1

2

SPINEACLIMA:

General Outlines for

Eurasian Wide

Climate Change Research,

Based on the Networks of

Scots pine Chronologies

Mauri Timonen

23.03.2006

3

THE SPINEACLIMA PLAN

FOREWORD: SPINEACLIMA: OUTLINES FOR EURASIAN WIDE CLIMATE

CHANGE RESEARCH BASED ON THE NETWORKS OF SCOTS PINE (PINUS

SYLVESTRIS) CHRONOLOGIES ......................................................................... 4

A PROJECT FOR EURASIAN WIDE CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH ........................... 4

I CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH IN METLA ..... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

Forms of Metla’s climate change research .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

II INTRODUCTION: SPINEACLIMA .................................................................... 5

Metla’s climate change research .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

III DRIVING PILES INTO THE PLAN ................................................................... 6

WORKING PACKAGES: .................................................................................... 6

WP1: State of the art: Eurasian climate change .................................................................... 6

WP2: climate change at pine (and spruce) timberlines ........................................................ 6

WP3 climate change identifier ........................................................................................ 6

WP4 forestry actions package in changing climate ..................................................... 6

WP5 Data Exchange and Analysis ....................................................................................... 6

V WHY EURASIAN WIDE PLANNING? ................................................................. 7

V SOME MILESTONES OF THE SPINEACLIMA PLANNING ...................................... 7

VI SPECIAL ACTIVITIES TO BE CONSIDERED ..................................................... 9

VII THE COORDINATION LEVELS IN SPINEACLIMA ............................................. 9

VIII PRELIMINARY ORGANIZATION ................................................................. 10

X PLANNING OF METLA’S NEW PRODUCTIVE SYNERGIES IN TREE-RING AND

CLOSELY RELATED RESEARCH ....................................................................... 11

I Exciting views in European-Siberian tree-ring research ................................................... 11

II Some recent comments and suggestions from MKH ...................................................... 11

III Productive synergies suggested by M.K. Hughes and E. A. Vaganov .......................... 12

B. Personal exchange and communications ......................................................................... 14

C. “Proposal” activity .......................................................................................................... 15

D. Other activity ............................................................................................................... 15

SOME WORDS ABOUT THE INSTITUTE OF PLANT AND ANIMAL

ECOLOGY (IPAE) .......................................................................................... 29

4

FOREWORD: SPINEACLIMA: Outlines for Eurasian wide climate change

research based on the networks of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) chronologies

A frame of reference for a joint Eurasian climate change research activity

A PROJECT FOR EURASIAN WIDE CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH

This outline plan suggests launching a Eurasian wide multiproxy climate change

research that is principally based on the networks of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)

tree-ring chronologies. The idea originates to discussions between Metla (The

Finnish Forest Research Institute), Institute of Forest SB RAS, the Institute of

Plant and Animal Ecology and the University of Arizona’s Laboratory of Tree-

Ring Research.

The acronym SPINEACLIMA (Scots PINe in EurAsian wide CLImate

change Monitoring and Analysis) defines much of the intended research. But

why Scots pine? Why Eurasian wide? Why to monitor and analyse? These and

many other questions are discussed in this draft paper that should finally define a

sound basis for the next generation integrated multiproxy approach. This con-

cerns, not only climate change, but also environmental change research.

I have taken actions to write the first draft. The next 2-3 years of planning

(2006-2008) will show the future level of activity in this effort. Crystallizing a

scientifically solid research programme from the wide spectrum of processes go-

ing on in the changing nature is very challenging, but also very rewarding.

Our Finnish project planning group, led by Professor Kari Mielikäinen,

working in close cooperation with our supervising board of Academician Eu-

gene A. Vaganov, Professor Stepan A. Shiyatov and Professor Malcolm K.

Hughes, will set the basic principles for this Eurasian wide research. I hope this

work advances in good balance also with Metla’s own climate change research

program planning.

Rovaniemi 23.03.2006 Mauri Timonen

5

II INTRODUCTION: SPINEACLIMA

The word, or the acronym, SPINEACLI-

MA, originates from the keywords

ScotsPINe in EurAsian wide CLImate

Change Monitoring and Analysis.

The SPINEACLIMA planning is princi-

pally based on the official agreements be-

tween 1) Metla and VN Sukachev Institute of

Forest and 2) Metla and Institute of Plant and

Animal Ecology. Discussions especially with

Dr. Pavel Moiseev1 in autumn 2005 in Eka-

terinburg started the process that is described

here. The first idea was only to develop joint

Finnish-Russian timberline and climate

change research. But as climate change top-

ics refer more to global than a local phenom-

ena, it was reasonable to expand the scope

1 Dr. Moiseev works in the Institute of Plant and Ani-

mal Ecology in Ekaterinburg

covering to the whole of Europe and a major

part of Asia. The chosen wide continental

approach gives the advantage of studying

macroclimate events in each specific region.

This meta research planning sets some

main principles for the whole research activi-

ty. in the planned Eurasian wide climate

change research. Further planning is based on

feedback and scientific contribution of the

involved partners. But first however, hope to

be successful in driving piles into the basic

program so that it will serve as a meta pro-

ject, or as a wide theoretical frame of refer-

ence linking all the research projects of the

program to the jointly accepted goals defined

by the EABS. How to do it, is not easy. That

is why I prefer to listen carefully, what mem-

bers in the Eurasian Advisory Board of

Fig. 1. Metla’ climate change research has to serve two main dimensions: national and international The SPINEACLIMA project planning aims at a Eurasian wide macro climate research utilizing dendroclimatic approach, in cooperation with a top-scientist group led by RAS Academician, professor Eugene A Vaganov and professor of Dendrochronology (Univ. of Arizona) Malcolm K. Hughes.

6

SPINEACLIMA2 (EABS) recommends to be

done.

I think the final plan will take 2-3 years to

complete. There will be many necessary

phases in the planning process. Because of

the large research area there is a need for

meetings, seminar discussions, mutual meet-

ings of researchers, field work planning and

other related things. The rather long planning

time span, does not prevent us from prepar-

ing funding applications at any convenient

moment.

III DRIVING PILES INTO THE PLAN

This outline paper is originally based on the

three basic reports:

­ Professor Malcolm K. Hughes: Productive synergies suggested by M.K. Hughes and E. A. Vaganov. Rovaniemi, April 2005.

­ Professor Eugene A. Vaganov: Projected joint activities based on discussions 13-17.09.2005. Krasnoyarsk, Sebtember 2005

­ Researcher Mauri Timonen: “A research plan for developing Metla’s International climate change and timberline research”.

Trying to bring all the suggested joint activi-

ties presented in the papers under the same

theoretical frame of reference is not possible,

and not even necessary. But the principle of

joining the activities into higher level groups

so that as many as possible of them can be

logically mapped to the total planning, is

useful. I have listed here some basic thoughts

as elements for a more detailed setup of the

program. The basic principles list help de-

fining the total plan. The restrictions list

helps defining the population for the plan.

The working packages list sets some tools

and goals for the projects to be developed in

the projects.

BASIC PRINCIPLES:

- keep things simple and logical;

- focus on climate change studies;

- use the Eurasian wide Scots pine chronology network as our basic linking tool

- favor biodiversity and phenology observa-tions

- apply also carbon based studies

2 EABS = Eurasian Advisory Board (see page 4).

- use also other proxies (isotopes, sediments, pollen, flora, fauna)

- use effectively satellite information

RESTRICTIONS:

- Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) will be the only species to be investigated;

- geographical restriction: Eurasia

WORKING PACKAGES:

WP1: State of the art: Eurasian climate change

<text>

WP2: climate change at pine (and spruce) timberlines

<text>

WP3 climate change identifier

<text>

WP4 forestry actions package in changing cli-mate

<text>

WP5 Data Exchange and Analysis

The project will produce an integrated sys-

tem for flexible data and metadata3 exchange,

data preparation and intelligent reporting

developed by Tapio Timonen. Effective stor-

ing and use of essential metadata infor-

mation is one of today’s key questions in

efforts to improve the quality of statistical

analysis. This system, based on the latest

computing techniques introduced in Mi-

crosoft’s Visual Studio 2005 program library,

provides an unequalled approach to solve

this problem. Technically the data-metadata

archiving system uses the xml4 data format,

the xsl5 coding, the css

6 style sheets and the

3 metadata

4 Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a simple, very

flexible text format. XML in the exchange of a wide va-

riety of data on the Web and elsewhere. Source:

http://www.w3.org/XML/ 5 XLS: recommendations for defining XML document

transformation and presentation

7

xhtml7 webcoding. Databases will rely on

free MySQL-techniques.

This multiproxy project works geograph-

ically on an large area. As huge amounts of

data that will be obtained from many

sources, also from satellites, computing re-

sources will be very limited. That is why

complicated statistical approaches like GIS-

analyses and iterative climate modelling,

aiming at producing Eurasian wide spatio-

temporal climatic information from tree-rings

for periods up to 8000 years, require a lot of

computing resources. It is evident that this

kind of vast data-crunching project works

better, if the data can be somehow rational-

ized without losing too much information.

Our solution for this problem is data-mining

that will be applied in cooperation with the

computer sciences department of the univer-

sity of Helsinki. Professor Mannila and Dr.

Taneli Mielikäinen will be the leading re-

searchers in the use of these techniques.

Special interest in this project will be paid

to professor Vaganov’s growth-process

models. They have proven to be more effec-

tive in utilizing tree-growth components

starting from tree-cell properties to large re-

gional effects. This is a very interesting ap-

proach as considering e.g. the Finnish cli-

mate change. Vaganov et.al (year) have been

able to prove with the results provided by

their process-models that climatic regionality

can be extracted from tree-rings. In their re-

cent report they ….

The modelling group of this project will

engage well-known European and Russian

scientists, some of them mentioned here:

Eugene Vaganov, Malcolm K. Hughes,

Keith R. Briffa, Alex Shaskin, Vladimir

Shishov, Valeri Mazepa, Jan Esper and

Rob Wilson.

6 Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a simple mechanism for

adding style (e.g. fonts, colors, spacing) to Web docu-

ments. 7 XHTML: XHTML is a stricter and cleaner version of

HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is a markup lan-

guage designed for the creation of web pages with hyper-

text and other information to be displayed in a web brows-

er.

V WHY EURASIAN WIDE PLANNING?

This Eurasian wide climate change research

is based on geographical and macroclimate

factors (Fig. 3) that interfere the whole large

climatic environment. If we think e.g. the

effects of prevailing westerlies (active NAO),

they are greatly influenced by topographical

structures, e.g. mountain ranges (e.g. the Pyr-

enees, the Alps, the Scandinavian Mountains,

the Urals etc.). Considering to explain varia-

tions and trends in the Finnish macro climate,

we should actually know, how climate is

generally behaving between the Scandinavi-

an Mountains and the Urals. One interesting

question is, how the Arctic Ocean influences

the Finnish climate. I think we should devel-

op some new arctic climate indices that

would provide us with new views compared

to those of the existing NAO or AO indices.

There are some existing Eurasian wide

climate change projects. But I am sure there

will be space also for a new project, and for

even research programs. I think macro cli-

mate subjects have not so been well been

studied so far. The results what e.g. we

(Macias & al.8) have presented, need further

investigations on much wider areas than

done.

I think many relevant scientific topics can

be linked to this research context that build,

based on their contents, a logical frame of

reference covering all the most important

questions. What those other topics would or

should be, needs more brainstorming.

V SOME MILESTONES OF THE SPINEACLIMA PLANNING

The history of SPINEACLIMA research

planning is already one and a half year long.

The following milestones have been pro-

cessed:

­ 2004/07/11-22. ROVANIEMI. Malcolm K. Hughes visits 11-22.07.2004 Lapland and first time talks about Metla’s US-Russian contributed climate change research.

8 Macias, M., Timonen, M., Kirchhefer, A., Lind-

holm, M., Eronen, M. and Gutierrez, E. 2004. Growth variability of Scots pine along a West-East Gradient across Northern Fennoscandia: A Dendro-climatic Approach. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 36 (4):565-574.

8

SPINEACLIMA planning starts from this mo-ment.

­ 2004/12/Week 52. Director General Hannu Raitio launches preparations for arranging a high-level climate seminar in Pallasjärvi. My task to arrange academician Eugene A. Vaganov and professor Malcolm K. Hughes as keynote speakers there.

­ 2005/03/29. Pallas Climate Seminar suc-cessfully arranged.

­ 2005/03/30. Meeting in Rovaniemi. The team Hughes-Vaganov-Timonen launches the first cooperation paper called “Produc-

tive synergies suggested by M.K. Hughes and E. A. Vaganov”(appendix 1)

­ 2005/04/30. Mauri Timonen finishes his cli-mate change report ”Ilmastonmuutos ja La-

pin metsät.” http://lustiag.pp.fi/Pallas2005sem5.pdf

­ Pallas Climate Seminar successfully ar-ranged.

­ 2005/09/Week 36. Metla (Director Gen-eral Raitio)and VN Sukachev Institute of Forest (Director Vaganov) sign an agree-ment “Memorandum of understanding ISFBRAS”

­ 2005/09/12-27. Metla’s Research Director Kari Mielikäinen and Researcher Mauri Timonen have a two-week visit to Russia:

1) VN Sukachev Institute of Forest. Wide negotiations with professor Vaganov and his research group lead to a paper called “Projected joint activities

based on discussions 13-17.09.2005” (appendix 2)

2) Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology. Consultations with professor Stepan G. Shiyatov and his research group lead to an agreement “Memorandum of under-standing IPAE” and to a decision to de-velop joint climate change and timber-line research.

­ 2006/01/09. In the annual activities plan of Rovaniemi unit, Mauri Timonen was named, as a responsible person for advancing Metla's US-Russian research activities.

­ 2006/01/Week 2. Metla (Director General Raitio) and the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology (Director Bolshakov) sign an agreement “Memorandum of understanding”

­ 2006/01/26. VANTAA. First version of SPINEACLIMA published.

­ 2006/02/13. VANTAA. Feedback from Metla’s climate change meeting in Vantaa.

The following milestones are in progress:

­ 2006/02/13-17 SPAIN/MALLORCA.

1) Evaluation of the SPINEACLIMA plan by the Swansea Millennium group led by Dr. Iain Robertson.

2) Further consultations aiming at devel-oping the SPINEACLIMA plan

­ 2006/03/04-09 GERMANY/JENA.

3) Evaluation of the SPINEACLIMA plan by professors Vaganov and Schulze (Max Planck Institute).

4) Further consultations aiming at devel-oping the SPINEACLIMA plan

­ 2006/06/05-07 RUSSIA/EKATERINBURG.

1) International climate change meeting: presentation

2) Evaluation of the SPINEACLIMA plan by professor Shiyatov and his researcher group (Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology)

3) Further consultations aiming at develop-ing the SPINEACLIMA plan

­ 2006/06/11-17 CHINA/BEIJING.

1) Ínternational Conference of Tree-Ring Research

2) Evaluation of the SPINEACLIMA plan by the conference group.

3) Further consultations aiming at devel-oping the SPINEACLIMA plan

­ 2006/07/05-12. USA/AZ/TUCSON.

1) Evaluation of the SPINEACLIMA plan and further instructions provided by the professor team of Hughes, Swetnam and Dean.

2) A seminar concerning field work and methods of chronology building by the team Harlan, Adams and Munro.

3) Evaluation of the results of the Lustia Metadata archiving project.

­ 2006/07/15-22. USA/CA/WHITE MOUN-TAINS.

1) Evaluation of the SPINEACLIMA plan by the Swansea Millennium group led by Dr. Iain Robertson.

2) Further consultations aiming at de-veloping the SPINEACLIMA plan

9

3) Data collection work at Bristlecone pine timberline (need for reference material in SPINEACLIMA)

VI SPECIAL ACTIVITIES TO BE CONSIDERED

One interesting project that should be linked

to this planning is Vaganov’s and Schulze’s

Zotto project9. The so called Zotto system

deals with climate change, carbon fluxes,

greenhouse gases and related things.

VII THE COORDINATION LEVELS IN SPINEACLIMA

If the Spineaclima plan is successful in im-

plementation, there is a need for a coordinative

staff for running the research processes in all

levels (Fig. 3).

(y: yes, ?: no confirmation so far)

ASIA

RUSSIA

Krasnoyarsk : Eugene A. Vaganov (prof.) (y) Ekaterinburg : Stepan G. Shiyatov (prof.) (y) Moscau : Andre Velickho (prof.) (?)

EUROPE

GERMANY

Freiburg : Heinrich Spiecker, professor) (?) Jena : Ernst-Detlef Schulze, professor (?) Halle : Dr., Director Tatjana Böetger

SPAIN

Barcelona : Marc Macias (y)

FINLAND

Metla

Joensuu : Leena Finér, professor (y) : Timo Karjalainen, professor (?)

Kolari : Esa Huhta, docent (y)

Muhos : Climate change/ : Marja-Liisa Sutinen, prof. (y)

Rovaniemi : Biochemistry / Francoise Martz (y)

: Forest growth /Mauri Timonen (y)

: Forest regeneration/Ville Hallikainen (y)

http://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/bgc-systems/projects/zotto/overview.shtml

: Forest pathology /Juha Kaitera (y) : GIS, GPS and satellite images: Kari Mikkola (?)

: GIS-based animal ecology: Ari Nikula (?)

Vantaa : Kari Mielikäinen, professor (y) : Heikki Henttonen, prof. (y) Helsinki : Phenology /Risto Häkkinen (?)

University of Helsinki

Dep. of Geology : Seija Kultti (y) Dating laboratory : Högne Jungner, prof. (?) ...

University of Joensuu

Mekrijärvi : Taneli Kolström, professor (?) Saima Center: Jouko Meriläinen, docent (?)

Geological Survey of Finland

Rovaniemi: Raimo Sutinen, docent ...

Finnish Meteorological Institute

Helsinki : Ari Venäläinen, Head of unit : Heikki Tuomenvirta

FRANCE

Strasbourg : Francoise Martz (y) ...

UNITED KINGDOM

Edinburg : Dr. Robert Wilson (y) Swansea : Iain Robertson (y)

NORWAY

Tromso : Andreas Kirhchefer (?) : Ari Laakso (y) ...

SWEDEN §

Umeå : Leif Kullman, professor (?) ...

SCHWITSERLAND

Birmensdorf/SWL: Jan Esper (y) Frits Schweingruber, prof.) (?)

SLOVENIA

Forest Institute: Tom Levanic (y)

10

USA

ARIZONA

Tucson, LTRR : Malcolm K. Hughes (prof.) (y) : Ramzi Touchan

VIII PRELIMINARY ORGANIZA-

TION

I EURASIAN ADVISORY BOARD (EABS)

This group forms the highest scientific level of the research program. It defines the main scientific questions and outlines, how climate change research in the whole Eura-sian conifer zone will be arranged. Members of the professor board: EAV, MKH, SGS, EDS, Spiecker, Mielikäinen, others?

II SCANDINAVIAN ADVISORY BOARD (SABS)

The group coordinates activities in Scandi-navia, based on the instructions given by the EABS. The SABS is also responsible for preparing funding applications.

III NATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD (NABS)

The group is responsible for national level administration and partly also for research activities. The NABS is also responsible for preparing funding applications.

IV SPINEACLIMA RESEARCHERS

The researchers in this group concen-trate on research activities without re-sponsibilities in administration:

Finland

Samuli Helama (Univ of Helsinki) Jari Holopainen ( (Univ of Helsinki)) Risto Häkkinen (Metla HE) Heikki Kauhanen (Metla KO) Markus Lindholm (Saima Center) Kari Mikkola (Metla RO) Harri Mäkinen (Metla VA) Pekka Nöjd (Metla VA) …

Norway

Andreas J. Kirchhefer (Univ of Tromso) ...

Spain

Marc Macias-Fauria (Univ of Barcelona) ...

Russia

V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest,

Anastasia Knorre Olga V. Sidorova Alexander V. Kirdyanov Mukhtar M. Naurzbaev Vladimir Shishov Vladimir Mylan ...

Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ludmila A. Gorlanova Marina Gurskaya Rashit M. Khantemirov Valeri S. Mazepa Pavel A. Moiseev Vladimir Goryachev Ilya Shevchenko

…

Sweden

... Leif Kullman

United Kingdom Iain Robertson(Univ of Swansea)

...

11

X PLANNING OF METLA’S NEW

PRODUCTIVE SYNERGIES IN

TREE-RING AND CLOSELY RE-LATED RESEARCH

──────────────────────────

MT 20.04.2005

I Exciting views in European-Siberian tree-ring research

──────────────────────────

Malcolm K. Hughes and Eugene A. Vaganov

paid, during their recent visit to Finland, plen-

ty of attention to Metla’s many-sided and

regionally representative data networks. Un-

fortunately the majority of these well-

replicated and nationwide networks have

been planned for internal use, which causes

some difficulties in applying them to wider

global network systems. But while Metla is

now generally focusing to specific topics in

climate change research, it is a good time to

consider the global integration of our perma-

nently maintained data. Some of the data net-

works, such as Forest Focus10

, VMI11

, INKA

and the tree-ring data administered by the

Lustia project, seem to fit directly or with

minor adjustments to research needs defined

by Hughes and Vaganov.

If we in Metla are successful in adopting

the ideas presented in the Hughes-Vaganov

paper, it may have great influence – not only

on our tree-ring research, but also on our

whole spectrum of Finnish growth and yield

studies. And considering climate change

research in Metla, exposing our data networks

and our methods to the suggested Finnish-

Russian-US cooperation would bring together

several top scientist groups. I believe, accom-

panied with outstanding research expertise

and the unique Finnish network data sets,

these groups might be successful in starting

the next phase in building global data network

systems and also making scientific break-

throughs in understanding climate and envi-

ronmental changes.

It is also exciting to note that our free-

form research “alliance” have control on

10

http://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/website/forestresearch.nsf/

ByUnique/ADC18F784E680BD480256FA40054F561 11

http://www.metla.fi/ohjelma/vmi/index-en.htm

three over 7000 years long chronologies,

each of them being developed by their own

research teams. As these chronologies actual-

ly cover almost the whole northern hemi-

sphere, we have a special data for screening

global changes. A very tempting idea is to

apply the Finnish data sets to Vaganov-

Shaskin’s growth process models, which

probably will give a lot of further value to our

Finnish forest modelling.

I have discussed the Hughes-Vaganov paper

tentatively with Director of Research, professor

Kari Mielikäinen, Dr. Kari Korhonen, Dr. John

Derome and acting professor Jari Hynynen. It

seems there is general interest to work with the

suggested subjects. As Kari (Mielikäinen) re-

turns back to his former position as a professor

of Growth and Yield, one of his main topics will

be climate change studies. That’s great, because

then there will be at least two Metla’s research-

ers working with the cooperation planning. I

think the thoughts of the Hughes and Vaganov

paper, are sensible from Metla’s point of view

and will also fit to our renewing research strate-

gy.

I am confident with the future of our Finnish-

Russian-US cooperation. I hope things will be

advancing about the way the Hughes-Vaganov

paper puts it. We (MT, KM) hope to learn more

in autumn 2005, as we visit the Sukachev Insti-

tute of Forest SB RAS in Krasnoyarsk, led by

professor Vaganov, and the Institute of Plant

and Animal Ecology (Ural Branch of the Russian

Academy of Sciences), in Ekaterinburg, hosted

by professor Shiatov.

──────────────────────────

MKH 22.03.2005.

II Some recent comments and suggestions from MKH

──────────────────────────

The topics will emerge strongly during your

TransSiberian journey this fall. Of course, at

the base is just fundamental dendrochronolo-

gy in the North, and Finland and Russia rep-

resent two great traditions in this that really

should interact. I strongly urge you to make

sure to meet with Stepan Shiyatov and get

him talking about their collections as well as

their very important dendroclimatological and

dendroecological work in Ekaterinburg, espe-

cially his wonderful repeat photography from

the Polar Urals. if you need some specific

12

project title to begin, I think the most exciting

to Gene and me was the possibility of com-

bining the very good array of well-recorded

plots with detailed environmental data de-

scribed in the afternoon up on Pallas moun-

tain (Forest Focus) - this could be a superb

opportunity to test ideas about modeling con-

trol of tree-ring variability. "Testing of pro-

cess-based model of tree-ring formation in

northern Finland"? Maybe you need a topic

that mentions both countries - if it's OK to go

a little beyond METLA, involving the Eronen

group in an examination of forest density and

climate over the Holocene would be wonder-

ful link between all three groups, and of

course a major part of our forthcoming work-

shop. Just a few random thoughts....

────────────────────────── MKH & EAV 31.03. 2005 and MT 13.04.2005 (Memorandum: text by MKH, minor edits by MT)

III Productive synergies suggested by M.K. Hughes and E. A. Vaganov

──────────────────────────

During our visit to METLA’s Rovaniemi station,

in our discussions with Mauri Timonen and other

colleagues, and from the meeting at Pallas, we

heard many interesting ideas, and saw a number

of potential opportunities for productive research

collaboration. Three possibilities seemed espe-

cially exciting to us, each strongly likely to pro-

duce very productive synergies. They concern:

1) Inventory/growth monito-

ring/dendrochronology

2) ICP/micrometeorology/ dynamics of tree-ring

formation

3) Long tree-ring chronologies/Holocene envi-

ronments/modeled climate.

In each case, the scientific value to be derived

from the superb infrastructure provided by the

ongoing work of METLA, Metsähallitus and the

Finnish Meteorological Institute could be en-

hanced by combination with modern dendrochro-

nology and high-resolution paleoclimatology.

These fields in turn would benefit greatly from

integration with the existing Finnish activities

and resources.

The first two of these could well provide use-

ful tools for the assessment of, for example, the

role of the forest as source or sink in the carbon

cycle under various climate scenarios. The third

could help improve understanding of pre-

industrial climate, its mechanisms and local ex-

pression in Finland, and hence provide challenges

and inspiration for attempts to model future for-

est-climate interactions. We give a very short

introduction to each of these ideas so that you

might see how it might be pursued, and what

benefit might be gained:

1) Inventory/growth monitor-

ing/dendrochronology. As we understand it,

METLA maintains a large number of plots

for inventory, and a subset of these is also

used for the monitoring of growth. System-

atic dendrochronological sampling of this

subset, from all age classes of trees, and in-

deed of all other plants with annual struc-

tures, would provide information on interan-

nual variability that could be a) linked to sta-

tistical and process-based models of the cli-

matic control of tree-ring growth; b) tested

for association with remotely sensed esti-

mated of the interannual and interdecadal

variability of biological production and

hence carbon sequestration (Biondi, 1996;

Biondi et al., 1992; Osawa et al., 1992).

Having established such links it would be

possible to develop predictive tools for the

detailed results expected from future meas-

urements of the plots, the differences be-

tween predicted and measured providing es-

timates of whether the same mechanisms

continue to operate. Such studies would also

provide a test of the potential utility of den-

drochronological sampling as a complement

to existing methods of growth monitoring.

2) ICP/micrometeorology/ dynamics of tree-

ring formation. The existing ICP monitoring

sites offer a wonderful opportunity to clarify

the nature and underlying mechanisms of in-

ter- and intra-seasonal growth dynamics.

Supplementing the growth bands and exist-

ing microclimate measurements with obser-

vations of shoot and cambial phenology and

repeated within-season microcores for mi-

croanatomical analysis would provide an ex-

cellent test-bed for process-based models of

tree-ring formation, for example those of

Vaganov, Misson and others (Misson, 2004;

Vaganov, 1996; Vaganov et al., 1999). Each

of these models calculates intermediate

quantities, such as transpiration rate which

are being or could be measured at these

sites, as well as the final products such as

13

radial increment or cell numbers and dimen-

sions.

The more thoroughly tested such models

are for specific Finnish conditions, the more

appropriately they may be used, for exam-

ple, in the consideration of the growth im-

plications of various future climate scenari-

os, or in the diagnosis of observed variabil-

ity. A pilot project in this area might be a

tractable first specific collaborative project

between IF (Institute of Forest, Krasno-

yarsk) and METLA.

3) Northern Fennoscandia (especially Finland),

the western United States and the northern

territories of the Russian Federation contain

remarkable concentrations of very long tree-

ring records, permitting the detailed exami-

nation of conditions at high temporal resolu-

tion through much of the mid- and late Hol-

ocene. Each of these records represents a

very considerable investment of time and

other resources over decades, and everything

possible should be done to extract maximum

scientific benefit from them. Because of

their annual resolution, the long tree-ring

chronologies offer a chance to examine the

changing character of climate variability

through much of the Holocene as well as the

related environmental fluctuations.

In the Finnish case, these studies are al-

ready well-embedded in a rich tradition of

studies of Holocene environments. This pro-

vides the key to the effective exploitation of

these records – the regional integration of

independent kinds of records, for example,

tree rings, varved sediments, and paleolim-

nological records, in a physically consistent

framework probably derived by the use of

both output from forced runs of Global Cli-

mate Models (Graham et al., in prep.), and

from Models of Intermediate Complexity

(Crucifix et al., 2002).

We have discussed holding a small work-

shop in Rovaniemi in 2006 to develop ideas

for this approach, including representatives

of the main groups who have developed

such multi-millennial chronologies in north-

ern Eurasia and North America, colleagues

who are experts in other records such as

treelines, lake sediments and glaciers, and

those concerned with the relevant climate

models.

Reference List:

1. Biondi, Franco. Decadal scale dynamics at

the Gus Pearson Natural Area: evidence for

inverse symmetric competition? Canadian

Journal of Forestry Research. 1996;

26(8):1397-406.

2. Biondi, Franco; Klemmedson, James O.,

and Kuehl, Robert O. Dendrochronological

anaylsis of single-tree interactions in mixed

pine-oak stands of central Arizona, USA.

Forest Ecology and Management. 1992;

48:321-333.

3. Crucifix, M. Loutre M. F. Tulkens P.

FIchefet T. Berger A. Climate change during

the Holocene: a study with and Earth system

model of intermediate complexity. Climate

Dynamics. 2002; 19:343-60.

4. Graham, N. E. ; Hughes, M. K.; Cobb, K.

M.; Ammann, C.; Wigand, P. E; . Kennett,

D. J; Kennett, J. P., and Stott, L. Tropi-

cal/mid-latitude teleconnections at the Medie-

val Climate Epoch - Little Ice Age Transition.

In preparation.

5. Misson, Laurent. MAIDEN: a model for

analyzing ecosystem processes in dendroecol-

ogy. Canadian Journal of Forest Research.

2004; 34:874-887.

6. Osawa, A. Abaimov A. P. Zyraynova O. A. Reconstructing structural development of

even-aged larch stands in Siberia. Canadian

Journal of Forest Research. 2000; 30:580-588.

7. Vaganov, E. A. Analyses of seasonal tree-

ring formation and modeling in dendrochro-

nology. in: Dean, J. S. Meko D. M. and

Swetnam T. W., editors. Tree Rings, Envi-

ronment and Humanity, ; Tucson, AZ. TUc-

son, AZ: Radiocarbon; 1996: 73-87.

8. Vaganov, E. A.; Hughes, M. K.; Kirdyanov,

A. V.; Schweingruber, F. H., and Silkin, P.

P. Influence of snowfall and melt timing on

tree growth in subarctic Eurasia. Nature.

1999; 400:149-151.

APPENDIX 2. PROJECTED JOINT ACTIVITIES 17.09.2005 (METLA - IFSBRAS)

───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

14

A. CONFERENCES, WORKSHOPS, TRAINING, FIELDWEEKS

I. Finnish-Russian workshop with pro-posed title "Basic research and prac-tice in boreal forests: advances, per-spectives and limitations"

- Time – 2007

- Place (Krasnoyarsk, Ekaterinburg)

- Main directions:

a) basic research in inventory and produc-

tivity of

b) biodiversity of forest ecosystems and its

protection and improvement;

c) long-term studies of forest dynamics

and productivity;

d) towards to better management;

e) international exchange of practical man-

agement (application of Finnish experi-

ence to manage Siberian forests).

- Advisory committee: ... (will be defined)

- Financially supporting sources: IF SB,

RFBR (Russian Fund for Basic Research),

Local administration,....

2. Fieldweek for PhD students and under-graduate students with the title "To-wards to improvement of forest inven-tory methods: comparison of Russia and Finnish ground and remote sens-ing methodologies".

- Time - Summer of 2006 or 2007

- Place: Zotino (Krasnoyarsk)

- Number of participants: 20 (10+10).

- Duration: 3 weeks-1 month

- Financial sources: (IF and METLA, ...)

B. Personal exchange and communications

1. METLA member (?) Topic: application and improvement of pro-

cess-based model to describe current and pro-

jected climatically induced changes of tree ra-

dial growth in Finland.

- Time: winter 2005/2006, spring 2006.

- Duration: 1,5-2 months working in IF

- Financial support: partly from IF (accommo-

dation).

2. Dr. A.Knorre (IF) fellowship to METLA Topic: extended analysis of ecosys-tem's productivity in boreal forests: comparison of Siberian and Finnish north forests.

- Time: will be defined.

- Duration: 3-4 months.

- Financial sources: INTAS (proposal will be

submitted if suitable for METLA as hosting

institute) and IF.

3. METLA member (PhD student ?) training In IF.

- Topic: analysis of long-term trends in tree

growth (inventory and tree ring data from

Finnish and Siberian database).

- Time: will be defined

- Duration: about 2 months in Krasnoyarsk (IF)

- Financial sources: partly from IF (accommoda-

tion).

4. METLA member (PhD student?) training in IF.

- Topic: Climate and seasonal variations in

pine growth in Finland last during centu-

ries inferred from anatomy of tree-rings.

- Time: will be defined

Krasnoyarsk 17.09.2005/Eugene A. Vaganov:

X PROJECTED JOINT ACTIVITIES BASED ON DISCUSSIONS 13-17. 09.2005

Working group: Eugene A. Vaganov, Kari Mielikäinen and Mauri Timonen

──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── --

APPENDIX 2. PROJECTED JOINT ACTIVITIES 17.09.2005 (METLA - IFSBRAS)

───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

15

- Duration: 3-5 months

- Financial sources: Partly from IF (ac-

commodation)

5. IF member (PhD student) - Topic: Seasonal and interannual varia-

tions in photosynthesis and respiration

measured by direct methods (towers)

and seasonal growth and wood struc-

ture of annual rings (3-4 woody spe-

cies).

- Time: will be defined

- Duration: 1,5-2 months

- Financial sources: Partly from METLA

(accommodation)

C. “Proposal” activity

There are several topics of joint interest to prepare

the proposals for funding:

a) Improving of aboveground inventory data:

from trees to ecosystem

b) Climatic trends and trends in productivity

and biodiversity

c) Climatic variations in northern Finland and

northern Siberia on a millennial scale (aggre-

gations of tree-ring chronologies, pollen data

and lake sediment data)

d) Pollution and ecosystem stability and succes-

sion

e) Climatic change and northern forests acting as

sink or source of carbon (natural and man-

aged)

f) Forest resources in Siberia as potential for

Finnish investments.

g) Genetic forest resources for Finnish manage-

ment.

D. Other activity

1. METLA could be a partner of ZOTTO (Interna-

tional Laboratory of High Tower in Zotino) ...

must be discussed preliminary with Prof. E-D.

Schultze.

2. Exchange of teaching professors (short courses

of exactly defined topics; total uncertainty in fi-

nancial sources)

3. NATO workshop (possible source), international,

exact title, 30-40 participants, publication as a

book in series.

Appendix 4. The Siberian Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences

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16

Some Words about The Siberian Branch of The Russian

Academy of Sciences

The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS) is a regional asso-ciation of research and designing institutions, pilot and medium-scale production of the Russian Academy of Sciences as well as the services maintaining the functioning of the infrastructure of Siberian research centers located in seven regions, 2 territories and four republics (i.e. the general territory of about 10 million square kilometers)

12.

There are research centers of the SB RAS in Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Yakutsk, Ulan-Ude, Kemerovo, Tyumen, Omsk, individual research institutes are locat-ed in Barnaul, Chita, Kyzyl. (see Scientific Potential of Siberia).

There are 75 research institutions in SB RAS and 11 designing bureaus and pilot plants carrying out research in mathematics and physics, engineering and technology, chemis-try and biology, Earth science, humanities and economics. (see Research Institute of SB RAS). About half of scientific potential of SB RAS is concentrated in Novosibirsk Re-search Centre.

A wide network of biological and geological research stations carry out field and stationary research in biosphere and geosphere

The research centers of SB RAS are integrated with Universities and other Siberian col-leges forming regional research and educational centers (RREC) in Barnaul, Krasno-yarsk, Omsk, Tyumen. Universities and colleges of Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Ulan-Ude, Yakutsk work in close contact with the research centers of the SB RAS.

12

Orignal text copied from http://www-sbras.nsc.ru/eng/welcome.html and modified by Mauri Timonen

(mauri.timonen@metla.fi)

Appendix 4. The Siberian Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences

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17

SB RAS STAFF

The staff of the SB RAS is 40437 people, as of January 1, 1995. 78% of them work at research institutions and 11599 (22,3%) are employed by nonscientific organiza-tions.

The distribution of researchers with respect to research centers and cities

• Novosibirsk - 24768 (61,3%)

• Barnaul (+ Cherga) - 838 (2,1%)

• Irkutsk-4801 (11,9%)

• Chita -152 (0,4%)

• Tomsk-2970 (7,3%)

• Kyzyl -124 (0,Ç%)

• Yakutsk-2446 (6,0%)

• Krasnoyarsk-2397 (5,9%)

• Buryatia (Ulan-Ude) - 957 (2,4%)

• Omsk-506 (1,3%)

• Kemerovo - 280 (0.7%)

• Tyumen -198 (0.5%)

In 1990 -1994 the general quantity of people employed by SB RAS decreased by 23.3% (in

1993 the decrease in researchersemployed by SB RAS was 1645, and decrease in parascientific

employees was 1389). The dynamics of research staff of SB RAS.

There are around 11 000 researchers working at present at SB RAS (in Novosibirsk re-search centre there are 6 000) including 1258 Doctors of sciences and 5278 Candidates of sciences (in Novosibirsk research centre respectively 811 and 2951). The age of re-searchers is below 33 -17.2%, 33-50 - 54.4%, over 50 - 28.4%.

INFRASTRUCTURE

The institutions and organization providing services and functioning of the infrastruc-ture of research centres employ 29.5% of the general staff of SB RAS. This includes the personnel of pilot plants, experimental farms, geological field stations (8.4%); transportation, utilities, housing, repairs and supplies (8%), health service (6,6%) kin-dergartens and nursery schools (4.1%), cultural institutions (0.2%).

FINANCING

The basic budgetary financing of the SB RAS has been drastically reduced over last three years. The table below presents the per cent relation of the fundamental financing in comparable prices to 1990.

The structure of financial support to research institutions of SB RAS has changed sig-nificantly. In 1990, the budgetary support was 39.2% of the general financing, 18.8% was special-purpose financing of the Ministry of Science, the institutes themselves earned about 42% from contracts with industry.

Industrial crisis drastically reduced contracts with the institutes and they now represent about 10% of their financing. The loss of this source of income was offset, although by no means completely, by various grants and hard-currency earnings from contracts with foreign partners. Therefore, budgetary support, however reduced, constitutes the major part (65%) of the general financing of research institutions.

Appendix 4. The Siberian Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences

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18

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

The structure and content of SB RAS international relations have significantly changed over last three years. 18 International research Centres have been set up and are actively operating co-founded together with Siberian Branch of RAS by research institutions and Universities of European countries, the USA and Japan. These centres function as international non-governmental organizations (as open institutes or laboratories under the auspices of SB RAS) and carry out research on major interdisciplinary problems.

In 1993 -1994 Institutes of the SB RAS held annually about 35 - 40 international con-ferences and symposia. About 1500 foreign scientists visit annually the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The expenses of the foreign trips of Siberian re-searchers were covered mostly by the inviting parties or by Soros Foundation. Only due to this the decline in the number of foreign trips was insignificant (from 1805 in 1992 to 1756 in 1993).

GENERAL DIRECTIONS OF SCIENCE ORGANIZATION

Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences was established in order to form a regional component of the country's scientific potential and to promote the development of its eastern territories. Since the first days of its existence, the work of SB RAS has been based on the productive combination of fundamental and applied research and close relations of science and education. The specific features of SB RAS from the very beginning have been the following:

• research centres have always been complex (multidisciplinary); • the research staff of the Institutes and their material resources have been widely

used to promote higher education in the region;

• regional component in establishing research centres and determining the directions of their research and applications of their results have always been very strong;

• there is a variety of forms of cooperation with industry; • there has always been necessity to support the infrastructure, utilities and social sphere of research centres.

COMPLEXITY

The principle of complexity (multidiscipline character) of research centres which helped them to obtain important scientific results owing to the close interaction of industry and research now proved to reflect the major trends in the development of the world science. This trend consists in shifting the emphasis from individually initiated scientific pro-jects to special-purpose projects aimed at certain, often global projects whose solution requires joint efforts and multidisciplinary approach.

At present the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences is a well-developed and territorially distributed system of complex research centres embracing practically all main urban, political and national centres in Siberia. A powerful re-search and experimental base has been formed including nationally important pilot and experimental plants, a well-developed network of geological and biological research stations carrying out systematic research for long periods of time. Unfortunately, recent-ly organized Tyumen and Omsk research centres could not achieve fully-fledged devel-opment because of reduced financing.

In order to concentrate our efforts on the most important interdisciplinary problems of the world science, major projects of the Russian Academy of Sciences and national sci-entific and technical programmes the following priority scientific and technological programmes have been worked out and pursued in SB RAS:

• fundamental and applied research in mathematics; • fundamental laws of matter structure in micro-and macroworld;

Appendix 4. The Siberian Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences

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19

• theoretical study of solids intended for the development of new electronic development on their basis; • molecular electronics; • fundamental research in quantum optics and quantum electronics and development of new applications of results; • mathematical modelling, information technologies and computing engineering; • physic-technical and system studies of energy; • mechanics, theoretical studies of machine building and machine reliability; • theoretical studies aimed at the development of new materials and progressive technology; • study of chemical composition and reactivity of compounds, kinetics and mechanisms of chemical reactions; • new materials and substances for the creation of the new generation of mechanisms and technology; • physic-chemical basis of the evolution of living organisms, problems of genetics

and selection, plant physiology and biotechnology;

• environmental, genetic and evolutionary principles of rational utilization, re-production and protection of biological resources;

• complex investigation in regional and global geological processes and theoretical studies of prospecting and mining; • working out new methods of waste-free and complex processing and refining of

mineral resources and y-products, oil, coal and timber;

• economic and social research; • interrelation of general and regional process of historic development, scientific

progress and culture of peoples and national groups in Siberia.

COOPERATION OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION

The experience of SB RAS in productive interaction of research and education repre-sented first by Novosibirsk State University established simultaneously with SB RAS has been expanded to all the cities where research centres are located and facilitated es-tablishing closer relations with already existing Universities (in Irkutsk, Tomsk, Ya-kutsk) and setting up new Universities such as Krasnoyarsk (first established as an af-filiation of Novosibirsk University), Altai, Kemerovo, Tyumen, Omsk Universities. An affiliation of the Novosibirsk University has been recently set up in Ulan-Ude. The co-operation with other higher educational institutions such as, in particular, Novosibirsk, Tomsk and Omsk Technical universities also has proved useful and productive.

The integration of the research centres of SB RAS with Siberian Universities and col-leges resulted in the creation of Regional Scientific and Educational Complexes (RSECs) in Barnaul, Krasnoyarsk and Omsk. Their efficient operation is hindered at present by the crisis of Russian science and higher education which can be attributed to insufficient financing as well as low prestige of higher education and learning especial-ly in the field of natural sciences.

PROGRAMME "SIBERIA''

Territorial distribution of research centres in Siberia and their close relations with na-tional economy made it possible to work out in 1977 a regional scientific and technical programme "Siberia'' aimed at promotion and support of suggestions, feasibility studies and carrying out of scientific and technological projects, retraining programmes for ex-perts for the solution of socio-economical, environmental, scientific and technical prob-lems common to Siberia.

This programme has from the very beginning brought closer and facilitated the co-ordination of operation of research, academic and industrial institutions of the re-gion. As a result of its activity coordination councils were established, panel meet-ings and joint conferences were held which strengthened the ties of science and in-

Appendix 4. The Siberian Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences

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20

dustry, accelerated the scientific progress in industry and oriented their joint efforts to the regional requirements and needs.

The regional scientific and technical programme "Siberia'' is primarily supported now by Interregional Association "Siberian Accord'' which unites at present 19 subjects (i.e. major administrative and political units) of Russian Federation which is at the same time its main customer. The financing of the programme "Siberia'' comes from different sources main of which are:

1. budgets of Siberian Subjects of Federation; 2. investments of different companies (with state, private and mixed ownership); 3. special-purpose budget allocations of the Russian Ministry of Science support-

ing regional scientific and technical programmes;

4. allocations of other Russian Ministries for the support of national projects.

In 1993 programme "Siberia'' embraced 53 projects with the total cost of 1934 million roubles.

Previously, without expert opinion of SB RAS specialists having at their disposal a wealth of information on Siberian nature and economy no decision on major economic project in Siberia had been made. Now the scientific expertise in the eastern part of the country is mostly neglected which has already led to some hasty decisions.

CONNECTIONS WITH INDUSTRY

SB RAS has always been interested in the practical application of its scientific, techno-logical and designing results and maintained close connections with industrial enter-prises and ministries. The system of information propagation and "implementation'' support has proved efficient enough and was represented by special industrial depart-ments of the SB RAS Presidium, coordinative programmes with leading Ministries, ex-hibitions and reports to the Soviet Government in the end of each five-year plan period, direct implementaional contracts with enterprises etc.

In the course of reforms brought about complete disintegration of the previously ex-isting system of interactions between scientists of the SB RAS and the industry of the country.

As a result, SB RAS temporarily had to change its priorities and focus on relations with foreign partners. Many of its Institutes (e.g. Novosibirsk Institute of Catalysis, Institute of Thermal Physics, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Unified Institute of Geology, geophys-ics and mineralogy etc) making use of already obtained results enter into contracts with foreign companies.

SB RAS intended on the basis of scientific and industrial cooperation with foreign partners to expand existing research centres adding to their structure compact science-intensive enterprises thus turning these research centres into a kind of technnoparks. An example of such an activity is setting up of a Russian-Thailand joint venture "Ty-rus''specialized in the production of precious stones and the Russian-German Tomo-graphic Centre in Novosibirsk research centre. Unfortunately, political and economic in-stability in our country make foreign investors who seem interested in this kind of busi-ness rather shy.

The situation could be soon improved under two conditions:

• adequate legislative protection of foreign investments;

• parallel development of investment in science-intensive production in Russia itself.

Technological and scientific parks seem promising because of the following:

• insufficient financing and necessity to attract investments retaining at the same time the existing schools of fundamental research;

Appendix 4. The Siberian Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences

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21

• possibility of creating new jobs for many researchers and higher-school professors as well as university and college graduates when many existing institutions are declaring redundancies to provide the inflow of young scientists and somehow to offset the "brain drain'';

• future requirements for restructuring the industry of the Russian Federation and CIS taking into account the concept of sustainable development and based on progressive technologies;

• the existing market relations must be developed and emphasis transferred to civilized pro-duction.

The advantages of the research centres when under favorable economic conditions technoparks

are established are as follows:

• research centres are already well-developed multidisciplinary research units with considerable scientific and technological experience, skill and established relations with similar or-ganizations;

• there are complex designing bureaus and pilot plants and production within SB RAS re-search centres; • there are experimental plants and their equipment and machinery can provide the

primary material basis for future science-intensive joint ventures;

• availability of high-skilled labour force and retraining capacities of SB RAS and Siberian colleges and Universities; • availability of working premises which could be provided by some of the Institutes

and other institutions of SB RAS declaring redundancies.

The technological parks seem a promising idea but they can be established only as a re-sult of stabilization of economical and political life in Russia.

Previously, budgetary financing covered only half of the costs of SB RAS and the rest was earned by the Institutes entering in contracts mostly with industrial enterprises.

The recent economic crisis resulted in the fact that the real financing now is one fifth of what it was in 1990. The sharp decline in industry, especially military and industrial complex practically destroyed this source of financing. To a certain extent this has been offset by contracts with foreign firms. At present the proportion of budgetary and non-budgetary financing is 60:49, i.e. the real non-budgetary financing has reduced 5-6 times.

Recently, the cost structure of the Institutes has changed significantly. The proportion of salaries and wages has grown from 1987 to 1993 from 37.5% to 64.5% and the proportion of costs of materials and equipment dropped from 27% to 5 %.

The situation is deteriorating very rapidly. Many institutes have stopped purchases of equipment, conserved some larger plants, drastically reduced field works and some experimental research.

Price hikes, especially with respect to energy, led to unheard of increase in overheads which was most painful to experimental basis and infrastructure (experimental plants, housing, nursery schools, health service etc.)

The construction of resident houses for researchers must be now financed by re-searchers themselves and after a short period of optimism difficult financial situation made the scientific community in Siberia lose interest in such innovations.

The faulty and insufficient budgetary financing made it necessary for SB RAS to set up a special bank "Sibakadembank'' allowing the Institutes of SB RAS to manipulate fi-nancial resources and be granted low-interest credits. Affiliations of the Bank have been opened also in Tomsk and Ulan-Ude.

Appendix 4. The Siberian Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences

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22

LABOUR POTENTIAL, EQUIPMENT, LOOKING FOR NEW STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE INSTITUTES

The budgetary financing of the SB RAS is now one fifth or one sixth of what it used to be, say, in 1990 and the SB RAS is now on the verge of extinction.

To declare more redundancies under conditions of decreased financing is senseless as it would mean the end of the Branch. Nevertheless, the number of people on the SB RAS payroll has reduced by 20.7% over last four years. It can be attributed to very small sala-ries, inadequate material and equipment supply, changes in housing policy of the coun-try so that the Institute cannot now grant an apartment to a person working there.

More and more scientists permanently or temporarily leave the country (about 160 re-searchers a year).Russian scientists are in high demand in the West which is an indirect proof of the generally high level of our science. Most researchers have been employed by leading organizations and corporations in the USA (35%), Germany (20%), France (15%), Japan (7%) and other countries.

In order to retain its basic labour potential SB RAS introduced a contractual system of payment to its leading researchers which provided a social protection to actively work-ing scientists. In addition, special measures have been taken to support young research-ers. Special scholarships and fellowships have been established for post-graduate stu-dents much greater that those offered by the Government, a system of bonuses has been introduced for researchers taking their Doctorate degree (younger than 40) and Candi-date degree (younger than 30), some institutes cover some or all the costs of young sci-entists attending international scientific conferences, the decision has been made to cre-ate a special housing fund for young scientists etc.

About 4 000 researchers have left the SB RAS (200 Doctors and 1600 Candidates of Sciences). The measures taken by SB RAS helped it to some extent recover its scientific potential. Over the same period the general number of researchers reduced only by a thousand people whereas the number of Candidates decreased only by 420 people, and the number of Doctors even increased by 240 people.

16 international research centres set up by Siberian Branch of RAS and functioning as non-governmental organizations (as open institutes) to some extent helped us to deal with the problem of brain leakage. Some of our scientists come back. Foreign scientists come to Siberia attracted by unique natural objects, such as Lake Baikal, Altai moun-tains, Siberian taiga etc., pioneering experimental plants of the SB RAS and achieve-ments of some of our scientific teams.

One more difficult problem is the maintenance of the equipment and the largest ex-perimental plants, such as solar radiotlescope and set of observatories in Irkutsk, ex-perimental plant for the investigation of space particles in Yakutsk, system of unique accelerators of elementary particles in Novosibirsk etc. These plants help us to keep up to the world standards.

It is quite evident, that the SB RAS will not be able to afford creating new centres. That is why we see our main task in operating and maintaining them and pin our hopes on the Ministry of Science of the Russian Federation which could provide assistance also through federal research centrees created by it.

The General Meeting of SB RAS approved the suggestion of the Presidium of SB RAS to centralize part of the finances in order to coordinate the solution of the problems common for many of the Institutes.

SUPPORTING INFRASTRUCTURE AND PRESERVATION OF RESEARCH CENTRES

Siberian research centres were created in the sixties and represent almost perfectly the development trends of the world science. Novosibirsk research centre became the proto-type of similar towns in Japan and France. Their emergence reflected the new multidis-

Appendix 4. The Siberian Branch of The Russian Academy of Sciences

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23

ciplinary approach to the solution of global environmental, energy, technological and other vital problems of humanity.

Unfortunately, the unique Russian experiment may perish because such a combination of research, designing, industrial and social infrastructure providing efficient functioning of the SB RAS over the entire period of its existence now threatens the very existence of science in the eastern part of the country. SB RAS cannot any more afford maintaining these complexes and their complete separation from scientific and designing activity de-stroy the unified system of research centres. The situation calls for original decisions on the state level.

Siberian research centres are situated at a considerable (up to 30 km) distance from the city centres and SB RAS has to maintain the utilities and power structures (large boilers, 700 km of cable networks, 630 km of water communications and sewage etc.). Siberian Branch has also to maintain around 900 objects of social infrastructure (residential hous-es, utilities, health and educational institutions, recreational facilities etc. with total area over 2 million square metres.

The difficulties are aggravated by the fact that the major part of residential houses of the SB RAS was built in the sixties and seventies and therefore require capital repairs and renovations which is practically impossible due to the absence of funds. In this connection the Presidium of SB RAS had to divert some money from research.

One of the most serious problems is also the maintenance of public utilities. Built more than 30 years ago their facilities require renovation the cost of which would be billions of roubles.

This problem has been discussed heatedly for several years. For closed cities the problem has been somehow solved by special legislation. For Novosibirsk and other research centres of SB RAS it is an unsettled question.

[ Back] [SBRAS Home Page]

Web-master www@www-sbras. ict.nsk.su

© 1996, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk

Appendix 5. Krasnoyarsk Science CenterKKrasnoyarsk Science Centre

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24

Krasnoyarsk Science Centre

The Krasnoyarsk region is one of the largest regions

of Russia extending for nearly 3000 km from the

mountains in Southern Siberia on the south to the

Arctic Ocean on the north13

. The southern part of the

region is the best industrially and agriculturally de-

veloped in Siberia. Abundant natural resources, such

as wood, non-ferrous and noble metals and coal, un-

derlie the regional economy and industry. Highly de-

veloped are thermal and hydraulic power, machine

engineering, metallurgy, petroleum chemistry and

many others. Rich soils and favourable climate condi-

tions provide efficient cattle breeding and high grain

yield.

Among the first academic institutions of Krasnoyarsk were the Institute of Physics, founded in 1956,

and the Institute of Forest, moved from Moscow in 1958. The two institutes, together with the later

founded institutes of Biophysics, Computational Modelling, Chemistry and Chemical Technologies,

formed the Krasnoyarsk Science Centre of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences in 1979.

A considerable part of studies performed by the Krasnoyarsk institutes is related to the biospheric role

of ecosystems and rational land-use, which are central issues for the Sukachev Institute of Forest and

the Institute of Biophysics. The Remote Sensing Satellite Ground Station, a common-use centre for

processing and analysing data on forests, provides information support of the studies. Since 1996, the

Krasnoyarsk Regional GIS-Centre has been successfully operating as a part of the Distributed Siberian

Network of Regional GIS-Centres.

The fact that the greatest portion of world boreal

forests is located in Siberia, as well as the high

scientific potential of the Institute of Forest, be-

came fundamental for successful work of the Sibe-

rian International Centre for Ecological Research

of Boreal Forests.

Siberian taiga is the main subject of studies of the

Sukachev Institute of Forest and the Siberian In-

ternational Centre for Ecological Research of Bo-

real Forests. (The photo shows dead forest.)

The Institute of Biophysics was a pioneer in elaborating closed artificial survival ecosystems, and on

its basis an International Centre for Closed Ecological Systems has been operating there since 1991.

−−−−−−−−− 11 Original text copied from http://www.sbras.nsc.ru/consult/krasnoyarsk.htm and modified by Mauri Timonen

13

Appendix 5. Krasnoyarsk Science CenterKKrasnoyarsk Science Centre

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25

(mauri.timonen@metla.fi)

The Kirensky Institute of Physics carries out fundamental studies in physics of magnetism and con-

densed media. Research results of the Institute are applied in designing new materials for electronics

and advanced communication media.

Research in the Institute of Computational Modelling focuses on intellectual information systems and

methods of numerical modelling for a broad scope of problems from tsunami propagation to pro-

grammes of ecological safety for population and environment in emergency situations.

In the Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, scientific and technological fundamentals are

being created for ecologically safe processing of ores and their concentrates, wood, coal, as well as

renewable resources and non-traditional raw materials.

The Special Design Office «Nauka» deals with pilot and industrial finishing of research results and

their implementation. This is also the main focus of the departments of Radio Engineering and Elec-

tronics, Physics of Nano-Phase Materials, Industrial Ecology, and a number of other practice-oriented

institutions founded by the «Nauka» Office and the institutes of the Centre, and affiliated to the Presid-

ium of the Krasnoyarsk Centre. A holding, based on various marketing and commercial structures,

monitors the activity of the technopark zone.

The Krasnoyarsk Centre also involves laboratories of the Novosibirsk Institute of Archaeology and

Ethnography, and the Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering.

All academic institutions of the Krasnoyarsk Centre of the SB RAS, together with higher schools and

industrial enterprises of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, are among founders of the Regional Scientific and

Educational Complex and participate in elaboration and implementation of research and development

programmes funded from the federal and regional budgets. The Complex is responsible for finishing

high technologies and attracting investments.

Appendix 5. Krasnoyarsk Science CenterKKrasnoyarsk Science Centre

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26

Scientist have worked out a high-resolution method for detection of forest fires with the use of images from NO-

AA satellites. The window show forest fires in the Lower Angara Region in 1996. (left)

Receiver for satellite monitoring that can work in hard conditions, including aboard a ship during storms, was de-

signed in the Krasnoyarsk SC.

Collaboration of the Krasnoyarsk Centre institutes with higher schools is developed in both research

and education fields. About twenty joint chairs have been founded that are headed by scientists from

the Centre, and some of them are located directly in the institutes. A recently created local information

network provides an access to Internet for all institutes and major universities of Krasnoyarsk.

The Krasnoyarsk Akademgorodok is sited in the suburbs, at the elevated bank of the Yenisei River. It

comprises a number of institutes and laboratories with their logistic infrastructure, a residential zone

with a scientists’ club, «House of Scientists», a hospital, shops and other social amenities. One of the

University buildings, that used to be founded as a branch of the Novosibirsk University, is within the

limits of Akademgorodok. There is a specialised secondary school that offers good training in physics

and mathematics, humanities, chemistry, biology and arts.

See also Short guide to the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Appendix 6. V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest of SB RAS (SIFSBRAS)

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27

Academician Eugene A. Vaganov

V.N.SUKACHEV INSTITUTE OF FOREST, SIBERI-AN BRANCH, RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (SIF SB RAS) Director: Academician RAS, Professor, Dr. Vaganov Evgenii Alexandrovich

The Institute staff numbers 401 people (including filials): 1 academician, 33 professors, 99 doctors, 76 Ph.D. course students, 18% research workers are young scientists (up to 33 age). The Institute has 4 sectors which contain 17 laboratories14.

STRUCTURE OF INSTITUTE:

I FORESTRY DEPARTMENT Head of department - Prof. Anatoly Platonovich Abaimov 1. Laboratory of forestry Prof. Anatoly Platonovich Abaimov 2. Laboratory of forest genetics and breeding Prof. Elena Nikolaevna Muratova 3. Laboratory of forest inventory and forest management Prof. Vladimir Alexeevich Sokolov 4. Laboratory of forest pyrology Prof. Valentin Vasilievich Furyaev 5. Sector of artificial forest phytocoenosis Ph.D. Genady Sergeevich Varaksin

II FOREST MONITORING DEPARTMENT

Head of department - Ph.D. Alexandr Alexandrovich Onuchin 6. Laboratory of forest monitoring Ph.D. Alexandr Alexandrovich Onuchin 7. Laboratory of biogeocoenology Prof. Stanislav Petrovich Efremov 8. Laboratory of forest soil Prof. Yury Ivanovich Ershov 9. Laboratory of forest zoology Ph.D. Yury Nikolayevich Baranchikov 10. Laboratory of forest biophysics Prof.Vyacheslav Ivanovich Kharuk

III DENDROCLIMATOLOGY AND HISTORY OF FORESTS DEPARTMENT

11. Head of department Academician Eugene Alexandrovich Vaganov

IV PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY OF TREE PLANTS DE-PARTMENT

12. Head of department Prof. Sergey Redzhinaldovich Loskutov

TOMSK'S FILIAL

Director - Ph.D. Krivets Svetlana Arnoldovna 13. Laboratory of forestry and forest management Ph.D. Krivets Svetlana Arnoldovna 14. Laboratory of ecology and assessment of soil productivity Ph.D. Anatoly Grigorievich Dyu-

karev 15. Laboratory of growth and fruiting of trees Prof. Sergey Nikolaevich Goroshkevich 16. Laboratory of dynamic sand ecosystems stability Prof. Elena Eugenievna Timoshok

WEST SIBERIAN FILIAL (NOVOSIBIRSK)

17. Director - Ph.D Valery Ivanovich Baranovsky −−−−−−−−−−-

14

Orignal text copied from http://forest.akadem.ru/english/missions.html and modified by Mauri Timonen

e-mail: mauri.timonen@metla.fi)

Appendix 6. V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest of SB RAS (SIFSBRAS)

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28

12 Original text copied from http://forest.akadem.ru/english/structure.html and modified by Mauri Timonen

( mauri.timonen@metla.fi)

VN Sukachev Institute of Forest of SB RAS building in the scientist town called Akademgorodok, just

beside the city of Krasnoyarsk.

”House of Scientists” is

a hotel for visiting sci-

entists in Krasnoyarsk

Akademgorodok. VN

Sukachev Institute is

located just at 10 mi-

nute’s walking distance

from House of Scien-

tists. A bus ride to

downtown Krasnoyarsk

at the distance of 10

km departs every half

an hour just beside the

hotel.

APPENDIX 7. PROJECTED JOINT ACTIVITIES 17.09.2005 (METLA - IFSBRAS)

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29

Some Words about the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology (IPAE) The Institute of Plant & Animal Ecology 202, 8 Marta St., Ekaterinburg, 620144, Russia Phone (343) 222-85-70 E-mail: common@ipan.uran.ru Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology was founded in 1944 and now it is a leading organization in the field of ecology of land and freshwater ecosystems stud-ies15.

The main elaborated problems are:

- general mechanisms of development (functioning,

dynamics, stability) of such natural ecosystems as

populations and communities;

- development of nature conservation fundamentals

(ecological regulation, bioindication, ecotoxicology, radioecology);

- climate reconstruction, structure and functioning ecosystems of Northern

Eurasia during the last 20-30 thousand years;

- analysis of biodiversity on the territories of the Urals and Western Siberia

The Institute incorporates 13 laboratories, a zoological museum, a biophysical

station (at the town of Zarechny in the Sverdlovsk Region ) and a Scientific Re-

search Center (at the town of Labytnangi in the Tyumen Region). The Institute

also possesses a large herbarium of plants. There are 287 personnel on staff at

the Institute, including 2 full members and one corresponding member of the

RAS, 24 doctors and 77 candidates of science. Director is academician Vladi-

mir Bolshakov.

The Institute of Plant & Animal Ecology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sci-

ences was established on the 18th of June, 1944, under the name of the Biology Institute of

the UB RAS. The first director of the Institute was a prominent physiologist and geneticist,

professor V. V. Patrushev. The line of present-day research conducted by the Institute can be

traced back to the scientific and administrative activities of academician S. S. Schwarz, who

directed the Institute from 1955 to 1976. At that time, famous and outstanding scientists

worked at the Institute, such as geneticist and radioecologist N. V. Timofeyev-Ressovsky, and

botanist and geographer B. P. Kolesnikov.

The Institute incorporates 13 laboratories, a zoological museum, a biophysical station (at

the town of Zarechny in the Sverdlovsk Region ) and a Scientific Research Center (at the

town of Labytnangi in the Tyumen Region). The Institute also possesses a large herbarium of

plants. There are 287 personnel on staff at the Institute, including 2 full members and one

corresponding member of the RAS, 24 doctors and 77 candidates of science.

A principal area of scientific research is associated with the study of functioning, evolution and stability of living systems — such as populations, communities and ecosystems — at the

15

Orignal text copied from http://siberia.kist.re.kr/tech_ub/pages/Ipae_1.htm and modified by Mauri Timonen

e-mail: mauri.timonen@metla.fi)

Akademician Vla-

dimir Bolshakov

APPENDIX 7. PROJECTED JOINT ACTIVITIES 17.09.2005 (METLA - IFSBRAS)

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30

Professor Stepan Shiyatov, the head of the dendro-chronological laboratory in

the IPAE, Ekaterinburg.

The building, where professor Stepan Shiyatov’s main office of his famous dendrochronological laboratory in Ekaterinburg locates. Dr. Pavel Moi-seev (standing closest) and professor Shiyatov, coming out at the main door, ready to go home after the

fruitful Finnish-Russian negotiations.

super-organism level. The following scientific branches are studied: population ecology of plants and animals, historical ecology, radioecol-ogy, soil sciences, and applied ecology (such as environmental monitor-ing and expertise, standardization, recovery of biological resources, and sustainable development). In recent years, the following outstanding achievements have been made:

principles of ecological mechanisms of evolutionary processes have been formulated as a result of the studies of population structure of different species under various environmental condi-tions;

ecological peculiarities of plants and animals inhabiting moun-tainous and subarctic ecosystems have been revealed with demonstrations of both zonal and altitudinal adaptations to spe-cific environments;

results of complex studies (botanical, zoological, and hydrobiolog-ical) of ecosystems of the polar Urals and the Yamal Peninsula have been summarized for the period of 40 years. A description has been given of the dynamics of ecosystems, and a forecast has been made of the changes in these systems under the conditions of large-scale exploration of fossil fuel deposits. Some important characteristics of the tundra biome have been summarized on a global scale;

a cycle of radioecological and population studies has been completed in the field per-taining to impacts of radioactive contamination on the territories of a so-called East Ural Radioactive Trace and Totsky Nuclear Testing Site;

some regularities have been described for transformation and stabilization mecha-nisms of populations and communities under the impacts of heavy metal contamina-tion;

For coniferous forests of the Middle Urals, methods of ecological standardization have been developed, critical toxic levels have been determined, and ecological standards have been established:

theoretical and methodological principles have been formulated for dendrochronologi-cal monitoring in Russia. With the use of dendrochronology methods, anthropogenic and climatic changes in forest-tundra vegetation in various sectors of Ural and Siberian subarctic have been reconstructed for a 500 to 600 year period (in areas of Western

APPENDIX 7. PROJECTED JOINT ACTIVITIES 17.09.2005 (METLA - IFSBRAS)

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31

Siberia — over a 4500 year period); studies have been conducted of population structure and dynamics of endemic and ra-

re plant species of the Northern and Middle Urals and the northern part of West Sibe-ria. Methodological principles of evaluation and protection of the species have been established;

some regular features of population dispersion, such as direction, speed, scale, and the extent of reversibility, of mammalian faunas in the late Cenozoic have been found for all the natural zones of the Urals;

a comprehensive survey of natural reproduction of populations of the semi-anadromous Coregonid fish is an example of a study in the Lower Ob basin. An evalua-tion system was developed for the ecological capacity of spawning locations;

resulting from the long-term field studies of the nature of the Urals and adjacent re-gions of the subarctic, the following books have been prepared and published: "Red Data Book of the Middle Urals Sverdlovsk and Perm Regions", "The Nature of Yamal", "Ecology of the Chanty-Mansi Autonomous District", and "Red Data Book of the Yamalo-Nenetz Autonomous District".

32

Fig 2. Considering Finnish-Russian climate change research, we actually need the whole Eurasian data to be successful in detailed analysis. But in order to keep the research well-controlled, some restrictions have to be set: 1) we stay inside the conifer belt (or in Boreal humid and Boreal tundra zones) 2) we focus studying only Scots pine everywhere where possible. Some partners have already tentatively been marked on the map.

33

Fig 3. Boreal humid zome covers also other parts of the world. It is possible that in future projects the whole northern hemisphere will be included to the Spineaclima format.

34

Fig. 4. Climate change and timberline research will be concentrated mainly on ”Boreal Humid” and ”Boreal Interfrost” biomes (called also northern conifer zone or taiga)

35

Fig 5. Eurasian distribution of Scots pine (Pinus silvestris). (Scanned from Geographic distribution of the pines of the world, USDA Forest Service Misc. Publ. 991, 1966). See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_Pine.

36