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UV_VIS 1
Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis
UV-Vis spectroscopyElectronic spectroscopy
UV_VIS 2
Principle
(Absorption or emission)
Electromagnetic radiation
SampleQuanlitative
Quantitative
UV_VIS 3
Electromagnetic radiation
Wave Properties Particle Properties
Phng truyen
wavelength (cm, m, nm, A) frequency (s 1) the velocity of light cc = . = 3 x 10 10 cm/s wavenumber (cm 1) = 1/ = /c
E = h = hc/ = h.c.
The energy of a unit of radition (photon)
E (eV, kcal/mol)
h: Planck constant = 6,626.10 34J.s = 6,626.10 27 erg.s = 6,59 eV.s
Direction of propagation
UV-VIS 4
Electromagnetic spectrum
UV_VIS 5
Electromagnetic spectrum
(Gamma rays) X rays Ultraviolet Visible Infrared Radio waves
UV-VIS IR
RedOrangeYellowViolet GreenBlue
760 nm380 nm
E = h = hc/ = hc
NMR
NMR: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Colorimetry
UV-VIS 6
Visible lights
UV_VIS 7
Colours of Visible Light
i cng quang 8
UV_VIS 9
Principle
(Absorption or emission)
Electromagnetic radiation
SampleQuanlitative
Quantitative
UV_VIS 10
Absorption and emission
(The excited state)
(The ground state)
h
E1
E0
Ee = E1 E0
E = Ee + Ev + Er
Ee : (electron energy)Ev: (vibration energy)Er: (rotation energy)
UV-Vis spectroscopy Electronic spectroscopy
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Instrument
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Instrument
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Instrument
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Intrument
UV/VIS instrument
i cng quang 15
UV_VIS 16
Instrument
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Instrument
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Instrument
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Grating monochromator
Typical grating monochromator
polychromatic radiation
monochromatic radiation
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Source
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Detectors
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VIS spectrum
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IR spectrum
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UV/Vis Spectra for Molecules and Ions
UV_VIS 25
UV/Vis Spectra for Molecules and Ions
E
**
n
Energy
- * > n - * > - * > n - *
- * (200 300 nm)
- * (150 nm)n - * (150 200 nm)
n - * (> 300 nm)
Occupied level
E
Atommic Orbital
* Unoccupied level
- * - *n - *
n - *
Molecular orbitals
Molecular orbitals
UV_VIS 26
Chromophores
Chromophores are groups of atoms within a molecule, which absorb electromagnetic radiation.
The most important chromophores are: Conjugated double bonds, such as:
Aromatic systems, such as:
O
N
UV_VIS 27
Chromophore Notation of transition max(nm)-bonded electronsC-C and C-H * ~150
lone pair electrons-O- n * ~185-N< n * ~195-S- n * ~195>C=O n * ~300>C=O n * ~190
-bonded electrons>C=C< (isolated) * ~190>C=O * ~190
of these, mainly the >C=O absorption can be seen in a normal UV spectrum
Absorption of Simple Unconjugated Chromophores
UV_VIS 28
HOMO - highest occupied molecular orbital
LUMO - lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
Conjugated Systems Absorb at Longer Wavelength
*
*
*
2
1
A B
isolateddouble bond two conjugated
double bonds
UV_VIS 29
Conjugated Systems Absorb at Longer Wavelength
Increasing the conjugation shifts the absorption maximum (lmax) towards longer wavelengths, called a red or bathochromic shift. This has the advantage that a standard UV detector is now able to observe this absorption.
Decreasing conjugation has the opposite effect.. .a blue or hypsochromic shift.
Also the intensity of the absorption (max) increases with increasing conjugation.
UV_VIS 30
Conjugated Systems Absorb at Longer Wavelength
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Absorption
Chromophore Auxochrome Bathochromic shift, red shift hypsochromic effect, blue
shift Hyperchromic effect hypochromic effect
UV_VIS 32
Solvent Choice The choice of solvent in UV-Vis detection is
dependent on a few factors: The solvent should not absorb light in the same
wavelength region as the substance that is being analysed.
The solvent should be transparent at the wavelengths that are being used in the analysis.
The solvent should not form a complex with the analyte, subsequently disturbing the absorption spectrum.
The solvent can be used to shift the absorption wavelengths to either longer or shorter transition wavelengths.
UV_VIS 33
Solvent Lower wavelength limit (nm)
Water 205Ethanol 210Hexane 210Cyclohexane 210Methanol 210Diethyl ether 210Acetonitrile 210Tetrahydrofuran 220Dichloromethane 235Chloroform 245Carbon tetrachloride 265Benzene 280
solvents of choice - no significant interference
Solvent Choice
UV_VIS 34
Effect of Solvent
The solvent can influence the position (max) and the molar absorptivity (max) of the absorbance spectra, through changes in: pH Polarity Electrolyte concentration
UV_VIS 35
In Conclusion
Alkanes, alcohols and ethers cannot be observed in UV-Vis, as the transitions involved are * and n*
Ketones generally show weak n* transitions and are visible in the UV region
Dienes and enons show strong * absorptions and are also visible in the UV region.
UV_VIS 36
Absorbance and Concentration: Beers LawI R
I o I A I T
IO = IR + IA + IT = IA + IT
T (transmittance)
T = IT/Io or
T% = 100 x IT/Io
A (Absorbance)
A = log I0/IT = log 1/T = log 100/ T% = 2 log T%
UV_VIS 37
I R
I o I A I T
The morlar absorptivity, (L x mol -1 x cm -1)
b: pathlength
C: concentration, mol/L
A = b C
Depends on analyte, wavelength, temperature, matrix
a The analytes absorptivity, (L x g -1 x cm -1)
C: concentration, g/L or mg/L
A = a b C
Absorbance and Concentration: Beers Law
UV_VIS 38
Example
A 5.00 104 M solution of an analyte is placed in a sample cell that has a pathlength of 1.00 cm. When measured at a wavelength of 490 nm, the absorbance of the solution is found to be 0.338. What is the analytes molar absorptivity at this wavelength?
UV_VIS 39
Limitations to Beers Law
Concentration
pH or dilution
Solvent
Temperature
Time
Ligand
UV_VIS 40
Applications
Qualitative Quantitative
One componentMultiple component
Determination of Equilibrium Constants the acid-baz equilibrium constant
Stoichiometry of a Metal - Ligand Complex
UV-VIS 41
VIS spectrum
UV-VIS 42
UV-VIS 43
UV_VIS 44
(1) A = bc. (2) Ac = bCc, Am = bCm ; Am/ Ac = Cm/Cc Cm = Cc x Am/Ac (3) Am = bCm, Am = b(Cm + Cc); Am- Am = bCc ;
Am/ Am - Am = Cm/C Cm = Cc x Am/ Am - Am
(4) C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 M0 M1A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A(M0) A(M1)A
C, mol/L
A1
C1
A2
C2
A3
C3
A5
C5
Cm
A(M1) A(M0)
A4
C4
Quantitative Analysis for a Single Analyte
UV_VIS 45
The determination of Fe in an industrial waste stream was carried out by the o-phenanthroline. Using the data shown in the following table, determine the concentration of Fe in the waste stream.
ppm Fe Absorbance0.00 0.0001.00 0.1832.00 0.3643.00 0.5464.00 0.727unknown 0.269
Example: Determination of Iron in Water and Wastewater
UV_VIS 46
Quantitative Analysis of Mixtures (Two components)
UV_VIS 47
IIIIII
IIIIII
IIIIII
IIIII
IIIIIIIII
IIIIIIIII
AAC
AAC
bCbCAAA
bCbCAAA
2112
2112
2112
2112
22222
11111
Quantitative Analysis of Mixtures (Two components)
UV_VIS 48
Quantitative Analysis of Mixtures (Two components) - Example
UV_VIS 49
Quantitative Analysis of Mixtures (Two components) Example