.

The inateriala rand tschnXquer dif fers4 X l t t l r PPQS

those of tber preceding p e ~ i o d , Both etrafghb and r+m&ag3,

warps were uersd, aa is apparent ia t b sxmqplcrr il%~lilstfu%sb

from Phylakopi (Y1, XXII), Wwpa a d wefts W P ~ employed

both singly and in multiples. S-le twine (Pl, = A % ,

bottom left; Y1, U r f , No, 7) and e g l i t t e n s f P t , X X l f ; PI-

; ' X i T , ho. 6 ) remained popular, Plain nr~lavas on atralght

warps occurred less frequently (PI. =It$, top; fZ, H L l , No.

21, but were quite often used on radial warps in apparsntry

stiff single strands (Y1, XXII, Noso 3 - 5, 8, 9 ) - Gollsd

and wrapped matting w a s rarely found, the only E;arly Broxze 1

Age e x m u ~ l s s coming f r o m Irsine, The f lat t w i l l e d mawas

of the ear ly Neobl th ic north (peg@ 227 above) are not repre-

sentad, e i t n e r in the islands, or o, the mainlaad,

aecause information about matting 3s e n t i r e l y

dependent, i n Greece, upon pot impressions, ~ t s existence

appea?s to cease afeer the end o f the E a r l y Broilzs we. T h i s of courae is ndt the c a e ; I t i a oimplg that after t b

advsnt o f -+;he fast potter's wheel, there is no mre evldencs,

it i s reasonable t o suppose that mats of exaotly the same

types as those already seen continued to be part of each

householdfs furnfture throughout the prehistoric period - and later. The finds from the ship wrecked off Gape Gall-

aonya, though admittedly not Greek, underline the oontinulng

usefulness of matting in the Late Bmnzs 4 6 . 2

- - . - - I. 6, ~ ~ 8 d i n and A. Persson "~sina", 1338, pc 229, Fig, 178, 2. Joan du P l a t Taylor "Basketry and bttingn la -0- F*

Bass, T * A * P . S . (n.8,) Vol, 57, Part 8, 2969, p a 164 ff,

reporte. Gogper or bronae oaea like the as# Orom D&U+LI Taeb 1.

(page 166 above) are kaom f ]PO* Suwia, Ghef i e ta~ lo s pear 2 3

Corinth and the Cguladas, and m y well h%ve been in genera%

uae. It is eaay enuugh for such fins metal o b j e ~ t s t o be

t a t a l l y destroyed by oormsion,

Bone nesdler, -ah ere mra l i ~ d l f t o hovo barn

used in weaving, continued to ba Found rPt. PolioahtlP in %ha 4

'ilerds and Roaao periods, but i 6 is eignificaat that they ware

neither as f ine nor aa n u r o u a a& they ha8 been i n the pre-

ceding period, A wider, flat bone needle head, de~uretsd w i t h

tw inoieed lines, raa found in an E-lg Bronee Age context at 5

Servia (pig. 40h). 3ome o f the Lerx&aerm bone needle6 Fig.

40a) urag belong t o tho site's &ilrlg &ellad%o f i S ~ t % ~ e c r t ~ t ~ (pagm

167 above).

A t Early Bronze Age Kriteana, tm apatulate bone ob- 6

j e c t s were found; one is l i k e aome of thoae f r o m the POLS- ?

oehni Azzuro assemblee, and would be useful as a neavimg

needle (Fig. 405 f ; but the o5bhaP haa elightrlp ~errated e a e s

which make f t aomewhat unsuitable for sucrh a purpase,

Two comparable objeots were found at Lerna <Fig. 40

b, c ) , but these not only have serrated edges, but also aasm

1. No, 345 from the recent excavaeione. 2. T, Leal ie Shear, A.3 .A . XXXIV, 1930, p. 406. 3. C. Tsountas, A.E. 1899, P I . 10, No&. 21, 28; U. Douma

"The N. P. Goulrrndrfs Colleotion of Early UyelaliSo A*", 1068, p, 163, cat , rand fZlurtration No. 267,

4. L. Bernarbo Bpaa "Pollochnin, 1964, p, 669, PI. GLXXIX, Nos. 7, 9, 10, 17; eee also f la t bone toola w i t h ejaa, P1. GLXXX, Nos. 17, 18,

5. No. 631 Prom the recent smavations, 6. W. As Heurtley "Prehtatorio ~aoe&mPa", 1939, p* 87, Ffg.

66@, f', 7. Cf. L. Bernarbb Bras 196% OR, it., P1n- rXXXVI,d: XGAAA*

at Asina.

Ar~other hmaaea bo~% tool (Pig. 4061, with a -he

near ita pointed end, nab almet oeatainly a weaving ar nett-

tool of aoxw kind - l t r date f o o f coursa s t i Z l w m ,

The distribution pattern8 of Early Bronze Bgca tertlXe

tools in Greece are complex, and *an it i s coluaiderred tmt

such mteria l remssina as these are a l l that i l e 1aft of the peo-

ple rho# once used the=, faacinatire. They reflea% the arlv-t

of a n W e r of different uultural groups, their pastial snd

gradual interaingling both with each other, and uath tha native

jb eo l i th ie ) population; and, finally, the orfgin and diffualoa

of new formra of tool s u i t e d t o the cormon needs of the people

who became, albeit with regional differences, the 6w1y Bmnnsc,

Age li-reaka.

In the north, two di f f erent Balkan groupa, one using

cylindrical (or spherical) weights, and the other py~lamidal lor

conical, or t a l l oblong onerp), beg- infiltrating L . t o Greece

towards the end of the healithie period. The forntbr eat&-

lished themselves at Sitagroi, and et Polidchni in i t a Aegu-as - 3.. L5.230, L5.66, 2. 0. ~ r & d i n and A. Persson " ~ s t n e " , 1938, p, 235; Figo 181,

3. These obJects, whicb may be, aa they are often sad to be , idols or amuleta, or may have some funation qui te unrson-

and perhaps, ciiacortcs&211$51y, at T145.gi ua 3 m a Ipags 136 Pi,

above). A t Sitflgroi, the '~ylindrloul waight fola' of Ptrrrars

I V were ousted by the 'pyrslaidal weight foU8 o t P b o V, ~ n b

this situation say hove bean repeated s%rsrh+re ia t b north

in siterr aa y e t uexoovatsd , fop -18 pyratuidPr and aasooiat-

ad $ypes or weights b e c u e typicrjll OF the Early Broate we north, cg l indr i co l neighta, only rstainfng A Foothold on C k s

islmb of Le~uios, had moved t o the ctentr~ and eouth of Omeo.r,

by the E. H. fl period, if not earlier. Tns two hypothstie-

al balgan peoples were apparently not over-frclandlg, eur tfra

two t y p e s of weight are virtual ly never Pound I n contsrr;rporqy

oblong weight8 supposedly i n a l l strata, and i t s undated cy-

linder%. l t a gsographioal position rs significant, f o r it

pepresents the approximate southern boundary of the p~raraldal

drical weight&. i n the barlg Bronze Age.

Although other v a r i e t i e s were alao used, the rnost

prevalent type of spindle whorl in the Early Bronze Age north

was the p l a i n biconicul one, wd the general area in wUch it

was used corresponds closely to that occupied by the gpyrsu9;Ld-

al weight f ' 01~ * . The actual nuuiber of s i tes at which both

pyramidal weights biconiGci1 wh6rls were fownd Jin tbe scum

phases i s , however, relatively rimall - bitagroi, Yasatse,

Agios Iwiamas, dervia and Taang'Li. The whorl may have be-

&@a. The latter ritl be f u ~ t b o ~ d U & @ ~ m d iU th. f'ollowmg

saotion f gage 2lM fi, beXow),

Tha relationship bstrtaea lOm8elb ar~d AnatoZia in tb

Early Bronse Age was prabipbly a t#)fold One, with I P J P I I P F ~ ~ J I ~

in tools rarulting both from direct oontaot, %ad froar e&g-

rants from co-n sources rho settled in both ~ountrPa8 le.g.

p a e s 232 - 233 above j ,

hat impfesslons , like the northem Icom~~bfghta,

atartad i n f i l t r a t i n g into Oree~e at the end of ths LeoTitUs

period. Setting aside thrs wah sorllcrr nort;hem mat i~apree8-

ions (pagaa 127, 141 above), t R s F i n a l keolltUcJSubaao~itfibc~

Early Bronze Age group i a Lnterestizqly l iraited i n slrsa. The

eastemumat Greek f b d a are at Tigant on Y a m r r , the acruthcbra-

most at Phylakopi on Yslos, while the s t r i o t l y middle Bronru

Age iapresalon at Liuokladhi Z1L is 00th the m o t norlberlg

and, with the exoepticm of Galaxidhi (page 230 above), the

mat waaterly occurrence, A s stated previously, thia i 8 ob-

sioualg a custom op~ead ing westwards through the islaada t o

reach a l imi ted area of the wifnlanb.

Saul Reinberg has cal led &tantion to a number of

resemblances between Aegean Early Bronze Age fincia and t b s e of

the Ghassul culture of Palestine, and suggeltts iagmigxlation to

the Aegean from th& general area. Among thtt many parallale

he advances in s u ~ P o r t of thia theom are ma% Aimmssions

pot bases. The crustohn of building pots upon mra'ta 3s ctne

1, Saul S . Weinberg in R, W', Ekriah (ed. ) "Relative t;hmnoh- ogies i n Old World ~rohasatlogy", l(354, p, 95; ib ic i . ;tn R, W. Ehrich (sd. ) "GhronoTagisbl in Old Wo~ld Arshsreolog.;gn, 1965, pp. 302, W8,

fore nut aound eridsnou ~ O P the raov+olrsnt o t psopZ~a if aon-

a i d e ~ e d alone; but rksa so w y other e id lar i tker am l i r t s d

It d088 at Xsarsct arssra poasible thet r p+ople at the 'ut-

iarpraoslon' stags of g o t t e q tsobsology apmod f m ~ tbr r*roopnt

v i a the Aegean i a h n & s t o a lizaited par"t of ths -in-

The unifying f'autora among thil direraity of find.,

are the conLcaf whurls of various klndr , and t b clay aacbra,

The conical whorla mq have bean dsritred f r o m aetrcsral sourcsa;,

doaa muat ba the desc3endontsr of & s o 3 i t b f ~ *orla, while Q ~ ~ ~ X C L B

say have had northern origins fpagea 206 - 208 above), Tha

c lay anohors t ~ v e e distribution pattern quits different CN)PB

that of any o f the other toala mentioned above - ~lnd tools

the anchore almost certainly wem, even i f not neosss~rily

cormacted with t e x t i l e manufaoture. After the ir Snva,?tion

i n the north of the country, thulr at first rapfd and then

mre gradual diatr ibut iou southma* till thug occupied the

whole of the Greek mainlaad, hndioatear tkat t h y fulfi' l led a

cormnon need amongst the diverse type8 OF Ctreelc in Early Bmnas

A g e Greece.

The Late heolithio inhabitants of the cotxitry, who

were by no rnsenrs aa originally Lsomgeaeoua raea .tbmalvao, i

thue probably had to try t o ursbilats at Larrst tro &iffsmnt

1. E.6. China - Kwang-chih Ghang in R. w, Ehrlboh (sd, ) ' '~h~oa- ologiea in Old World ~rohaeologg*, 1965, pp. 50?, 515; the Graknegs - Audrey S, Henshall, PIP.S. V O ~ , mS, lam, gp,

&mug@ fropl th?b Bafkan~, & o m iBDMig~~fitt~ gnat ueouasa~.lly &Xi

of the r a m ~ a ~ e ) Prsl~a Wr~atalia, osrd acme new bfoad frw the

Aegean Islranda, wUch may hews originatcrd in the b o a $ ,

U n g the Greek retgional groupr rr;hIab avolv+d fro* rl,

bLls m i ~ o b i l ~ n y , th; m a t influential, and, u their title

suggeeta, the =st typ iua l of Easly Bronze Ome~e reps t b

Eaply Hallrtdic people, whoee territory was east-oentrsll Grades

rurd the keloponneae, and wtio,ose lprrguoge wae pmbrPbly that

yletasant 15 s i b i l a n t 'pre-Greekt one whlah namd TAcynttro., 1 I

1 horir~thos, Y am~aatloa and even ~ o s a o s . L6ka Portia'& kag- I

2 1

l i s h suitor, they aogulred their fashions fmm mimy d'fferent

sources, They used the cylindrical looaweighta that; h d orlg-

i n a l l y been a Ealkan type, but had hod aeveral gensratfonag

acclimatisation in northern Greece. T b i r wain whorl narr the

heavy domed one they seem t o have invented theoselves, and

the widely scattered sites at which it hae been found a t t e s t

the influane3 i t a inventors exesciaad on the rest or the c o w -

try, They aZao used conical wtrorla of all k l ~ d a , but bican-

ical whorls found no favour with them, nor did p y ~ m i d a l 100s-

weights, Glag anchors, however, whatever their purpose, wera

readi ly adopted from the north. Their homes wars fumfshed

with mats upon which taeg often formed their pottery, a h&bt&

they derived directly f r o m the Aegean Sslenbs, and perhws &-

direct ly from the Levant. They were dressed in fine cloth in

pla in or tabby weave, which w a a probably wade of linen, kt

i a likely that they also wore patterned cloth and rrool'lrsn

I cloth, but there is no evSdenos for op againat thlr,

I i n spi te of .the changed and fnoreaaed repertoire of

I. 3 . B. Halsy and C. W, %legen, A*J,A. X M X Z , %M;38, pp, 141

text i le too l s , there i a l i t t l e to ~uggeet that the production

of textiles i n Earlg Bronse 4 6 Oseees wa8 on B dllffsrsnt focrtl

ing from that o f the Neol i thic period (pages 176 - 177 abova).

The textile a r t a wetre c s r t a i n l ~ baing praotiaed rat n w r o u s

sites in a11 parts of Grseoe, and many of' theerrs r m e well-

equipped to supply their om neebe - but tbrb numbers of loose

weights Found are a limiting factor. Saratse's ten {page

220 above) and Aghia irini'er sixteen (page 233 above) are stp-

parently the largest t o t a l s , and in no case is there arr~tthsrg

tu indicate the existence of' more than two loom at anv one

Wborfs are usually fairly nwerous; but at GorAnth

and Lama they appear t o have ex is ted in n u b s r ~ in excess of

the siteat requtreuents, Leslie Walker-hosmopoulos' opinion

concem2ng an early manifestation of the textile induatry whicrh

was t o enrich classical Gorinth has already been noted (page

199 above). Over two hundred and aixty wde whorls wers found

at Lerna, plus more than a hundred others formbd from pot-

sherds. Although the Lema material i s not yet dated, and

the site t & ~ ixeolithic and hiddla Helladic habitation and ~ y -

cenaean burials , the greater number of i t s finds belong Lo the

early Bronze Age. The forty domed whorls assigned to that

per2.0d on typological grounds (pas 200 above) would alone be

suf f ic ient t o indicate cvnsiderabla text i le activity, for the

site i s not large, but the t o t a l number of Early Bronze Age

whorls of a l l types must be considerably greater. I n addit-

ion, there are the f e w cyl indrical loomwsI&hta, poasibly from

two different set8 (Pig. 33a, b), and the E. lii. TI nowd of

f l ax seeds.

Tho w a t notable dlfferencs betrrbm k ibo l i th i~ =k~orlo

a d Early Bronee &a rfr,o~lr l i r a ast eo meh Ln their fama, aa

i n their a lees . There 1~1.t have been o rsaaoa why fwger,

haaviap whorls becaw popular in the Borly Broara Age, ru3d

that rewon say w a l l hove been suppl i ed by the arriwol of Plar

i n Greece, Ite prsecrnce is suggested by the t j p e af weave

and %he smooth thread i n d i c a t e d in the ~10th iqruet l t l trar of

Vinal L a o l i t h i c Liepbala, arkd a t the very outaet of the X;;arcPy

Bronze Age heavy cloned whopla, smiriently suitable For s p a - 1

nlng flax, lube their appearance (page 201 abovcri, a d mimy

other form of whorl a i s p l a y an increaas in a i m . Thepa t a

an apparent over-supply of the ciomd whorla, partiouIa;llly, a t

G o r i t ~ t h , at Lerna, perhaps at Eutrcsis. At i o Juat possib18

t h a t these s i t e a f inhabitants were mnuf'acturiry3 linen thread, 2

if nut cloth, for, for w a n t of a b e t t e r word, export,

1. Gf. the heavy domed limestone whorls uWch the E g y p t i a s found suitable fop flax-spinning - P i g . 4. Sea alao Grace M, c;rowfoot "ui~ethoda of Hand-Spianiw in ffgypt a d the Sudan", 1931, p, 30,

2, If f19x wa~l used at cjatal &;y&, thew conclusXons on the uate of its introduction into Oreace are a b s t certgia to ba false; but i f it d i d not appear until the Early Bsouee Age, the situation is curiausly parallaled in Paleatins a% Jerirzho, where, although other domestia plants wide a ntuch earlier appearance, flax was not found unti l Early Bsonres Age levels - k. kIopf in P, Uoko and f). w, Di&lsby ( e b , ) "The Wmestication and GxpToLtatian of P l a n k 8 and 1969, p p , 356 - 367,