Speech Communication Forms

Modes ofSpeech Communication

The process by which meanings are exchanged b/w people through the use of common set of symbols is called COMMUNICATION.Introduction

SPEECH COMMUNICATION (from Latin "communis", meaningto share) is defined as a process by which we assign and convey meaning in an attempt to create shared understanding. This process requires a vast repertoire of skills in intrapersonal and interpersonal processing, listening, observing, speaking, questioning, analyzing, and evaluating. Use of these processes is developmental and transfers to all areas of life: home, school, community, work, and beyond. It is through communication that collaboration and cooperation occur.

Communication

SEVEN Cs OF COMMUNICATIONC O N C R E T E N E S S

NESS

U R T E S Y

CONC I S E NE S S

LARITYCCORRECI D E R A T I O NC O N

M P L E T E N E S SC

SpeechSpeech, or oral communication, is a process of sending and receiving spoken messages between people. Speech conveys and sways through the presentation of ideas, opinions, information, directions and commands, usually with responsive communication from the listener. Effective speech is tailored by our needs and those of the receiver.

IMPROMPTU SPEECH

IMPROMPTU SPEECHis the presentation of a short message without advance preparation

speeches often occur when someone is asked to say a few words or give a toast on a special occasion

are generally most successful when they are brief and focus on a single point

involves delivering a message on the spur of the moment, as when someone is asked to say a few words.

Advantage its spontaneous and responsive in an animated group context

One advantage of impromptu speaking is that it's totally spontaneous, so it never sounds overly rehearsed or canned. This type of impromptu speaking can sway thepublic, so it's great for salespitches, impassionedspeeches, and spur-of-the-momentdebates. The best impromptu speakers will be naturallylogicaland able to express their thoughts easily

Disadvantage that the speaker is given little or no time to contemplate the central theme of his or her message

you may not be able to come up with any ideas in a hurry, you will probably repeat yourself and also you will be too busy trying to think of things to say to present your speech in a clear and interesting way.

The main disadvantage of impromptu speaking is that the lack of prepared statements can leave the speaker feeling awkward, embarrassed, and even tongue-tied.

Step-by-step Guide That May Be Useful If You Are Called Upon To Give An Impromptu Speech In Public Take a moment to collect your thoughts and plan the main point you want to make.Thank the person for inviting you to speak. Deliver your message, making your main point as briefly as you can while still covering it adequately and at a pace your listeners can follow.Thank the person again for the opportunity to speak.Stop talking.

IMPROMPTU SPEECHWith impromptu speech, details that back up statements with hard facts, figures, andreferencesmay be lacking. Speech may also be a little too emotional, because, at times, impromptu speech is triggered byintenseemotional responses to the words and opinions of other people. For example, a heckler in a crowd whobellowsout something derogatory while a person tries to speak, may be considered the rudest example of an impromptu speaker.

IMPROMPTU SPEECHIn other situations, such as public meetings, it's very valuable if you can speak at short notice, because otherwise the chance to give your views or contribute your ideas will be lost. In these cases it's better to stand up and say something, even if you don't put it very well, than for your points not to be made at all.

So: Overall, the more you prepare your speech the better it will be, but there are times when spontaneity is a good thing.

Extemporaneous Speaking

Extemporaneous Speaking also known as 'Extemp', is the act of speaking "off the cuff" or without detailed notes. Research is allowed on the topic at hand, or it may be publicly known information, but the speech itself is delivered spur of the moment with minor notes at most as prompts for the topics you wish to discuss. This is as opposed to memorized speech, which is the act of remembering something word for word, like for a best man's speech or a public presentation.

is popular and favored because of the informal delivery style and the impression of detailed prior knowledge it gives

Extemporaneous Speaking is the presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes. By using notes rather than a full manuscript, the extemporaneous speaker can establish and maintain eye contact with the audience and assess how well they are understanding the speech as it progresses. The opportunity to assess is also an opportunity to restate more clearly any idea or concept that the audience seems to have trouble grasping.

For instance, suppose you are speaking about workplace safety and you use the term sleep deprivation. If you notice your audiences eyes glazing over, this might not be a result of their own sleep deprivation, but rather an indication of their uncertainty about what you mean. If this happens, you can add a short explanation; for example, sleep deprivation is sleep loss serious enough to threaten ones cognition, hand-to-eye coordination, judgment, and emotional health. You might also (or instead) provide a concrete example to illustrate the idea. Then you can resume your message, having clarified an important concept.

Advantage It promotes the likelihood that you, the speaker, will be perceived as knowledgeable and credible. In addition, your audience is likely to pay better attention to the message because it is engaging both verbally and nonverbally.

The tone of speaking when knowledge is very much ingrained is one that is calm and assured, which makes it seem more believable. This is one of the advantages of such method of speech. Another is the flexibility of such a speech; it can be interrupted with questions from the audience/listeners and can answer in more detail where necessary, or bring a point forward and move everything else further into the speech.

excelling at it in contests can help a person build a public name and reputation.

Disadvantage it requires a great deal of preparation for both the verbal and the nonverbal components of the speech. Adequate preparation cannot be achieved the day before youre scheduled to speak.

The problem with extemporaneous speech is that it requires strong oratory skills. Not everyone speaks as well as leaders such as Barack Obama. If you don't know a topic well enough, or are prone to nerves or stumbling over your words as you think then your speech will sound disjointed and poor and not at all engage the audience, thus making you seem like you don't know the facts.

This type of speech will train students to orate in public and to sway the audience with their opinions, emotions, and speaking styles. There are different types of extemporaneous speech, including persuasive, foreign, and domestic. Often, people who participate in extemporaneous speech will compete in tournaments where they face off against other students.

Extemporaneous Speech Factsstudents who do extemporaneous speeches will gain a lot of knowledge about domestic or foreign policies, since either of these topics are common subjects for extemporaneous speeches. If a student is interested in politics and has long-range plans to run for office or represent his or her country in a diplomatic way, this sort of speech training can be very beneficial. People who make the seven-minute speeches found in this speech style will develop a smoother, more polished affect when they are communicating with others - especially in a group situation.

Tips Make it sound spontaneous

This may seem obvious, but the whole point of extemping is to speak as you would in normal conversation. Don't be afraid of adding sound effects or facial expressions to your extemporaneous speech, as these are elements of spontaneous speech that are critical, and so should be including in your extemp.

Tips Use a structure

In order to help you remain calm and avoid panic whilst under pressure, remember to stick to a structured format when extemping. All good extemporaneous speeches follow a pattern of introduction, body and conclusion, even if they appear fluid and professional, or muddled and confused. By focusing on this three-part structure, you should be able to stay on track and ensure that your speech stays relevant to the topic or question you've been asked to discuss.

Tips Appear knowledgeable, even if you're not!

In some cases, you may have the opportunity to do a five or ten minute research session in preparation for your speech, in which case you should be able to stay focused and factual throughout. If you're not given this opportunity, and feel like you know nothing about the topic at hand, keep calm and remember not to panic. If you're genuinely lost for things to talk about, get into your "flow" by talking about whatever you think may be relevant to the subject. You'll find that ideas "just come to you" once you've started talking.

TO DEVELOP Develop the speech by first writing and revising an outline. Write only a few sentences and perhaps the opening and the closing.

Place the outline or key words and phrases, possibly all in capital letters, on only one side of notecards. Leave plenty of space around and between lines.

Using the note cards only when necessary, practice speaking aloud several times before avideotape camera, friends, or a mirror to improve delivery, sentence construction, eye contact,etc.

Avoid practicing to the point that you memorize a fixed pattern of words. Practice only youknow that you will speak in a coherent but spontaneous manner.

TO DEVELOP Apply all of the suggestions for good verbal and nonverbal presentations.Impromptu speechThe impromptu speech occurs with little or no time for preparation. The reduced chances for analyzingthe audience, organizing, and encoding require a fast-thinking speaker. When delivering an impromptuspeech, use these suggestions:

At even a hint that you may have to speak, begin to apply the guidelines, even while walking orturning to face the audience.

TO DEVELOPMove the planning directly to the specific topic, objectives, and key points. Write them on paperif you have the seconds necessary to do so.

When first facing the audience, take a few seconds to form the first words silently beforespeaking them.

Watch for feedback to know when to repeat or clarify.

Speak briefly, and conclude firmly.

If appropriate, ask if the audience has questions.Manuscript Speaking

Manuscript Speaking the word-for-word iteration of a written message. In a manuscript speech, the speaker maintains his or her attention on the printed page except when using visual aids.

Advantagethe exact repetition of original words

Appropriate when extremely careful wording is required

Disadvantage the lack ofintonationthat comes fromreading. The very nature of it tends to make people seem robotic. The other is that it may not sound natural as it may not reflect the way in which someone would normally communicate

Lacks freshness and spontaneityDifficult to react to audience feedbackSpeech may sound stilted because of the use of more formal written language

Manuscript SpeakingHowever, there are costs involved in manuscript speaking. First, its typically an uninteresting way to present. Unless the speaker has rehearsed the reading as a complete performance animated with vocal expression and gestures (as poets do in a poetry slam and actors do in a readers theater), the presentation tends to be dull. Keeping ones eyes glued to the script precludes eye contact with the audience. For this kind of straight manuscript speech to hold audience attention, the audience must be already interested in the message before the delivery begins.

Manuscript SpeakingA Manuscript tends to keep the speaker's attention on the words on the page, rather than on the actual concepts he/she is talking about. The audience tends to capture the speakers thoughts and imagination. If the speaker's thoughts and imagination is on the manuscript, and not on the issues and concepts he/she is addressing, the connection with the audience is lost.

ProceduresWrite a draft of the speech according to sound writing principles.Revise by reading the written speech aloud sentence by sentence and making adjustmentsnecessary to convert a readable piece into a speak-able piece.Type the revised manuscript in double- or triple-spaced, wide-margined form on only one side ofthe paper, possibly all in capital letters.Practice reading aloud several times before a videotape camera, friends, or a mirror to improvedelivery, eye contact, etc.Mark the points of some of your important pauses, phrases, emphases, and other nonverbal cuesdirectly on the manuscript. Practice several more times.Apply all of the suggestions for good verbal and nonverbal presentations.

Speaking from Memory

Memorizedspeakingis the rote recitation of a written message that the speaker has committed to memory. Actors, of course, recite from memory whenever they perform from a script in a stage play, television program, or movie scene. When it comes to speeches, memorization can be useful when the message needs to be exact and the speaker doesnt want to be confined by notes.

Advantageit enables the speaker to maintain eye contact with the audience throughout the speech. Being free of notes means that you can move freely around the stage and use your hands to make gestures. If your speech uses visual aids, this freedom is even more of an advantage. However, there are some real and potential costs. First, unless you also plan and memorize everyvocalcue(the subtle but meaningful variations in speech delivery, which can include the use of pitch, tone, volume, and pace), gesture, and facial expression, your presentation will be flat and uninteresting, and even the most fascinating topic will suffer. You might end up speaking in a monotone or a sing-song repetitive delivery pattern. You might also present your speech in a rapid machine-gun style that fails to emphasize the most important points. Second, if you lose your place and start trying to ad lib, the contrast in your style of delivery will alert your audience that something is wrong. More frighteningly, if you go completely blank during the presentation, it will be extremely difficult to find your place and keep going.

Disdvantage Permits little or no adaptation during delivery Recovery is difficult if you make a mistakeSpeech may sound memorizedTime consuming to prepare

A memorized speech can also sound "canned" and lacking in spontaneity. Some speakers, however, are extremely skillful at memorizing. Others, who have presented the same ideas a number of times, will memorize their lines whether they intended to or not. Each time they speak on that or a similar topic, they can draw from memory.The memorized speech may lead to the poorest delivery of all. Speakers must concentrate so completelyupon recalling memorized material that they do not make contact or observe, evaluate, and adjust tofeedback. Additional flaws exist in the memorized approach, which are:

1. the difficulty of memorizing more than a few paragraphs

2. the possibility of forgetting material during the speech, and

3. the difficulty to presenting a memorized speech in a no mechanical manner

REFERENCES

The Speakers Handbook, third edition, Jo Sprague and Douglas Stuart.Principles and Types of Speech Communication, tenth edition, Ehringer, Gronbeck, McKerrow, and Monroe.Confidence in Public Speaking, fifth edition, Paul Nelson and Judy Pearson.http://www.ehow.com/info_8150283_types-speech-communication.htmlhttp://www.blurtit.com/3280637/show-me-some-example-of-extemporaneous-speechhttp://professormsrao.blogspot.com/2012/09/advantages-of-reading-your-manuscript.htmlhttp://society-politics.blurtit.com/567393/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-memorized-speech