Speed, Distance and Social Space. What Do We Make of Our Cities

8/6/2019 Speed, Distance and Social Space. What Do We Make of Our Cities

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Speed, distance

and social space:What do we makeof our cities?

Dinesh Mohan

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI 8 July 2011IIT Delhi


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Urban transport changing concerns

8 July 2011IIT Delhi


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India poor

India middleclass

India rich

Rich and middle class must reduce energy consumption

Poor have to increase energy consumption

2050



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City density traditional understanding



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Car use and density redone


Source: MEES, P. (2010) Density and sustainable transport in US, Canadian and Australian cities: another look

at the data, World Council Transportation Research, Lisbon, Proceedings 12th WCTR.


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Density, cities > 10 million

IIT Delhi

Europe/USA

Asia/Africa

Income Density

Density / high rise may not be a major concern

for usIIT DELHI 8 Jul 2011


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0

204060

80100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Impact speed km/h

Percent

Probability of pedestrian fatalityby impact speed

IIT DELHI 8 Jul 2011


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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Time,

miniutes

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Time,

minutes

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Time,

minute

s

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Time,minutes

Walking to station/veh Walking in station - in Waiting at station

Journey in vehicle Walking in station - out Walking to destination

Congestion (car) One change

CAR CAR

CAR CAR

BICYCLE BICYCLEWALK

3 KM 6 KM

12 KM 24 KM

DOOR TO DOORTRIP TIMES

ELEVATED/UNDERGRND

PT

ELEVATEDUNDERGRNDPT

ELEVATEDUNDERGRND/PT

SURFACEPT

SURFACEPT

SURFACEPT

SURFACEPT

ELEVATEDUNDERGRND

PT



9/20IIT Delhi July 11

25

26

27

28

29

BMI(ma

leaverage)

300

0

4000

5000

6000

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year

Miles per capita BMI (male average)

Miles travelled by car & motorcycle and average male BMI (USA)

Source: Ian Roberts, 2011



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Car Bus Rail Motorcycle Walk Bicycle

k

m

perperson

perweek

Delhi travel patterns

Business As Usual



Change in disease

burden

Change in premature

deaths

Ischaemic heart

disease11-25% 2490-7140

Cerebovascular

disease

11-25% 1270-3650

Road traffic crashes 27-69% 1170-2990

Diabetes 6-17% 180-460

Depression 2-7% NA

Change in disease burden


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Vehicle ownership in countries with per capitaincomes US$ 1,500-8,000


India 2030

Cars/100 MTW/100

France 50 10

Japan 45 10

Singapore 12 3

UK 47 2

USA 69 2


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Life cycle emissions rail modes

Source: Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 2008 Environmental Life-cycle Assessment of Passenger Transportation: A Detailed Methodology for Energy,Greenhouse Gas, and Criteria Pollutant Inventories of Automobiles, Buses, Light Rail, Heavy Rail and Air. WORKING PAPER, UCB-ITS-VWP-2008-2,

University of California, Berkeley.


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Life cycle emissions road modes

Source: Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath 2008 Environmental Life-cycle Assessment of Passenger Transportation: A Detailed Methodology for Energy,Greenhouse Gas, and Criteria Pollutant Inventories of Automobiles, Buses, Light Rail, Heavy Rail and Air. WORKING PAPER, UCB-ITS-VWP-2008-2,

University of California, Berkeley.



Calculations based on:

Passengers carried per day (metro system and per bus)

Energy consumed (Total electricity bill for Metro and diesel consumed

per bus

CO2 emitted per MVAH at the powerhouse, well-to-wheel CO2 for

diesel Fly ash emitted by metro system not included

Estimates CO2 emissions perpassenger in Delhi


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ISSUES

Even cities in high income countries have

not been able to solve the problems thatall of us have to deal with in the nearfuture

NO INDIAN CITY HAS MORE THAN 15% CAR USE



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A typical brick shelter found on a Valley Lines railwaystation in South Wales U.K. (left) and a redesignedtransparent shelter (right) (Source: Cozens, 2004)

IIT Delhi 2009

33 per centincrease in

annual

passenger flowsIIT DELHI 8 Jul 2011


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FRIENDS & URBAN TRANSPORT

3.0 friends5.3 acquaintances

1.3 friends

4.1 acquaintances

0.9 friends

3.1 acquaintances

Light traffic2,000 v/day

Moderate

8,000 v/day

Heavy traffic

16,000 v/day

Source: Dr.Carlos DoraIIT DELHI 8 Jul 2011


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An understanding

Unless the walking trip is safe from accidents, harassment,and crime, people avoid using public transport. Therefore,

safety emerges as a precondition for promoting publictransport use

Crime could be reduced by having eyes on the street

(Jane Jacobs). Shops/street vendors. Vendors only need 1-1.5 m and they can occupy spaces between trees without

bothering pedestrian traffic.

A vendor using a non-motorised mode coming to yourhome to sell vegetables does more to prevent global warmingthen you driving a less polluting car to a supermarket.

The transportation system is driven by positive feedback,people to drive/commute longer distances at higher speeds toa larger house at lower prices.

Just focusing on public transport not the answer

8 Jul 2011IIT Delhi


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Safe roads a precondition for the future lowCO2 city

Children, elderly, walking speed ~ 0.8 m/s

Pedestrian green phase < 30 s

Therefore, motorised lanes < (30 X 0.8) = < 24 m

Shops and/or street vendors by design

City blocks ~ 800 m square

Maintain urban average speeds at 15 km/h

Public transit on surface

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Speed, Distance and Social Space. What Do We Make of Our Cities