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Spelling of Verbs and Nounsin –s and -es
1. For most third-person singular (he, she, it) verbs and for plural nouns, add –s to the simple form:◦ Verb: swimswims
◦ Noun: lake lakes
Spelling of Verbs and Nounsin –s and -es
2. If the simple form ends with the letters s, z, sh, ch, or x, add –es.◦ Verb: miss misses
◦ Noun: box boxes
Spelling of Verbs and Nounsin –s and -es
3. If the simple form ends with a consonant + y, change y to I and add –es:◦ Verb: try tries
◦ Noun: baby babies
Vowel + Y, add -s: toytoys
Spelling of Verbs and Nounsin –s and -es
4. If the simple form ends with a consonant + o, add –s or –es. Some words take –s:◦ autoautos◦ photophotos◦ pianopianos◦ solosolos
Spelling of Verbs and Nounsin –s and -es
4. If the simple form ends with a consonant + o, add –s or –es. Some words take –es:◦ dodoes◦ echoechoes◦ gogoes◦ heroheroes◦ potatopotatoes◦ tomatotomatoes
Spelling of Verbs and Nounsin –s and -es
4. If the simple form ends with a consonant + o, add –s or –es. Some words take both –s or –es:◦ tornado tornados or tornadoes◦ volcano volcanos or volcanoes◦ zero zeros or zeroes
Vowel + o: radioradios, zoozoos
Spelling of Verbs and Nounsin –s and -es
5. If the simple form ends in a single f or fe, change the f or fe to v and add-es.◦ knife
knives◦ shelf
shelvesExceptions: beliefbeliefs, chiefchiefs,
roofroofs, hoofhooves, scarfscarfs or scarves
Spelling of Verbs ending in -ing
1. For most verbs, add –ing to the simple form of the verb.◦ sleep sleeping
◦ talk talking
Spelling of Verbs ending in -ing
2. If the simple form ends in a single e, drop the e and add –ing.◦ live living
◦ write writing
Spelling of Verbs ending in -ing
3. If the simple form ends in ie, change the ie to y and add –ing.◦ die dying
◦ lie lying
Spelling of Verbs ending in -ing
4. If the simple form of a one-syllable verb ends in a single vowel + consonant, double the final consonant and add –ing.◦ hit
hitting◦ stop
stopping Compare to two vowels + consonant: eatingeating
Spelling of Verbs ending in -ing
5. If the simple form of a verb with two or more syllables ends in a single vowel + consonant, double the final consonant if the stress is on the final syllable. Do not double the final consonant if the stress is not on the final syllable:◦ admit
admitting◦ begin
beginning◦ develop
developing◦ listen
listening
NOTE: the final l is always doubled in British English, but not in American English. traveltravelling or traveling
Spelling of Verbs ending in -ing
6. Do not double the final consonants x, w, and y:◦ fix fixing
◦ obey obeying
Spelling of Verbs ending in -ed
1. To form the simple past and V3 of most regular verbs, add –ed to the simple form.◦ brush brushed
◦ play played
Spelling of Verbs ending in -ed
2. If the simple form ends with –e, just add d.◦ race raced
◦ trade traded
Spelling of Verbs ending in -ed
3. If the simple form ends with a consonant + y, change the y to I and add -ed.◦ bury buried
◦ dry dried
Compare with vowel + y: play/played, enjoy/enjoyed
Spelling of Verbs ending in -ed
4. If the simple form of a one-syllable verb ends with a single vowel + consonant, double the final consonant and add -ed.◦ plan
planned◦ shop
shopped
Spelling of Verbs ending in -ed
5. If the simple form of a verb with two or more syllables ends in a single vowel + consonant, double the final consonant and add –ed only when the stress is on the final syllable. Do not double the final consonant if the stress is not on the final syllable.◦ prefer
preferred◦ enter
enteredThe final l is always doubled in British English, but not
in American English:◦travel travel or travelled