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Speciation and Classification
Where do all these different organisms come from and how are
they described?
Speciation
• Change in allele frequencies in a population
• Occurs due to one of these:– Natural Selection– Sexual Selection– Drift in Small Population– Mutation
Natural Selection
• Individuals with undesirable traits are killed and produce fewer offspring
• Individuals with desirable traits survive and produce more offspring
Bacterial Resistance
Peppered Moth
Give an example for Natural Selection:
Natural Selection – When dumb people eat Hot Cheetos, they destroy their bodies and are more likely to die.
Sexual Selection
• Some individuals produce more offspring (greater opportunity to mate) so the frequency of those genes increases
– Traits may indicate healthy individuals– Traits may not serve any purpose at all
Great Frigatebird Bower Bird
BlondesAustralian Fur Seal
College Grad vs. Drop-Out• In general, the more
education humans have, the fewer offspring they tend to have…
• Which has greater fitness for natural selection?
• Which has greater fitness for sexual selection?
Give an example for Sexual Selection:
Sexual Selection – Finches think that blue leg bracelets are sexy, but not red ones.
Drift in Small Breeding Populations
• Founder Effect– Alleles from a small “founding” population are amplified
through interbreeding
• Genetic Drift– The allele frequencies in a small isolated population slowly
become different from the others
• Specializing (filling a niche)– Variation of individuals allows them to use the ecosystem
differently– Over time, breeding groups separate and traits become
amplified
Galapagos Finches (Specializing)
Aquatic Iguana (Genetic Drift)
Polydactyl Humans
(Founder)
Mutation
• New genes are introduced into a population– May be harmful, neutral or beneficial (rare)
Sickle Cell (harmful – carry oxygen less well)
Sickle Cell (beneficial – unaffected by malaria)
Albinism (neutral – marginally higher chance of sun damage)
Give an example for Drift or Mutation:
Drift – Squirrels on the top of Mt. Graham that could only breed with other squirrels on the mountain top ended up with more genes with red fur.
Mutation – Eating Hot Cheetos when pregnant causes the baby to develop weird birth defects.
Classification
• The way humans categorize organisms
• As we learn more we try to modify our classification to match genetic similarity
Cut out eight organisms.Lump them into three categories.Glue the pictures down and label each category.
does not have eyes
can’t fly
not good for snuggling
Try to make your categories genetically similar.
Hierarchical Classification
• Kingdom
• Phylum or Division (for Plantae)
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
More Specific
Naming a species: Genus species
• Only one organism per “name”• Same name worldwide• Punctuation:
– Capitalize genus– Lowercase species– Italics or underlined
After people: Various species…
• Rhea darwinii (flightless bird)
• Strigiphilus garylarsonii (wingless chewing lice)
Descriptive: Mosquito species names
• punctor
• tormentor
• vexans
• horrida
• perfidiosus
• abominator
• excrucians
Need both the genus & species
• Opuntia engelmanii (prickly pear)• Echinocereus engelmanii (hedgehog cactus)• Opuntia bigelovii (teddy bear cholla)
Abbreviations• Opuntia engelmanii
• Opuntia spp. refers to any species in the genus Opuntia (flat segmented cactus)
• After it has been referred to once, the abbreviation O. engelmanii can be used
What differentiates species?
• Organisms with physical differences that cannot breed with one another
• Similar physiology and ability to have viable offspring defines a species
Issues in defining a species:
Location (how far away do they have to be?)
Physiology (how different do they have to look?)
Genetic incompatibility (what if the offspring are infertile?)
Define “species”
Deer mouse
Define “species”
Donkey
Horse
Mule
Define “species”
Define “species”
Hooded Crow Carrion Crow
Define “species”
Define “species”
Coyote mother + Grey wolf father = Red wolf
Define “species”
Hierarchical Classification
• Kingdom
• Phylum or Division (for Plantae)
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
More Specific
Pneumonic Devices to Remember:
• Kissing Pretty Cathy On Friday Gives Satisfaction
Create an pneumonic device to help you remember the order for classification:
KP –or– DCOFGS
Hierarchical Classification
• Kingdom
• Phylum or Division (for Plantae)
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
More Specific
Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 1• Kingdom: Animalia• Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord)
– Subphylum: Vertebrata (backbone)– Superclass: Tetrapoda (4-legs, land)
• Class: Mammalia (mammals)• Order: Carnivora (meat-eating)• Family: Felidae (cat-like)• Genus: Felis (small cats)• Species: rufus (Bobcat)
Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 2
• Kingdom: Animalia• Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord)
• Class: Mammalia (mammals)
• Order: Carnivora (meat-eating)
• Family: Felidae (cat-like)
• Genus: Felis (small cats)
• Species: rufus (Bobcat)
What would a Leopard have in common with
the Bobcat?
(In terms of classification)
Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 2
• Kingdom: Animalia• Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord)
• Class: Mammalia (mammals)
• Order: Carnivora (meat-eating)
• Family: Felidae (cat-like)
• Genus: Felis (small cats)
• Species: rufus (Bobcat)
• Kingdom: Animalia• Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord)
• Class: Mammalia (mammals)
• Order: Carnivora (meat-eating)
• Family: Felidae (cat-like)
• Genus: Panthera (large cats)
• Species: pardus (Leopard)
Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 3
• Kingdom: Animalia• Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord)
• Class: Mammalia (mammals)
• Order: Carnivora (meat-eating)
• Family: Felidae (cat-like)
• Genus: Felis (small cats)
• Species: rufus (Bobcat)
What would a Coyote have in common with
the Bobcat?
(In terms of classification)
Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 3
• Kingdom: Animalia• Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord)
• Class: Mammalia (mammals)
• Order: Carnivora (meat-eating)
• Family: Felidae (cat-like)
• Genus: Felis (small cats)
• Species: rufus (Bobcat)
• Kingdom: Animalia• Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord)
• Class: Mammalia (mammals)
• Order: Carnivora (meat-eating)
• Family: Canidae (dog-like)
• Genus: Canis (dogs)
• Species: latrans (Coyote)
Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 4
• Kingdom: Animalia• Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord)
• Class: Mammalia (mammals)
• Order: Carnivora (meat-eating)
• Family: Felidae (cat-like)
• Genus: Felis (small cats)
• Species: rufus (Bobcat)
What would a Rock Squirrel have in common with the
Bobcat?
(In terms of classification)
Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 4
• Kingdom: Animalia• Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord)
• Class: Mammalia (mammals)
• Order: Carnivora (meat-eating)
• Family: Felidae (cat-like)
• Genus: Felis (small cats)
• Species: rufus (Bobcat)
• Kingdom: Animalia• Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord)
• Class: Mammalia (mammals)
• Order: Rodentia (rodents)
• Family: Sciuridae (active year-round, during the day)
• Genus: Spermophilus (“loves seeds”)
• Species: variegatus (rock squirrel)
Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 5
• Kingdom: Animalia• Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord)
• Class: Mammalia (mammals)
• Order: Cetacea (fully aquatic)
• Family: Delphinidae (dolphin)
• Genus: Tursiops (debated…)
• Species: truncatus (bottlenose)
What would a Great White Shark have in
common with the Bottlenose Dolphin?
(In terms of classification)
Hierarchical Classification: Ex. 5
• Kingdom: Animalia• Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord)
• Class: Mammalia (mammals)
• Order: Cetacea (fully aquatic)
• Family: Delphinidae (dolphin)
• Genus: Tursiops (debated…)
• Species: truncatus (bottlenose)
• Kingdom: Animalia• Phylum: Chordata (nerve cord)
• Class: Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish )
• Order: Lamniformes (sharks)
• Family: Lamnidae (mackerel sharks)
• Genus: Carcharodon (white shark)
• Species: carcharias (great white)
Dichotomous Key
• Groups are always split into TWO until there is only one organism remaining
• Each line has a description
• There is only one organism at the end of each line
Phylogenetic Trees
• Groups are always split into TWO until there is only one organism remaining
• Every branch has a label
• There is only one organism at the end of each branch
Phylogenetic Tree
Phylogenetic Tree 1
plants animals
Phylogenetic Tree 1
plants animals
no backbonebackbone
Phylogenetic Tree 1
plants animals
no backbonebackbone
live birthlays eggs
Phylogenetic Tree 1
plants animals
no backbonebackbone
live birthlays eggs
aquatic
feathers
Phylogenetic Tree 1
plants animals
no backbonebackbone
live birthlays eggs
aquatic
feathers
carnivoreherbivore
flies
flightless
Dichotomous Key
Example:1a. Is a plant …………………………. Tree
1b. Is an animal ………………………. 2
Example:1a. Is a plant …………………………. Tree
1b. Is an animal ………………………. 2
2a. Has a backbone ………………. 3
2b. No backbone …………………. Bee
Example:1a. Is a plant …………………………. Tree
1b. Is an animal ………………………. 2
2a. Has a backbone ………………. 3
2b. No backbone …………………. Bee
3a. Live birth …………………………. 4
3b. Lays eggs …………………………. 5
Example:1a. Is a plant …………………………. Tree
1b. Is an animal ………………………. 2
2a. Has a backbone ………………. 3
2b. No backbone …………………. Bee
3a. Live birth …………………………. 4
3b. Lays eggs …………………………. 5
4a. Carnivore …………………….. Lion
4b. Herbivore ……………………. Horse
Example:1a. Is a plant …………………………. Tree
1b. Is an animal ………………………. 2
2a. Has a backbone ………………. 3
2b. No backbone …………………. Bee
3a. Live birth …………………………. 4
3b. Lays eggs …………………………. 5
4a. Carnivore …………………….. Lion
4b. Herbivore ……………………. Horse
5a. Is aquatic …………………………. Frog
5b. Has feathers ………………………. 6
Example:1a. Is a plant …………………………. Tree
1b. Is an animal ………………………. 2
2a. Has a backbone ………………. 3
2b. No backbone …………………. Bee
3a. Live birth …………………………. 4
3b. Lays eggs …………………………. 5
4a. Carnivore …………………….. Lion
4b. Herbivore ……………………. Horse
5a. Is aquatic …………………………. Frog
5b. Has feathers ………………………. 6
6a. Flies …………………………... Duck
6b. Flightless ……………………... Kiwi
Making your tree/key…
• It’s about HOW CLOSELY RELATED– To the best of your knowledge
• Overall traits becoming more specific
• Pick 8 organisms from the pictures