Specific DiseasesSpecific Diseases

Pre Nursing Assistant ClassPre Nursing Assistant Class

Acute IllnessAcute Illness

An acute illness happens suddenly An acute illness happens suddenly and usually lasts a short time.and usually lasts a short time.

Examples may be:Examples may be: ColdCold Influenza (flu)Influenza (flu)

Chronic IllnessChronic Illness

A chronic illness occurs gradually and A chronic illness occurs gradually and lasts a long time.lasts a long time.

Examples include:Examples include: DiabetesDiabetes ArthritisArthritis Congestive Heart FailureCongestive Heart Failure

Conditions of the Skeletal Conditions of the Skeletal System:System:

1. osteoporosis1. osteoporosis

2. arthritis2. arthritis

Osteoporosis: Osteoporosis:

Thinning of the boneThinning of the bone Occurs mainly in older womenOccurs mainly in older women Caused by loss of calcium in theCaused by loss of calcium in the

bones.bones. Bones become weak and frail and can Bones become weak and frail and can

break easilybreak easily The spine shrinks and the personThe spine shrinks and the person

becomes shorter.becomes shorter.

Provide care for people with Provide care for people with osteoporosisosteoporosis

Help exercise as much as patient is Help exercise as much as patient is ableable

Standard safety precautions to Standard safety precautions to prevent fallsprevent falls Use transfer belt as neededUse transfer belt as needed Remove clutterRemove clutter

Arthritis:Arthritis:

Joints become stiff and painfulJoints become stiff and painful Offer warm baths Offer warm baths Encourage warm clothingEncourage warm clothing Do gentle range-of-motion exercises Do gentle range-of-motion exercises

(ROM)(ROM) Encourage patient to exerciseEncourage patient to exercise

Chronic Conditions of the Chronic Conditions of the Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System

Angina pectorisAngina pectoris

Congestive heart failureCongestive heart failure

Angina Pectoris:Angina Pectoris:

Chest pain caused because the heart is Chest pain caused because the heart is not getting enough oxygen.not getting enough oxygen.

Provide care in relaxes, Provide care in relaxes,

unhurried mannerunhurried manner Encourage relaxationEncourage relaxation Stop activity if patient has Stop activity if patient has

chest pain and notify RNchest pain and notify RN

Congestive Heart Failure:Congestive Heart Failure:

Heart does not pump as strongly as it Heart does not pump as strongly as it shouldshould

Patient may have hypertension and Patient may have hypertension and edemaedema

Tires easily: provide frequent rest Tires easily: provide frequent rest periodsperiods

Monitor I&OMonitor I&O Fowler’s position is best breathing Fowler’s position is best breathing

positionposition

Conditions of the Neurological System

Parkinson’s Disease

Stroke (Cerebral Vascular Hemorrhage CVH)

StrokeStroke(CVA- cerebrovascular (CVA- cerebrovascular

accident)accident) Affects the nervous Affects the nervous

systemsystem Caused by blood clot Caused by blood clot

in the brainin the brain Can cause weakness Can cause weakness

and paralysis, usually and paralysis, usually on one side of the on one side of the bodybody

Can cause dysphagia Can cause dysphagia and aphasiaand aphasia

How the CNA can help:

Place call light (and other articles) on Place call light (and other articles) on unaffected (strong) side of the body.unaffected (strong) side of the body.

Encourage pt to use the unaffected side to help exercise the affected side (ROM)

Supervise pt while eating Offer to assist w/ADL’s that may be

difficult.

Parkinson’s Disease

Parts of the brain that control movement are gradually destroyed.

Pt has stiff muscles Uncontrolled movement of head and

body Difficulty chewing and swallowing Confusion Mood changes and depression

How the CNA can help

Encourage rest avoid rushing pt Warm baths to relax muscles Use self-help devices for ADL’s

Hepatitis A

-The least serious form of Hepatitis -prevention- good hand hygiene -HAV vaccination is available

Hepatitis B

-Spread through direct contact with blood , semen, or vaginal fluids

-yellow color in eyes or skin- jaundice -nausea, fever, stomach/joint pain -extreme exhaustion -there is no cure -HBV vaccine is available -Use blood borne pathogen precautions

Hepatitis C

-spreads mainly through contact with infected blood (rare through intercourse)

-Carry the virus for life -serious liver damage is possible -there is no vaccine or cure -medications are available for treatment -use blood borne pathogen precautions

Eye DiseasesEye Diseases

Cataracts: Make the eye cloudy and Cataracts: Make the eye cloudy and can can cause blindness.cause blindness.

Glaucoma: pressure of the optic Glaucoma: pressure of the optic nerve nerve that can cause that can cause blindnessblindness

Disease of the Endocrine Disease of the Endocrine SystemSystem

DiabetesDiabetes: chronic disease: chronic disease 3 types:3 types:

Type I (Juvenile): Body does not produce insulin. Type I (Juvenile): Body does not produce insulin. Need insulin injections Need insulin injections

Type II (adult-onset) Most common; body doesn’t Type II (adult-onset) Most common; body doesn’t produce enough insulin or can’t use it produce enough insulin or can’t use it

correctly.correctly.

Can sometimes be manages with diet and oral Can sometimes be manages with diet and oral medication.medication.

Gestational: some mother get it during pregnancyGestational: some mother get it during pregnancy

In the United States, about 8% of the population, or 23 million people have

diabetes. This number is rising rapidly.

Complications of Diabetes

Vision: can lead to blindness Circulatory system: stroke, heart disease Nervous system: nerve damage Urinary: kidney failure GI System: many problems with digesting

food Skin: poor wound healing; can lead to

amputation toes, feet, legs, etc. Reproductive System: sexual dysfunction

Diabetes:Diabetes: Know the Know the

SymptomsSymptoms

Hypoglycemia:Hypoglycemia:

not enough sugarnot enough sugar

(glucose) in blood(glucose) in blood

Hyperglycemia:Hyperglycemia:

Too much sugarToo much sugar

Diabetic Foot CareDiabetic Foot Care

Wash feetWash feet Dry feet andDry feet and

between toesbetween toes No lotion No lotion

between toesbetween toes Look for soresLook for sores Do Not clip toenailsDo Not clip toenails

Conditions of the Respiratory Conditions of the Respiratory System:System:

Influenza/fluInfluenza/flu PneumoniaPneumonia COPD:COPD:

InfluenzaInfluenza

ViralViral Highly contagiousHighly contagious

Pneumonia:Pneumonia:

Inflammation and infection of the lungsInflammation and infection of the lungs

Can be viral or bacterialCan be viral or bacterial

Aspiration pneumonia:Aspiration pneumonia:

Can occur in people withCan occur in people with

dysphagiadysphagia

Tuberculosis (TB)

Bacterial Airborne Isolation Precautions Staff must wear HEPA (N95) filter

mask in room

TB

Mantoux Skin test required before you can work as a CNA

Chronic Obstructive Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Often caused by smokingOften caused by smoking Patient often need to wear oxygenPatient often need to wear oxygen Common symptoms:Common symptoms:

CoughCough Fatigues easilyFatigues easily Poor appetitePoor appetite TachycardiaTachycardia ConfusionConfusion